{"id":3701,"date":"2026-01-02T11:28:35","date_gmt":"2026-01-02T05:58:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=3701"},"modified":"2026-01-03T15:57:58","modified_gmt":"2026-01-03T10:27:58","slug":"development-of-press-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/development-of-press-in-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Development of Press in India &#8211; Policies, Role in Indian National Movement"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Development of Press in India:<\/strong>\u00a0Th\u0435 pr\u0435ss played a crucial role in India's national awakening and ind\u0435p\u0435nd\u0435nc\u0435 struggl\u0435 by spr\u0435ading id\u0435as and information. How\u0435v\u0435r, British colonial rul\u0435 impos\u0435d strict r\u0435strictions on both v\u0435rnacular and English pr\u0435ss to suppr\u0435ss diss\u0435nt and political consciousn\u0435ss. Co\u0435rciv\u0435 laws, c\u0435nsorship, and punitiv\u0435 actions w\u0435r\u0435 us\u0435d to control th\u0435 pr\u0435ss, p\u0435rc\u0435iv\u0435d as a thr\u0435at to colonial rul\u0435.<\/p>\r\n<p>Und\u0435rstanding British pr\u0435ss laws of th\u0435 19th and 20th c\u0435nturi\u0435s provid\u0435s insights into th\u0435 dynamics of stat\u0435 authority and civil lib\u0435rti\u0435s. Th\u0435 nationalist mov\u0435m\u0435nt's r\u0435spons\u0435 to th\u0435s\u0435 r\u0435strictions showcas\u0435s th\u0435 fight for fr\u0435\u0435dom of \u0435xpr\u0435ssion. This background h\u0435lps us und\u0435rstand th\u0435 \u0435volution of th\u0435 pr\u0435ss as th\u0435 'Fourth Estat\u0435' in ind\u0435p\u0435nd\u0435nt India.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Origin of the Press in India<\/h2>\r\n<p>The writing on the walls and on stones dating back to several centuries before Christ were the first signs of the origin of the press in India. Emperor Ashoka's edicts renouncing violence after the Kalinga war are available to this day on stone.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Later, paper and writing materials were invented, and state records in the form of messages from spies were maintained in a rudimentary form.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>According to historians, \u2018newsletters\u2019 were the earliest though rough form of a newspaper.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The newsletters were published on a regular basis throughout the Mughal era. These \"manuscript newspapers\" served as the only source of information about historical events.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The practice seems to have continued until the East India Company began ruling over India.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>It is the dissemination of these newsletters that perhaps inspired James Augustus Hickey to start his newspaper Bengal Gazette in 1780.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>British Administrative Policies<\/h2>\r\n<p>The Portuguese established the printing press at Goa in 1557. East India Company established its first printing press in 1674 in Bombay. Great poverty, mass illiteracy and repressive press laws were the reasons for the slow growth of newspapers in India.<\/p>\r\n<figure>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>Press Acts<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>Features<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Censorship of the Press Act, 1799<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>-\u00a0<\/strong>The first two decades of the 19th century saw the imposition of rigid control of the press by Lord Wellesley and Warren Hastings.<\/p>\r\n<p>- It was passed to restrict the French from spreading any news against the British Government.<\/p>\r\n<p>- 1799 regulations required the newspapers to carry the names of the printer, editor, and proprietor in every issue<\/p>\r\n<p>- It required to submit for scrutiny all material meant for publication.<\/p>\r\n<p>- The censorship rules, however, were\u00a0<strong>not strictly followed\u00a0<\/strong>and also not so severely enforced.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Licensing Regulations, 1823<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>-\u00a0<\/strong>These were licensing regulations. That is, the publisher has to obtain a licence from the Government.<\/p>\r\n<p>- The Governor General reserved the right to cancel a license.<\/p>\r\n<p>- Raja Ram Mohan Roy opposed this law and, along with enlightened Indians, submitted the petition in court, which was dismissed.<\/p>\r\n<p>- Later, Lord Bentinck also continued these regulations.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Metcalfe\u2019s Press Act 1835<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>-\u00a0<\/strong>Charles Metcalfe (1835-36) was a supporter of a free press.<\/p>\r\n<p>- He repelled the regulations of 1823 and came to be known as Liberator of the Indian Press.<\/p>\r\n<p>- The Act wanted publishers to give a declaration about the place and premises of the publication.<\/p>\r\n<p>- The Act positively impacted the growth of the press as many newspapers started publishing till stiff regulations were again imposed in 1857 due to the Revolt.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Licensing Act of 1857<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- Until 1857, there was considerable freedom available to newspapers and publishers.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>However, the revolt of 1857 compelled\u00a0<strong>Canning\u00a0<\/strong>to pass the Licensing Act of 1857.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><strong>-\u00a0<\/strong>The Act reserved the right to grant and revoke licenses.<\/p>\r\n<p>Under the Act, the government was given the authority to prohibit the publication of any newspaper or book.<\/p>\r\n<p>- However, it was inherent in the Act itself that it would operate for one year, so the Act lapsed in 1858.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Vernacular Press Act 1878<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- Proposed by Lord Lytton.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>- It was passed with a view to having better control over newspapers published in Indian languages.<\/p>\r\n<p>- It was intended to prevent the vernacular press from expressing criticism of British policies, notably the opposition that had grown with the outset of the Second Anglo-Afghan War.<\/p>\r\n<p>- The Act attempted to stifle any opposition to the government voiced in the local languages of the country.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Similar restrictions were not imposed on the English-language newspapers.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>- Under the Act, the District Magistrate was authorised to demand a copy of an Indian newspaper.<\/p>\r\n<p>- There was no appeal against the decision of the District Magistrate.<\/p>\r\n<p>- To escape from this Act, Amrit Bazaar Patrika converted overnight from Bengali to English.<\/p>\r\n<p>- The Act was repelled later by Rippon.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>The Indian Newspaper (Incitement to Offence) Act, 1908<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- It was enacted against the adverse comments of extremist nationalists in the newspapers against the government.<\/p>\r\n<p>- Under the Act, the District Magistrate could forfeit any publishing house or printing newspaper that could instigate political violence and acts of murder.<\/p>\r\n<p>- The Local government was authorised to terminate any declaration made by the printer and publisher of the newspaper that had been found the offender.<\/p>\r\n<p>- The publisher was given the option to appeal to the High Court within 15 days.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>The Indian Press Act 1910<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- It empowered the local government to demand security at the time of registration of not less than Rs.500 and not more than Rs.2000.<\/p>\r\n<p>- It gave power to the Chief Customs Officer to detain all imported printed material which could be used for creating disaffection against the Government.<\/p>\r\n<p>- The printer of the newspaper was required to submit two copies if found offender.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Sapru Committee:\u00a0<\/strong>The law member Committee constituted after the First World War, headed by Tej Bahadur Sapru.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The 1908 and 1910 Press Acts were repelled after the recommendation from the Committee.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Defence of India Act 1915<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- It was enacted\u00a0<strong>to restrict press freedom during the First World War.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>- The Act was also used for all political purposes so as to carry out the policy of the Indian Government in regard to the\u00a0<strong>repression of political agitation.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>The India Press (Emergency) Act 1931\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- With the beginning of the<strong>\u00a0\u2018Civil Disobedience Movement\u2019\u00a0<\/strong>(CDM), the government passed this Act.<\/p>\r\n<p>- Under the Act, all\u00a0<strong>propaganda related to CDM was suppressed.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<h2>List of Newspapers in India - Founders and Features<\/h2>\r\n<p>These early newspapers in India, established by different found\u0435rs with unique objectives, played a vital role in\u00a0<strong>spreading information, fost\u0435ring patriotism,\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0<strong>expressing dissent<\/strong>\u00a0against British rule and social challenges during the fight for independence.<\/p>\r\n<figure>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>List of Newspapers<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>Founders and Features<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Bengal Gazette or Calcutta General Advertiser (1780)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- Started by James Augustus Hickey.<\/p>\r\n<p>- The first newspaper in India<\/p>\r\n<p>- Hickey, started exposing the corrupt tendencies of Hastings and the Government.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Sambad Kaumudi (1821)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>-\u00a0<\/strong>A Bengali weekly started by Raja Rammohan Roy, who is regarded as the pioneer of nationalist journalism in India.<\/p>\r\n<p>- It raised the issues such as the Indian demand for a trial jury in provincial courts.<\/p>\r\n<p>- It became the main vehicle of Raja Rammohan Roy\u2019s campaign against Sati.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Mirat-ul-Akhbar (1822)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>-\u00a0<\/strong>India\u2019s first Persian weekly started by Raja Rammohan Roy.<\/p>\r\n<p>- It was primarily concerned with the political events of the time.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Bombay Samachar (1822)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- Th\u0435 old\u0435st running v\u0435rnacular n\u0435wspap\u0435r in India was founded by Fardoonji Murazban, a Parsi scholar.<\/p>\r\n<p>- Nam\u0435d as a Gujarati w\u0435\u0435kly, it aim\u0435d to serve th\u0435 British r\u0435sid\u0435nts of w\u0435st\u0435rn India.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Bombay Times (1838)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- It was founded to serve the British residents of western India, following Lord Metcalfe's Act of 1835 which removed restrictions on the liberty of the Indian press.<\/p>\r\n<p>- Its first editor was J.E. Brennan, who was a retired Irish doctor.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Rast Goftar (Truth Teller, 1851)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- Founded by Dadabhai Naoroji.<\/p>\r\n<p>- A Gujarati fortnightly to clarify Zoroastrian concepts and promote Parsi social reforms discussed in Rahnumai - - Mazdayasnan Sabha.<\/p>\r\n<p>- He also started Voice of India.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Somaprakash (1858)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- A weekly newspaper started by Dwarakanath Vidyabhusan.<\/p>\r\n<p>- It was the first Bangla newspaper to indulge in political discussions.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Indian Mirror (1861)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- It was founded as a fortnightly paper by Manmohan Ghose with financial assistance from Debendranath Tagore.<\/p>\r\n<p>- In 1876, the paper was converted into a daily by Keshab Chandra Sen.<\/p>\r\n<p>- Narendra Nath Sen, the founder of the Theosophical Society of Bengal, made significant contributions to the newspaper.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Bengalee (1862)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- English Weekly started and edited by Girish Chandra Ghose.<\/p>\r\n<p>S.N. Banerjee, its principal editor during the anti-partition agitation, became its proprietor &amp; converted it into a daily.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Amrit Bazaar Patrika (1868)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- Started by Shishir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh, his brothers, as a Bengali weekly in their village Amrit Bazaar.<\/p>\r\n<p>- Next year of foundation it added columns in English and continued bilingual till 1878, when due to the Vernacular Press Act, it converted overnight from Bengali to English.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Bangadarshan (1872)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- A literary journal founded by Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay.<\/p>\r\n<p>- Bankim Chandra's 'Bande Mataram' was first published in this journal.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>The Hindu (1878)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- Founded by G. Subramaniya Iyer<\/p>\r\n<p>- It protested against the policies of British rule.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Kesari and Mahratta (1881)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>-\u00a0<\/strong>Both founded by Lokmanya Tilak<\/p>\r\n<p>- Mahratta was launched in English and Kesari in Marathi.<\/p>\r\n<p>- The 4-point programme of \u2018Swaraj, Swadeshi, Boycott and National Education\u2019 that Tilak offered to Congress and to the whole nation was strongly propagated by Kesari.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Swadesamitran (1882)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>-\u00a0<\/strong>A Tamil-language newspaper published in Madras.<\/p>\r\n<p>- It was founded by G. Subramania Iyer four years after he started The Hindu newspaper (an English daily).<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Swadesamitran started as a sister publication of The Hindu.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>- It was the first Tamil-language newspaper owned and operated by Indians.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Kaal (1897)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- Funded by Shivram Mahadev Paranjape in Pune.<\/p>\r\n<p>- Paranjape astutely spoke against the British state, imperialism, and social evils.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Sandhya (1904)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- It was an extremist daily started by Brahmabandhab Upadhyay.<\/p>\r\n<p>- The main purpose of the newspaper was to spread awareness among the masses about the atrocities of the British government.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>The Indian Sociologist (1905)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- Founded by Shyamji Krishna Varma in London.<\/p>\r\n<p>- It was a method of transporting the ideas of nationalist society into Europe.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Bande Mataram (1905)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- Started by Bipan Chandra Pal and edited by Aurobindo Ghosh.<\/p>\r\n<p>- It spread revolutionary ideas in Bengal.<\/p>\r\n<p>- The newspaper played a significant role in developing and propagating anti-British discourses.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Yugantar (1906)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- Founded by Barindra Kumar Ghosh<\/p>\r\n<p>- It preached open revolt and the absolute denial of British rule and included a series of articles containing instructions for guerrilla warfare.<\/p>\r\n<p>- It advocated revolutionary terrorism<\/p>\r\n<p>- Alipore bomb case found a reference in Yugantar.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Al-Hilal (1912)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- Founded by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad<\/p>\r\n<p>- He propagated his rationalist and nationalist ideas through Ai-Hilal<\/p>\r\n<p>- It advocated for active Muslim participation in the militant nationalist movement.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Ghadr (1913)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- A weekly journal and the mouthpiece of the Ghadr movement<\/p>\r\n<p>- Published in Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi and other Indian languages.<\/p>\r\n<p>- It was circulated in almost every country of the world where Indians had settled as immigrants.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Commonweal (1916)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- Through her articles in the newspaper The Commonweal, Annie Besant tried to make people aware of the purpose of her agitation.<\/p>\r\n<p>- Annie Besant\u2019s articles in The Commonweal clearly demonstrated her vision for the Home Rule movement.<\/p>\r\n<p>- She also started New India.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Young India (1916)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- This famous book was written by Lala Lajpat Rai, and was published in the United States of America.<\/p>\r\n<p>- Young India gives a brief history of India in order to make a case for her political unity and the Indian capability for good governance.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Independent (1919)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- Started by Motilal Nehru<\/p>\r\n<p>- Assisted by Syed Hussain, who later became its editor.<\/p>\r\n<p>- Its primary aim was to counter the Allahabad daily \u201cthe Leader\u201d.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Bandi Jivan (1922)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- Bandi Jivan (A Life of Captivity) is an autobiographical three-part account by Sachindranath Sanyal.<\/p>\r\n<p>- He was also instrumental in setting up the Anushilan Samiti in Varanasi.<\/p>\r\n<p>- He was also one of the co-founders of the Hindustan Republican Army.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Harijan (1933)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- English language weekly started by Mahatma Gandhi.<\/p>\r\n<p>- It promoted the fight against untouchability and liberating those discriminated against.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<h2>Role of the Press in the Indian National Movement<\/h2>\r\n<p>The chief instrument through which the nationalist-minded Indians spread the message of patriotism and modern economic, social and political ideas and created an all-India consciousness was the Press.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Large numbers of nationalist newspapers made their appearance during the second half of the 19th century.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>In their columns, the official policies were constantly criticised, and the Indian point of view was put forward.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The people were asked to unite and work for national welfare, and ideas of self-government, democracy, industrialisation, etc., were popularised among the people.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The press also enabled nationalist workers living in different parts of the country to exchange views with one another.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>It was also a medium available to the different social groups inhabiting various parts of British India to discuss inter-provincial issues.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>This led to the growth of regional languages and their literature like Bengali and Gujarati.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The press was a weapon to the various leaders of religious reform movements, who criticised social evils like sati, child marriage etc.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>It introduced the developments taking place the worldover, especially about militant nationalism.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>For example- After the defeat of Russia by Japan in 1905, the Karachi Chronicle of 18 June 1905 expressed the popular feeling as follows, \u2018What one Asiatic has done others can do. If Japan can drub Russia, India can drub England with equal ease. Let us drive the British into the sea and take our place side by side with Japan among the great powers of the world.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>British colonial \u0435conomic polici\u0435s r\u0435shap\u0435d India's \u0435conomy for imp\u0435rial int\u0435r\u0435sts, l\u0435ading to d\u0435industrialization, agricultural distr\u0435ss, and \u0435nd\u0435mic pov\u0435rty. Nationalist \u0435conomists \u0435xpos\u0435d continuous r\u0435sourc\u0435 drain. Ev\u0435n aft\u0435r ind\u0435p\u0435nd\u0435nc\u0435, th\u0435 l\u0435gacy of \u0435xploitation p\u0435rsists, hind\u0435ring d\u0435v\u0435lopm\u0435nt. To r\u0435gain industrial and trading pow\u0435r status, India must addr\u0435ss vuln\u0435rabiliti\u0435s, promot\u0435 agricultur\u0435 and manufacturing, r\u0435duc\u0435 r\u0435gional dispariti\u0435s, and all\u0435viat\u0435 rural distr\u0435ss. Th\u0435 cont\u0435mporary d\u0435v\u0435lopm\u0435nt ag\u0435nda must r\u0435ctify imbalanc\u0435s cr\u0435at\u0435d by colonial polici\u0435s for sustainabl\u0435 and inclusiv\u0435 growth.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The chief instrument through which the nationalists spread the message of patriotism and modern economic, social and political ideas and created an all-India consciousness was the Press.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":13661,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[173],"tags":[616,40],"class_list":{"0":"post-3701","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-quest-level-3","8":"tag-development-of-press-in-india","9":"tag-quest"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3701","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3701"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3701\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22181,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3701\/revisions\/22181"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13661"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3701"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3701"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3701"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}