{"id":3569,"date":"2026-01-04T11:41:26","date_gmt":"2026-01-04T06:11:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=3569"},"modified":"2026-01-05T11:04:28","modified_gmt":"2026-01-05T05:34:28","slug":"chalukyas-of-badami","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/chalukyas-of-badami\/","title":{"rendered":"Chalukyas of Badami"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>Emergence of the Chalukyas of Badami<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p>The Chalukyas played a prominent role in the history of the Deccan and South India.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Copper-plate records:<\/strong>\u00a0It is deduced that the Chalukya dynasty started with a vassal of the Kadamba Kings. He probably declared himself an independent King when the Kadamba dynasty weakened. His successor was Ranaraga.Jaysimha-I<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The real architect of the empire was\u00a0<strong>Pulakesin-I<\/strong>. He built a fort of Badami and ruled from there. His son\u00a0<strong>Kirtivarman-I<\/strong>\u00a0ascended the throne and further expanded the Kingdom. He defeated the Mauryas of Konkan, Nalas and Kadambas.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Rise:<\/strong>\u00a0The Badami Chalukyas rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of\u00a0<strong>Pulakeshin-II.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Expansion:\u00a0<\/strong>Pulakesin-II consolidated his authority in\u00a0<strong>Maharashtra and conquered large parts of Deccan.<\/strong>\u00a0He defeated Harshavardhana and acquired the title of\u00a0<strong>dakshinapatheshvara (lord of the south).\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Political Struggle:<\/strong>\u00a0Pulakesin II was defeated by Pallava king Narasimhavarman. It marked the beginning of a long-drawn political struggle between the Pallavas and Chalukyas that continued with ups and downs for over a hundred years.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lh5.googleusercontent.com\/YOcs7BQv4HnBKAEt0-U5t7SMwGM6WT2Je7hglyyAxJfBZ_7ytLksL9GfNK5wU6PXC0-IaS5A7Z1m2cgiE4r7IbGacAN3IwuhaEV98EPlE5h8yrIfqGRMgPbJoL5zjguGyTBV5avWE4zO9AZAABAUvw\" alt=\"\" width=\"399\" height=\"446\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<figure>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" colspan=\"21\"><strong>Chalukyas of Badami - Rulers and their Contributions<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"14\">Period:\u00a0<strong>\u00a0AD 543 - AD 755<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"7\">Capital:\u00a0<strong>Badami (Vatapi)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"21\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>They set up their kingdom in western Deccan, with the capital at Vatapi (modern Badami in Karnataka).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>They were involved in a political struggle with Pallavas that continued with ups and downs for over a hundred years.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"4\"><strong>Pulakesin I (540- 566 AD)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"17\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Established city of Vatapi<\/li>\r\n\t<li>First sovereign ruler of the Chalukya dynasty.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Titles:\u00a0<\/strong>Vallabheshwar, Satyashraya, Rana-vikrama, Rajasimha etc.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Religion:<\/strong>\u00a0Performed Ashvamedha sacrifices, thus\u00a0<strong>followed Vedic religion.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Inscriptions:\u00a0<\/strong>Badami rock inscription and Amminabhavi stone tablet inscription talks about Pulakesin I.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Pulakesin I was followed by his son Kirtivarman I<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"4\"><strong>Kirtivarman I (566-597 AD)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"17\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong><u>Aihole Inscription<\/u><\/strong><strong>:\u00a0<\/strong>It states that Kirtivarman was\u00a0<strong>\u201cthe night of doom\u201d\u00a0<\/strong>for the Nalas, Mauryas of Konkan and the Kadambas.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Conquest of Konkan<\/strong>: Brought the vital\u00a0<strong>port of Goa, or Revatidvipa<\/strong>, into the growing empire.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Inscriptions:<\/strong>\u00a0Godachi copper plate inscription talks about Kirtivarman I.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"4\" rowspan=\"9\">\r\n<p><strong>Pulakesin II<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>(608- 642 AD)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"17\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The<strong>\u00a0kingdom rapidly rose to prominence during his reign.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Titles:\u00a0<\/strong>Satyashraya, Bhattaraka, Parameshvara and Maharajadhiraja<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Pulakeshin's subjugation of the\u00a0<strong>Vishnukundins<\/strong>\u00a0(allies of the Pallavas) brought him into conflict with the Pallavas.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Battle of Pullalur, AD 618-19:\u00a0<\/strong>He defeated and killed the Pallava king Mahendravarman-I.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Aihole inscription<\/strong>: He\u00a0<strong>defeated Harshavardhana in AD 630\u00a0<\/strong>and acquired the title \u2018<strong>Dakshinapatheshvara\u2019 (lord of the south).<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Hsuen Tsang<\/strong>\u00a0calls Pulakeshin's kingdom \u2018Mo-ho-la-cha\u2019, providing evidence of Pulakeshin's success against Harsha.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Battle of Vatapi, AD 642:\u00a0<\/strong>He was defeated and killed by the Pallava king\u00a0<strong>Narasimhavarman I.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Ajanta Cave 1:<\/strong>\u00a0A painting depicts the Sassanian ambassadors in his court. He maintained good\u00a0<strong>relations with the Sassanian empire<\/strong>, which later led to the influx of Zoroastrians during the rise of Islam.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Religion:<\/strong>\u00a0Lohner and Pimpalner copper-plate inscriptions attest that he was a\u00a0<strong>Vaishnavite<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Religious tolerance:<\/strong>\u00a0He was also tolerant of other faiths like Shaivism and Buddhism.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"17\"><strong>Contribution of Pulakesin II to Art, Architecture and\u00a0Literature:<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"17\" rowspan=\"7\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Several of his inscriptions begin with salutations to Vishnu and bear seals with emblems that feature Varaha, an incarnation of Vishnu.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The construction of the Shaivite shrines, now called the Upper Shivalaya, the Lower Shivalaya, and Malegitti Shivalaya, started during his reign.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The Meguti Jain temple at Aihole was also built during his reign by Ravikirrti, who composed the Aihole inscription engraved on the wall of this temple.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The Aihole prashasti inscription, composed by Pulakeshin's court poet Ravikirtti, records the construction of a Jinendra temple by Ravikirtti and lists Pulakeshin's military achievements.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"4\"><strong>Vikramaditya I (644-681AD)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"17\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After the death of Pulakesin II, he\u00a0<strong>restored order<\/strong>\u00a0in the fractured kingdom and\u00a0<strong>made the Pallavas retreat<\/strong>\u00a0from the capital Vatapi.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<figure>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" colspan=\"21\"><strong>Chalukyan Art and Architecture<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"7\"><strong>Temple Architecture<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"14\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong><u>Vesara Style<\/u><\/strong><strong>:\u00a0<\/strong>Mixture of Nagar and Dravida styles.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>This style originated and flourished at<strong>\u00a0Aihole, Badami and Pattadakal<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Important sites: Pattadakal, Aihole, Badami.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Cave Temples:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Found in Ajanta, Ellora and Nasik.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>They are<strong>\u00a0monolithic and excavated in sloppy hills.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>They are Brahmanical<strong>\u00a0dedication and Buddhist in style and technique.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"7\">\r\n<p><strong><u>Pattadakal (Raktapura) Group of Monuments\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><strong>(West Bank of\u00a0Malprabha River)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/18Hzz01Q5fTbEorMaGV2sKDNM19KS_ooi-24VtqcCx3kUPNDYZCMJcVBBGk1KdgfqaBuo2RB-UiwCY1xkpITMWGVXqFgT5g_HMl6o_J12_jRLeDymSjh0bgKazjM-cWc0oZNvu90B9w3f62iOw5ccA\" alt=\"\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"14\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Pattadakal:\u00a0<\/strong>Ten temples built in the seventh and eighth centuries, generally dedicated to Shiva, the most celebrated of which are the\u00a0<strong>Papanatha temple<\/strong>\u00a0(AD 680) and the\u00a0<strong>Virupaksha temple.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>Elements of\u00a0<strong>Vaishnavism and Shaktism theology<\/strong>\u00a0and legends are also featured.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Style: Fusion<\/strong>\u00a0of two major Indian architectural styles, one from\u00a0<strong>north India (Rekha-Nagara-Prasada)\u00a0<\/strong>and the other from\u00a0<strong>south India (Dravida-Vimana).<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>The Ten Temples:\u00a0<\/strong>Kadasiddheshwar Temple, Jambu Lingeshwara Temple, Galaganatha Temple, Chandrashekhara Temple, Sangameshwara Temple, Kashi Vishwanath Temple, Mallikarjuna Temple, Virupaksha Temple, Papanath Temple and Jain Narayana Temple.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Papanath Temple:\u00a0<\/strong>Has a low and stunted tower in the\u00a0<strong>northern style.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>The site, states Archaeological Survey of India, is\u00a0<strong>mentioned in texts by Srivijaya<\/strong>\u00a0and is<strong>\u00a0referred to by Ptolemy as \"Petirgal\" in his Geography.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>UNESCO description: Pattadakal as\u00a0<strong>\"a harmonious blend of architectural forms from northern and southern India\".<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Stones used:\u00a0<\/strong>Structures were built using the\u00a0<strong>sandstones\u00a0<\/strong>found abundantly locally at Pattadakkal. Some of the sculptures are carved from polished\u00a0<strong>black granite.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"7\">\r\n<p><strong><u>Badami Temples<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<h2><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh5.googleusercontent.com\/wO-3i5z4JrDDbKPtbs-93Q4x0kAu1pjEL5v8pad-CaHybZA3bWq2l3RPWJPw4S4gB8eU8dVhVfpf9ctPvNIpkHtNI-3NJPsKV2KoodfmMg_9-sNFmESiiBkYZYH2Un1TjuMMSoZkDPn718C0BoZ6mA\" alt=\"\" \/><\/h2>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"14\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Complex of Hindu and Jain cave temples.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Caves 1-4:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Sandstone Formation.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Cave 1:\u00a0<\/strong>Tandava-dancing Shiva as\u00a0<strong>Nataraja<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Bhutanatha group of temples:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Along<strong>\u00a0Agasthya Lake.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>came under the influence of\u00a0<strong>Jains<\/strong>\u00a0for a while. Later, it was taken over by the\u00a0<strong>Lingayats,\u00a0<\/strong>who installed a Shiva Linga in the shrine and a Nandi in front.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Style:\u00a0<\/strong>Blend of North Indian and early South Indian temple architecture.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>The Mallikarjuna Temple:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Lies northeast of the lake and belongs to the period of the later Chalukyas, the Chalukyas of Kalyani.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>It has the tiered pyramid structure characteristic of Western Chalukya Architecture.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Shikhara:<\/strong>\u00a0Dravidian type.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>All the Early Chalukyan caves<\/strong><strong>and temples<\/strong>\u00a0in Badami, except Upper Shivalaya, are<strong>\u00a0nirandhara structures.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"7\">\r\n<p><strong>Virupaksha Temple<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<h2><strong><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/hjyF5mIT61cLBrE4GlXUutdDUgVv9AALVxFJc-tCBDQor85UO14idUUjjVIPr77AP009xw_gHd79N2wyC6nhqVPC2LJLkktM1nUO19HPtuiyzgVSuSXsdHsmxcSn8ynbgqLWjk4VO0fZKAuDCWEqmQ\" alt=\"\" \/><\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"14\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Largest of the Pattadakal Monuments.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>Built-in 740 AD by Queen Lokamahadevi to commemorate her husband's victory over the kings from the South.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Style: Purely Southern style.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>Has a very high square and\u00a0<strong>storeyed tower (shikhara).<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>Temple walls represent\u00a0<strong>scenes from the Ramayana.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>It is also known as\u00a0<strong>\u201cSri Lokeshwara Mahashila Prasada\u201d,\u00a0<\/strong>honouring queen Lokamahadevi who commissioned the temple.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Facing east, this temple has on plan a square sanctum (garbhagriha) with a circumambulatory path (pradakshina patha), an antarala with two small shrines for Ganesa and Mahishamardini facing each other in front.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>The Tower:<\/strong>\u00a0Above the sanctum is a three-storey pyramidal structure, with each storey bearing motifs that reflect those in the sanctum below.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>The Nandi-Mandapa, situated<\/strong>\u00a0east of the temple, is a square pavilion open on all four sides. It houses a large image of Nandi on a raised floor.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Carvings on Sanctum Walls:\u00a0<\/strong>Depict images of Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and Shaktism deities.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Themes<\/strong>\u00a0such as Narasimha and Varaha (Vaishnavism), Bhairava and Nataraja (Shaivism), and Harihara (half Shiva-half Vishnu).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"7\">\r\n<p><strong><u>Aihole<\/u><\/strong><strong>\u00a0Group of Temples (Along Malprabha River)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<h2><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/WFkfQZt0flNz1OcNqql6yAcBXXSenSrwV8tzX938_WTIbjRlr7FD8Ov9xcPAQdhNoGSrUYkjcQ-qN8shnNTtNmWgcIwfVZfygPzr573MVNZQPEFLnNcaTWSW0y0Cd6iwApHxOO1bn3CwJpVbcdRfzg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/h2>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"14\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Mainly flourished from the reign of Pulakesin I to Pulakesin II.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>There are several groups of temples and<strong>\u00a0two cave shrines dotting the landscape.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Ravanphadi cave:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Consists of a mandapa, garbhagriha and two side galleries flanking Mandapa.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>A 6th-century artwork showing\u00a0<strong>dancing Shiva (Nataraja)<\/strong>\u00a0with Parvati,<strong>\u00a0Saptamatrikas<\/strong>\u00a0or seven mothers of Shaktism tradition, Ganesha and Kartikeya.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Two layouts: Sandhara\u00a0<\/strong>(with circumambulatory path) and\u00a0<strong>Nirandhara\u00a0<\/strong>(without circumambulatory path).<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Several superstructures:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Shikhara:\u00a0<\/strong>Tapering superstructure of discrete squares.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Mundamala:\u00a0<\/strong>Temple without superstructure, literally, garland with a shaved head.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Rekha-Prasada:\u00a0<\/strong>Smooth curvilinear superstructure also based on squares prevalent in northern and central India.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Dravidian Vimana:<\/strong>\u00a0Pyramidal style of southern India) and,<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Kadamba-Chalukya Shikhara:<\/strong>\u00a0A Fusion style.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Guadar Gudi<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Garbhagrihais centrally located.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Sandhara<\/strong>\u00a0structure.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Has\u00a0<strong>mundamala shikhara.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Temples like\u00a0<strong>Huchhimalli gudi and Huchhapayya gudi\u00a0<\/strong>signify development in the\u00a0<strong>Rekha-prasada type of shikhara.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Durga temple: a rare example of an apsidal plan\u00a0<\/strong>in early Chalukyan temples. It has a Sandhara plan<strong>.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>Aihole is the\u00a0<strong>\u2018cradle of Indian temple architecture\u2019.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Most temples are Brahmanical, but there are a few Jain temples also.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Blocks of stone<\/strong>\u00a0were used for vertical construction.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Unique Shikharas:\u00a0<\/strong>The curvilinear and pyramid-like shikhara developed here, not developed in the south.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>One\u00a0<strong>Buddhist monument<\/strong>\u00a0in Aihole, on Meguti Hill.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Jain Monuments:\u00a0<\/strong>Aihole preserves four collections of about ten Jain monuments from the 6th to 12th century AD, associated with the Meena Basti.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>These are found on\u00a0<strong>the Meguti hill<\/strong>, Chanranthi matha, Yoginarayana complex and an early Jaina cave temple<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"7\">\r\n<p><strong>Lad Khan Temple (Aihole)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<h2><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/dSgyeKqXLzF0Zo1AJ0fjyBYONF-Wsse7KsrRddHckGmJiafjJT9_k79qtYLZTdZamiXwZ2OCmDme4EnNREThpPL4DthOMNZ3-OD19fe-Z0Y1h3wIQNGDXbZIHNFZuhoEE8Z7WaIXqQgvFEE95Zr3Xg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/h2>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"14\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Also known as<strong>\u00a0Chalukya Shiva Temple.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Originally dedicated to Vishnu.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Style:\u00a0<\/strong>The temple was built in a\u00a0<strong>Panchayatana style\u00a0<\/strong>(central shrine surrounded by four other shrines).<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Special Feature:<\/strong>\u00a0It starts with a rectangular structure and ends with a square structure.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"7\">\r\n<p><strong>Paintings<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<h2><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/E7Z8qPH6dUG-MmHvF7gHAl1BnkcynsbiG9UfBcYgWY4WFXbDr6_FbTwxGJjffPU0CbYhaebdl1QHevvmbtUUmbZze2J7UgIZijTrqaDmexCmz0pe5DknipVI_35PvtK305EnzTJgQZPVPeRPy1IVzQ\" alt=\"\" \/><\/h2>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"14\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Paintings are\u00a0<strong>found in a cave temple dedicated to Vishnu in Badami.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>Chalukyas<strong>\u00a0adopted the Vakataka style in painting.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>Many of the paintings are of incarnations of Vishnu.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The most popular Chalukya painting is in the palace built by King Mangalesan (597-609).\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>It is a scene of the ball being watched by members of the royal family and others.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<figure>\r\n<table style=\"width: 89.8072%\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 47.8558%\" colspan=\"21\"><strong>Chalukyan Literature<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 23.5102%\" colspan=\"7\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Languages<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 24.3456%\" colspan=\"14\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Sanskrit<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Kannada<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Prakrit<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 23.5102%\" colspan=\"7\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Aihole Inscriptions (by Ravikirti)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 24.3456%\" colspan=\"14\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Sanskrit inscription at Meguti Jain temple in Aihole.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Language:\u00a0<\/strong>Chalukyas used Sanskrit in pillar inscriptions such as Aihole and Mahakudam.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 23.5102%\" colspan=\"7\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Badami Inscription<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 24.3456%\" colspan=\"14\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>It<strong>\u00a0mentions Kannada as the local Prakrit,<\/strong>\u00a0meaning the people\u2019s language, and Sanskrit as the language of culture.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 23.5102%\" colspan=\"7\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Saptavataram<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 24.3456%\" colspan=\"14\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>A grammar work authored by the chieftain of Pulakesin II in Sanskrit.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 23.5102%\" colspan=\"7\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Tripadi<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 24.3456%\" colspan=\"14\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>During this period, the \u2018Tripadi\u2019 form of poetry existed.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>One of the poems in the inscription of Kappe Arabhatta of Badami is in Tripadi form.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 23.5102%\" colspan=\"7\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Kaumudi Mahotsav<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 24.3456%\" colspan=\"14\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>It was written by Pulakeshi II\u2019s daughter-in-law,<strong>\u00a0Vijjika,\u00a0<\/strong>a poetess.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<h2><strong>Administration under Chalukyas of Badami<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Paternalistic Control:<\/strong>\u00a0Chalukyas of Badami exercised Paternalistic control over the village administration, which was unlike the administrative practice of South India.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>King:\u00a0<\/strong>Actively involved in the administration. King was the head of administration and highest judicial authority. Most of the Chalukyan kings worked for the welfare of the people.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Council of Ministers:<\/strong>\u00a0There was a council of ministers to advise the king and to help him in administration.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Mahamatya:\u00a0<\/strong>The Prime Minister was called Mahamatya:<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Division of Kingdom:<\/strong>\u00a0The kingdom was divided into\u00a0<strong>districts called \u2018Vishya\u2019<\/strong>\u00a0and \u2018the Vishayadhapati\u2019.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Village autonomy:\u00a0<\/strong>Absent under the Chalukya, unlike Pallavas and Cholas<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Maritime Power:\u00a0<\/strong>Chalukyas were great Maritime power; Pulakeshin II had 100 ships under his control and a small standing army.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>Society and Religion under Chalukyas of Badami<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The period was an\u00a0<strong>era of the revival of Hindu culture and spirituality.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Importance was given to Vedic rites and rituals.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shakta cults and Jainism had received generous encouragement from the kings.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Hsuen Tsang:\u00a0<\/strong>Mentioned\u00a0<strong>the decline of Buddhism in western Deccan. But Jainism was steadily on the path of Progress. Ravikirti,\u00a0<\/strong>the court poet of Pulakesin II, was a Jain.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Women were respected in society.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>Economy under Chalukyas of Badami<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Income from Land:\u00a0<\/strong>The state income from land seems very limited since most of the land was rocky and not fertile.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Trade and Commerce:\u00a0<\/strong>The earnings from the trading activities were also not considered since trade and commerce in India during this period was generally declining.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Plundering:\u00a0<\/strong>Chalukyas resorted to frequent invasions and plunder of the neighbouring territories due to the poor state of the economy. The mutually destructive Chalukya-Pallava conflict can be properly understood only in this background.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>Decline of Chalukyas of Badami<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After the death of Pulakesin II, Badami Chalukyas went into a brief\u00a0<strong>decline due to internal feuds.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>Continued\u00a0<strong>friction with<\/strong><strong>Pallavas\u00a0<\/strong>and their occupation of Badami for thirteen years made Chalukyas weak.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The Chalukyas were in\u00a0<strong>continuous wars with Rashtrakutas in later times.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>The Rashtrakutas replaced the Chalukyan rule in Badami in about 750 CE when Rashtrakuta feudatory Dantidurga gave a final blow and defeated the Chalukyan king Kirtivarman II.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><strong>Paintings<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<h2><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/E7Z8qPH6dUG-MmHvF7gHAl1BnkcynsbiG9UfBcYgWY4WFXbDr6_FbTwxGJjffPU0CbYhaebdl1QHevvmbtUUmbZze2J7UgIZijTrqaDmexCmz0pe5DknipVI_35PvtK305EnzTJgQZPVPeRPy1IVzQ\" alt=\"\" width=\"345\" height=\"224\" \/><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Paintings are found in a cave temple dedicated to Vishnu in Badami.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Chalukyas adopted the Vakataka style in painting.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Many of the paintings are of incarnations of Vishnu.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The most popular Chalukya painting is in the palace built by King Mangalesan (597-609).\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>It is a scene of the ball being watched by members of the royal family and others.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chalukyas of Badami were successors of Vakatakas who ruled over western Deccan for two centuries &#038; united south India.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":8204,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[173],"tags":[687,40],"class_list":{"0":"post-3569","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-quest-level-3","8":"tag-chalukyas-of-badami","9":"tag-quest"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3569","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3569"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3569\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22161,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3569\/revisions\/22161"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8204"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3569"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3569"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3569"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}