{"id":3534,"date":"2026-01-04T09:49:22","date_gmt":"2026-01-04T04:19:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=3534"},"modified":"2026-01-05T11:34:59","modified_gmt":"2026-01-05T06:04:59","slug":"jain-art-and-architecture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/jain-art-and-architecture\/","title":{"rendered":"Jain Art and Architecture"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>Jain Architecture<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p>The elements of Jain architecture are characterized by their simplicity, elegance, and emphasis on symmetry and proportion.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>With regard to architecture, the Jains adopted the local building traditions of<strong>\u00a0Vaishnava<\/strong>\u00a0and<strong>\u00a0Dravidian styles<\/strong>\u00a0while evolving their style.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The exquisite Jain architecture consists of caves, temples, monasteries and other structures.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>In ancient times, they received great patronage under the ruling dynasties of<strong>\u00a0Cholas,<\/strong><strong>Pallavas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas<\/strong>\u00a0and other kingdoms.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>Types of Jain architectures<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Stupa (Chaitya)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Layana (Caves)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Jinalaya (Temples)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><strong>Stupa (Chaitya)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The Jains erected them for\u00a0<strong>devotional purposes.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>The earliest Jain stupa was built in the 8th century BCE, before the Jina\u00a0<strong>Parsvanatha.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Structure:<\/strong>\u00a0Jain stupa has a peculiar cylindrical three-tier structure that is quite reminiscent of the\u00a0<strong>Samavasarana,<\/strong>\u00a0by which it was replaced as an object of worship.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>As used in Jain inscriptions, the name for a stupa is the standard word\u00a0<em><strong>\"<\/strong><\/em><strong>thupe\".<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Mathura Jain Stupas:<\/strong>\u00a0A Jain stupa dated to the 1st century BCE-1st\u00a0<strong>Kankali Tila mound<\/strong>century CE was excavated at\u00a0<strong>Mathura\u00a0<\/strong>in the 19th century, in the\u00a0<strong>.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Ayagapatas:<\/strong>\u00a0The Jain devotional reliefs, called Ayagapatas, show a probable design of the Jain stupa.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The stupa drum is set on a high platform and accessed by a flight of stairs and an ornate torana gate, quite similar in style to the toranas of<strong>\u00a0Sanchi.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>The drum of the stupa is elongated and cylindrical and formed of three superposed tiers separated by railings and decorated bands.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The platform may have been squared, with<strong>\u00a0Persepolitan-type columns<\/strong>\u00a0in each corner.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>On the<strong>\u00a0Vasu Ayagapata,\u00a0<\/strong>one of the Persepolitan pillars is surmounted by a\u00a0<strong>Dharmachakra wheel,<\/strong>\u00a0and the other pillar was probably surmounted by an animal, as seen in other similar Ayagapatas.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><strong>Layana (Caves)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Caves, the earlier architecture found in\u00a0<strong>Maharashtra<\/strong>, are of the\u00a0<strong><u>Digambara Jain sect<\/u><\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>These are found from the 6th century during the<strong>\u00a0Chalukya period<\/strong>\u00a0and continued during the\u00a0<strong><u>Rashtrakuta period<\/u><\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Rock-cut architecture:\u00a0<\/strong>The method of building a structure by cutting it out of raw is known as rock-cut architecture.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>It is done by excavating solid rock where it naturally exists to create structures, buildings, and sculptures.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Temples, tombs, and caves<\/strong>\u00a0were the principal rock-cut architecture applications.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<figure>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Jain Caves<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Caves<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Description<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong><u>Ellora Caves<\/u><\/strong><strong>\u00a0(Maharashtra)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh5.googleusercontent.com\/dqLbMp8at0eHx2ewgzADNTL3AtKrTzRZgh6W0bsJXbQf1rF3U4i-HBzzSAoxUPO139MDzNktXxTG-47C7LXm-a-sozc83o_oLfhYfqxGI0Z0dbLqKOitkE8UYa003-bQ23H_2Gg81m9QfrvnLIB70w\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Cave numbers<strong>\u00a030-35<\/strong>\u00a0at Ellora are Jain caves carved in the 10th century.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>These caves belong to the\u00a0<strong>Digambara sect.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>All of the Ellora monuments were built during the\u00a0<strong>Rashtrakuta dynasty.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>Emphasis is placed on the depiction of the twenty-four Jinas.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The Jain caves contain some of the earliest\u00a0<strong>Samavasarana<\/strong><strong>images<\/strong>\u00a0among their devotional carvings.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Pairing of sacred figures in\u00a0<strong>Jainism<\/strong>, specifically\u00a0<strong>Parsvanatha and Bahubali.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>Other artworks of significance include those of the deities Sarasvati, Sri, Saudharmendra, Sarvanubhuti, Gomukha, Ambika, Cakresvari, Padmavati, Ksetrapala, and Hanuman.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong><u>Udaygiri<\/u><\/strong><strong>\u00a0Caves (Odisha)\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/rUUhxBmwjp7sTX_6Z6sDEo3VDnU3-gIInzoEXxmmfnzISU3GXIqYia0bQJ2T9ARpomLVvMWccrMoRuBStwjrJ_WhXaoJ1vdsu7vP_aa3uN_CGct-a-QrtECDQ-xXwrJ0WblAEg8XwqSNkUYrItfghg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>There are 18 caves in\u00a0<strong>Udayagiri,<\/strong>\u00a0and the most important is\u00a0<strong>Rani Gumpha.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>This cave is occupied by the<strong>\u00a0Queen of Lalakendu,<\/strong>\u00a0Kesari.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>It contains scriptures depicting the victory march of<strong>\u00a0King Kharavela.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Ganesh Gumpha Cave:<\/strong>\u00a0Carvings in this cave tell the story of the Princess of Ujjayini with<strong>\u00a0King Udayana of Kausambi<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>This cave has two giant statues of elephants carrying garlands at the entrance.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong><u>Sittanavasal Caves<\/u><\/strong><strong>\u00a0(Tamil Nadu)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/bHyCZhBTU0th6ytmM8x40MUBIyf871gbwkcPxWpIJ57rhsticAjc5r_XnXXfyZAbFYSbonfNiDC6y6a6rVhFME8Umod_Ob9vRNOvPJs8KbDzNGREAHvGmKAT_KeTkHmfBnooIwO8_wPSYF7IV_b5EQ\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The monument is a<strong>\u00a0rock-cut monastery<\/strong>\u00a0or temple.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Created by Tamil Sramana, it is called the<strong>\u00a0Arivar Koil<\/strong>\u00a0and is a rock-cut cave temple of the<strong>\u00a0Arihant.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>It contains remnants of notable<strong>\u00a0frescoes\u00a0<\/strong>from the 7th century.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Ancient structures such as\u00a0<strong><u>Gol Gumbaz<\/u><\/strong><strong>,<\/strong><strong><u>Talagirisvara Temple<\/u><\/strong><strong>,<\/strong>\u00a0and this one are claimed to be relatively unappreciated.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The Sittanavasal Cave is listed as one of the\u00a0<strong>Adarsh Smarak Monuments\u00a0<\/strong>by the Archaeological Survey of India.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The temple cave was initially dated to\u00a0<strong>Pallava King\u00a0<\/strong><strong><u>Mahendravarman I<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0(580\u2013630 AD) before converting from Jainism to Hinduism as a Shaivite.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<p><strong>Jain caves<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Jinalaya (Temples)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>Jain temple architecture is a style of temple architecture that developed as a part of Jainism. This ancient Indian religion emphasizes on non-violence and respect for all living things.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Each element of Jain temples, like\u00a0<strong>Mandapa, Garbhagriha, Mukhmandapa, Shikhar, Devakoshta<\/strong>\u00a0etc, are designed to create a peaceful and harmonious atmosphere for meditation and worship.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Some key elements of Jain temple architecture include:<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>Jain temples have<strong>\u00a0numerous pillars<\/strong>\u00a0with a well-designed structure, forming squares.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The squares thus formed create chambers, which are used as small chapels and contain the<strong>\u00a0image of a deity.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>From these pillars, there are<strong>\u00a0richly carved brackets<\/strong>\u00a0that emerge at about two-thirds of their height.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The only architectural variation specific to Jain temples is the frequently seen four-faced or<strong>\u00a0Chaumukh design.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Types of Jain temples:\u00a0<\/strong>There are mainly two types of Jain temples:<strong>\u00a0Shikar-bandhi Jain temple and Ghar Jain temple.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<figure>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>Features<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>Shikar-bandhi Jain temple<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>Ghar Jain temple<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Size of temple<\/td>\r\n<td>They are more traditional and large temples.<\/td>\r\n<td>These are smaller, more intimate temples meant to be used as personal shrines within a household.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Structural features<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Dome-like structure\u00a0<strong>(Shikhar)<\/strong>\u00a0on top.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>These temples often have multiple levels and large, elaborate entrance halls\u00a0<strong>(mandapas)<\/strong>\u00a0with intricate carvings and sculptures<\/li>\r\n\t<li>They have many<strong>\u00a0marble pillars<\/strong>\u00a0carved beautifully with demi-gold posture.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>These temples do not have a dome and are typically less ornate than Shikar-bandhi temples.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Serves as<\/td>\r\n<td>The central shrine in a Shikar-bandhi temple houses an\u00a0<strong>image of a Tirthankara,<\/strong>\u00a0and the temple serves as a gathering place for Jain devotees.<\/td>\r\n<td>They are used for daily prayers and rituals.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<p><strong>Types of Jain temples<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<figure>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<h2><strong>Jain Religious Sites<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Places<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Description<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Dilwara Temple (Rajasthan)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh5.googleusercontent.com\/aiZGSqgcReTI74XgK9NZ8oLH34q77GW_Srt86tMGwbUTJwNkPqwW0Mrgm6k0zlDbkknPhUTRpoG7m6kdmBVXJ3cd81NZBlJpgfPOqSh_s24J0nL9jUpIszGUSr2B5KP163PF9j1aZIxQastEwt-3XQ\" alt=\"\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>There are\u00a0<strong>two major temple complexes<\/strong>.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>One was built around 1030 A.D. by<strong>\u00a0Vimala Shah,<\/strong>\u00a0dedicated to the first Tirthankara.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The second one was dedicated to the\u00a0<strong>Tirthankara Neminatha<\/strong>\u00a0and was founded around 1230 A.D. by<strong>\u00a0Tejapala.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Each temple complex stands in a rectangular walled area decorated with statues in niches around the circumference.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>They are famous for using pure<strong>\u00a0white marble<\/strong>\u00a0and<strong>\u00a0intricate marble carvings.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong><u>Ranakpur temple<\/u><\/strong><strong>\u00a0(Rajasthan)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/3bvxFrbMxLZ_dE48mqKpvysuX0G2q1FXXEAQ3OzhSx15uUBLVAvMqoGZQU4D3NB6Kau6iRxqN9tZnmAjOT1aWcHwCN6AdqRxrRMjFPPrRrdmyUvsrfmmvbMYYvL4pTpYGH8inLEw5tV5elpn59VNzw\" alt=\"\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Built by<strong>\u00a0Darna Shah<\/strong>\u00a0in 1437 CE.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>It is a Svetambara Jain temple dedicated to Tirthankara\u00a0<strong>Rishabhdev.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>It is famous for its intricate carvings and unique architecture<strong>\u00a0(Maru-Gurjara architecture).<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Temples (Gujarat)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/DpwKVBgS78hvVkBmLiPW9Ij3vADKPP8F14p9clKihG0zd-4d_TMc0b3jTjr4zd3u_zyRx3G48D9g8J9JknsANrdhezPojruifiW5QzEE7urokuKlgxHdVeoVp5HqIapVAp6RIMZ7SKbcp7yefZTv9A\" alt=\"\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>They are large groups of Jain temples.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>These temples were built in and after the 11th century CE.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>It is one of the most sacred sites of the<strong>\u00a0Svetambara tradition.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>The main temple is dedicated to<strong>\u00a0Rishabhdev.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong><u>Mount Mangi Tungi\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><strong>(Maharashtra)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/KbtLW_z3fapn_LpSqgi1rfLOPyE939wyKhQ6VJXf4SqUMLDANjB5rzgvsi84dE3GT87NOtXQ61VMMTG17GQqp0Xeo1MUmGOpCkcT7oJwfTAHU5D3Am7OuT2uN2MzRFu7TzIogvAhol17tHm1GlZBAw\" alt=\"\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Numerous temples are considered sacred in Jainism.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>It enshrines images of Tirthankaras in several postures, including\u00a0<strong>Padmasana and Kayotsarga.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>In 2016, the<strong>\u00a0Statue of Ahimsa,<\/strong>\u00a0a 108 ft idol carved in monolithic stone, was consecrated here, and it is recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records as the tallest Jain idol in the world.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Ram and Hanuman<\/strong>\u00a0attained moksha from Mount Mangi Tungi.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Shikharji (Jharkhand)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/W2eLiiXza-ucJPYl-oLevtUspRojQR0R6MHhY8FAWvW6b65PDKE3-56fpnK723ju6uT5iUqt56J5WOamY5uc6vKyPTr6YjT8UK4bmWHzVB2mN3WgNJoxiWd0uEr8J8aubGxaWwmHTrTQavBTTiIk5A\" alt=\"\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>It is located on<strong>\u00a0Parasnath Hill.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>important Jain Tirtha by both Digambara and Svetambara.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>It is where<strong>\u00a0twenty of the twenty-four Jain Tirthankaras attained Moksha.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>The current structure of temples at Shikharji was rebuilt by<strong>\u00a0Jagat Seth<\/strong>\u00a0in 1768 CE.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong><u>Khajuraho Group of Monuments<\/u><\/strong><strong>\u00a0(Madhya Pradesh)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/F-Gsda6pd1-N7DshNmI2QKYuYr5WtFt_6qvpycqn_LwgqcKpUK7bjPnafMURac3FxQXnLGvuZll7NE2WXXJ4nnohseR_LHBUV8Kt-PusCiIa-UfVVCC63MfH_su-or2QlasLs1LHgdMlP8e6h1mzZw\" alt=\"\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>They are a group of Hindu and Jain temples.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The Jain temples are located in the<strong>\u00a0east-southeast region of the Khajuraho monuments.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>Most were built between 885 CE and 1000 CE by the\u00a0<strong>Chandela dynasty.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>The temples are famous for their\u00a0<strong>Nagara-style architectural\u00a0<\/strong>symbolism and a few erotic sculptures.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>They are a\u00a0<strong><u>UNESCO World Heritage Site<\/u><\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<p><strong>Jain religious sites<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<h2><strong>Paintings<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p>One facet of Jain art is painting, generally known as<strong>\u00a0miniature paintings<\/strong>\u00a0because most pictures are rendered in small sizes. Jain miniature paintings were developed all over India in the 7th century A.D. and reached maturity during the 15th century A.D.<\/p>\r\n<figure>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Jain Paintings<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Mural Paintings<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/5d-piKG5vmwWRwCmHuJa_GbtZ1MN6TIzl7YJfw3Iz0kpue_9H9hIwXSG5kbbWy4qFDe80xRER1kCF4nouFswgXBOMk6Y27-4n_NtpueoLfJh65_mMkdjIrRROCKcBBjSyTuhGKrphJKxqbUW4g8EJw\" alt=\"\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The work on walls or solid structures is called\u00a0<strong>murals.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>The manuscript text most frequently illustrated is the\u00a0<strong>Kalpa Sutra,<\/strong>\u00a0which contains the biographies of the Tirthankaras, notably Parshvanatha and Mahavira.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The illustrations are square-ish panels set in the text, with \"wiry drawing\" and \"brilliant, even jewel-like color.\"<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Rishabha, the first Tirthankara, is usually depicted in either the<strong>\u00a0lotus position or kayotsarga<\/strong>, the standing position.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Western Indian style of painting<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong><u><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh5.googleusercontent.com\/Ax_AR65j2LGo1-WS9p1pSC0z0UhHR5g3qHVacC9WhNsdKddM4sG0He1ICyBScnoPjXAnJ-Al0URjkkMrd906zOVRuZR3C4fjSZ4cdebnXB0a6lGO0H1ELn2uVIfROXUslxuIGs-jDbqfo3jXr6H0Cg\" alt=\"\" \/>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The Western Indian style prevailed in the region comprising<strong>\u00a0Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Malwa.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>Features: certain physical traits, such as eyes, breasts, and hips, are enlarged.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Figures are flat, with the angularity of features and the further eye protruding into space.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>palm-leaf was used for the manuscripts.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The\u00a0<strong>Kalpasutra and the Kalakacharya-Katha,<\/strong>\u00a0the two very popular Jain texts, were repeatedly written and illustrated with paintings.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Sittanavasal Paintings<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/miF5nUEh_CXHWf6jfpzg1q28XcNSwVE1mhKON9-uzJtuexW2bY2IxPsmCxnCVEQBI_hNJqz0wOzwcryf9cGhOeWaxgKhWCOEilX9a1AZnCK8eLK2Q4h2PXso-ohe_oMM-HCQpZSbEi_6npFAVwT6XQ\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Famous for its<strong><u>\u00a0fresco-secco technique<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0with many mineral colors.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The painting themes depict a beautiful lotus pond and flowers, people collecting lotuses from the pond, two dancing figures, lilies, fish, buffaloes, and elephants.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The paintings are on the theme of Jain Samasvasarana, the most attractive heavenly pavilion, referring to the attainment of<strong>\u00a0Nirvana and Khatika Bhumi.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<p><strong>Jain paintings<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<h2><strong>Jain Sculptural Reliefs<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p>The brilliance of the Jain sculptures can be seen from the delicate images of the<strong>\u00a0Jain Tirthankaras.<\/strong>\u00a0The sculpture can depict any of the twenty-four Tirthankaras, with images depicting\u00a0<strong>Parshvanatha, Rishabanatha, or Mahavira<\/strong>\u00a0being more popular.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Mathura School of Sculptures:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>This school was developed around\u00a0<strong>Mathura,<\/strong>\u00a0an important city on the Uttarapatha and the second capital of the<strong>\u00a0Kushanas<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The images discovered here belong to all three religions: Buddhism, Brahmanism and Jainism.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>These were created using<strong>\u00a0red spotted sandstone,<\/strong>\u00a0readily available in the nearby Aravalli region.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Features of Jain sculptures in Mathura school:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>They depict Jina in a seated or standing pose.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The standing Jina is straight, with hands long enough to reach the knee.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The seated Jina is in<strong>\u00a0padmasana\u00a0<\/strong>(lotus position or cross-legged posture) with hands in<strong>\u00a0dhyana mudra.\u00a0<\/strong>They are generally nude.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Jaina venerates 24 Tirthankaras who are distinguished by different emblems on their throne or chest:<strong>\u00a0a lion for Mahavira<\/strong>,<strong>\u00a0a bull for Rishabh<\/strong>\u00a0etc.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>They also donated reliefs to the stupa, known as<strong>\u00a0ayagapatas,<\/strong>\u00a0in the form of square slabs depicting Jina stupa,<strong>\u00a0swastika,<\/strong>\u00a0twin fish symbols, various scenes etc.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Jain sculptures have been recovered from a ruined stupa at\u00a0<strong>Kankali Tila.\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Kankali Tila is a mound located in<strong>\u00a0Mathura.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>Numerous Jain sculptures, Ayagapattas, and pillars were found here during excavations.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><strong>Examples of\u00a0<\/strong><strong><u>Jain Sculptures<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Lohanipur torso:\u00a0<\/strong>It is a polished sandstone statue in<strong>\u00a0Patliputra<\/strong>, Bihar, representing a Jain Tirthankara in a damaged state.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Gopachal rock-cut Jain monuments:\u00a0<\/strong>located around the walls of Gwalior Fort,\u00a0<strong>Madhya Pradesh<\/strong>.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>They depict Tirthankaras in seated\u00a0<strong>Padmasana posture<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>Kayotsarga posture<\/strong>\u00a0in typical naked form.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Vasantgarh hoard:\u00a0<\/strong>it is located in\u00a0<strong>Rajasthan; evidence<\/strong>\u00a0shows a strong foothold of Jainism in this area as 240 Jain bronze idols were discovered.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Idols of this hoard show images of Tirthankara,\u00a0<strong>sashandevatas\u00a0<\/strong>(yaksha and yakshi) and Jain deities in Shwetambar iconography.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 200px\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 100%;text-align: center;height: 25px\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Other Related Posts<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/indus-valley-civilization-art-and-architecture\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Art and Architecture of IVC<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 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href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/delhi-sultanate-architecture\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Delhi Sultanate Architecture<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/stupas\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Stupas<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/the-mughal-art-and-architecture\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>The Mughal Art and Architecture<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 100%;text-align: center;height: 25px\" colspan=\"2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/jain-art-and-architecture\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Jain Art and Architecture<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jain architecture embodies simplicity, elegance &#038; focus on symmetry &#038; proportion as its defining features.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":17613,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[173],"tags":[680,40],"class_list":{"0":"post-3534","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-quest-level-3","8":"tag-jain-art-and-architecture","9":"tag-quest"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3534","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3534"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3534\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19682,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3534\/revisions\/19682"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17613"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3534"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3534"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3534"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}