{"id":3721,"date":"2026-01-04T10:34:29","date_gmt":"2026-01-04T05:04:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=3721"},"modified":"2026-01-05T10:59:24","modified_gmt":"2026-01-05T05:29:24","slug":"g20","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/g20\/","title":{"rendered":"G20, Member Countries List, Importance, G20 Summit 2025"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">G20 is an international group of major developed and developing economies that works together to promote global economic and financial stability. It was created in 1999 after the Asian financial crisis as a forum for Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors. In 2008, during the global financial crisis, it was upgraded to a leaders\u2019 forum and declared the premier platform for international economic cooperation.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The G20 today includes 19 countries, the European Union, and the African Union, representing most of the world\u2019s GDP, trade, and population. Over the years, its work has expanded from economic issues to climate change, digital cooperation, development, and global governance. In 2025, South Africa hosted the G20 Summit under the theme \u201cSolidarity, Equality and Sustainability.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">G20 History<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The G20 Group owes its origin to the <\/span><b>Financial Crisis in 1997-98 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">of the <\/span><b>Asian Tigers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (Countries of East and Southeast Asia), which caused its establishment in <\/span><b>1999.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It worked first as a forum for the Central Bank Governors and Finance Ministers<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">of the major industrialised and developing economies to discuss global economic and financial stability.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Elevation to Leader\u2019s Level: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">After the <\/span><b>2008 global financial crisis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, it was upgraded to the level of <\/span><b>Heads of State<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> or <\/span><b>Government <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">when it became clear that crisis coordination would be possible only at the highest political level.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2009, it was declared as the \u201cpremier forum for international economic cooperation\u201d.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The G20 Leaders have met on a regular basis since then, and the G20 has emerged as the leading platform for global economic cooperation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">G20 Member Countries List<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The G20 comprises 19 countries which are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, T\u00fcrkiye, the United Kingdom, and the United States<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">G20 also comprises the European Union, and <\/span><b>from 2023, the African Union.<\/b><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These members account for around <\/span><b>85% of the world <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/gross-domestic-product-gdp\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>GDP<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><b>75% of the total<\/b> <b>International trade<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and more than two-thirds of the global population.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In addition to these member countries, the G20 each year <\/span><b>invites guest countries <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and <\/span><b>international organisations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> such as the<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/the-united-nations-un\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> United Nations<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, World Bank, IMF, OECD, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/asean\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ASEAN<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, etc. to participate in its meetings.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/01\/unnamed-6.webp\" alt=\"G20 Member Countries List Map\" title=\"G20 Member Countries List Map\" class=\"my-image my-image-size-full my-image-align-none\" style=\"width: auto; height: 407px;\" \/>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">G20 Structure and Functioning<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The G20 operates on the basis of annual meetings of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, with a leaders' summit held once a year.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The G20 consists of two parallel tracks called the<\/span><b> Finance Track <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and the <\/span><b>Sherpa Track<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These two tracks play an active role in shaping ideas and priorities for the host presidency, while also guiding the intergovernmental negotiations carried out throughout the presidency.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table style=\"width: 92.284%\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"text-align: center;width: 91.5831%\" colspan=\"2\"><b>Structure of G20<\/b><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.4007%\">\r\n<p><b>Sherpa Track<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 79.1824%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- The Sherpas of member countries are the personal <\/span><b>emissaries of the Leaders.<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- They concentrate on <\/span><b>socio-economic issues<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> such as agriculture, anti-corruption, climate, digital economy, education, employment, energy, environment, health, tourism, trade and investment.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- They oversee all the negotiations over the year, discuss the agenda for the Summit and coordinate the substantive work of G20.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.4007%\">\r\n<p><b>Finance track<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 79.1824%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- It is headed by the <\/span><b>Finance Ministers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><b>Central Bank Governors<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, who generally meet four times a year, with two meetings being held on the sidelines of<\/span><b> World Bank \/International Monetary Fund<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> meetings.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- <\/span><b>Focus areas: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fiscal and Monetary policy issues such as global economy, infrastructure, financial regulation, financial inclusion, international financial architecture, and international taxation.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Troika:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The G20 does not have a <\/span><b>charter or a secretariat.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Presidency is supported by the Troika, which includes the previous, current, and incoming presidencies. The G20 Presidency hosts the Summit and directs the G20 agenda for a calendar year.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>A non-binding forum: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Its<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">decisions are not legally binding, and member countries are not required to implement them.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Working with international organisations: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The G20 members also work closely with international organisations such as the<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/international-monetary-fund\/\" target=\"_blank\"> <b>International Monetary Fund (IMF)<\/b><\/a><b>, the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization (WTO).<\/b><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">G20 Summit 2025<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The G20 Summit 2025 was held on 21-23 November 2025 at the Johannesburg Expo Centre, marking the 20th meeting of the G20 and the first-ever summit hosted on the African continent.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">South Africa used this opportunity to highlight Africa\u2019s development priorities, global equity, and South-South cooperation.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The summit gained attention due to the<\/span><b> absence of top leaders<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from major economies, including China\u2019s Xi Jinping and U.S. President Donald Trump.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Despite this, leaders focused on global economic recovery, climate resilience, and digital cooperation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The present G20 troika backing South Africa\u2019s 2025 presidency includes South Africa (current chair), Brazil (previous chair), and the United States (next chair).<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">G20 Summit 2025 Theme<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The theme for the G20 Summit of 2025 was <\/span><b>\u201cSolidarity, Equality and Sustainability\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, reflecting the group\u2019s original mission and values.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The theme emphasised on<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">collective action,\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">fairness in global development, and\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">long-term environmental responsibility.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It aimed to strengthen unity among nations while promoting inclusive and sustainable growth worldwide.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">G20 Summit 2025 Outcomes<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The 2025 G20 Summit adopted the G20 declaration focused on delivering stronger commitments on global economic stability, climate financing, and digital cooperation under South Africa\u2019s leadership.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Emphasis on Critical Minerals Framework:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The summit highlighted a new G20 Critical Minerals Framework aimed at using critical minerals to drive sustainable and inclusive growth.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It also seeks to ensure that producing nations, especially in the Global South, gain maximum benefits from their resources.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Need to scale up climate finance:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The G20 declaration, endorsed alongside the COP30 deal, called for scaling up climate finance <\/span><b>\u201cfrom billions to trillions.\u201d<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It highlighted global inequalities in energy access, especially in Africa and urged greater, more diverse investment in sustainable energy.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It also stressed the need to strengthen early warning systems to protect communities vulnerable to climate-related disasters.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Ukraine in focus on the sidelines: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although Ukraine appeared only once in the 30-page declaration under global conflicts, Western leaders kept the issue central in their sideline discussions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Peace in other regions: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Beyond Ukraine, the declaration urges a \u201cjust, comprehensive, and lasting peace\u201d in Sudan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Occupied Palestinian Territory.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Condemning terror: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Among the key outcomes was a single-line condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Multilateralism and global cooperation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Reiterated commitment to the UN Charter, international law and peaceful settlement of disputes.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Emphasised the African philosophy Ubuntu: \u201cI am because we are.\u201d<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>UN Security Council (UNSC) reform:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Called for \u201ctransformative reform\u201d of UNSC. Sought increased representation for Africa, Asia-Pacific, Latin America &amp; Caribbean.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Women-led development:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Reaffirmed commitment to empowerment of women and girls, removing socio-economic barriers, promoting women-led development, and recognising women as agents of peace.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Other important outcomes:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> G20 agreed to,<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Take action to ensure debt sustainability for low-income countries,<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Strengthen multilateral development banks,<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Promote decent work amid rapid technological change,\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Advance international standards for trustworthy AI,<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shared commitments to energy security, sustainable development, and the 2030 Agenda.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Boost food security efforts and support smallholders and supply chains.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Working together to enhance the International Financial Architecture and improve Debt Sustainability.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">G20 Summit 2025 India\u2019s Presence<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In G20 Summit 2025, India pitched its vision for six new G20-led initiatives.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A G20 Initiative on Countering the Drug-Terror Nexus.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Creating a G20 Global Healthcare Response Team with trained medical professionals from member countries ready for deployment.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">G20 Africa-Skills Multiplier Initiative to facilitate the country's workforce transformation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Establishment of a Global Traditional Knowledge Repository.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A G20 Open Satellite Data Partnership.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The creation of a G20 Critical Minerals Circularity Initiative.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">G20 Presidency of India 2023<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India hosted the <\/span><b>G20 Leaders' Summit<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in <\/span><b>2023 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">for the first time in history, with 43 Heads of Delegation attending the final New Delhi Summit in <\/span><b>September 2023<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the most ever in the G20.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>Theme of India\u2019s G20 presidency: <\/b><b><i>\u201cVasudhaiva Kutumbakam\u201d or \u201cOne Earth - One Family - One Future\u201d.\u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Troika: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">During the presidency, the Troika consisted of Indonesia, India and Brazil.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Invitees:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Other than the members and multilateral institutions,<\/span><b> nine countries <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">have been invited - Bangladesh, Netherlands, Oman, Singapore,\u00a0 Nigeria, Spain and the United Arab Emirates, Egypt, and Mauritius.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>AU as permanent member:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The African Union (AU) joined the G20 in September 2023, becoming a permanent member during the G20 summit hosted by India.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>India - Middle East - Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> During the G20 Summit in New Delhi, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed among the governments of India, the U.S., Saudi Arabia, the European Union, the UAE, France, Germany, and Italy to establish the IMEC Corridor.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">G20 Importance<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The importance of G20 as a group can be stated from the points below.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Wider areas of cooperation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The agenda of the G20 has been expanding from a broad macroeconomic policy to include more areas of cooperation.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The G20 summit in Hangzhou (China), 2016, saw the convergence of the US and China on the Paris Agreement.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The G20 summit in Argentina, 2018 focused on fair and sustainable development.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">G20 summit in Germany, 2021 focused on the issues regarding money laundering, international tax havens, and corruption.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">G20 summit in Bali (Indonesia), 2022 focused on financial stability, humanitarian crisis, poverty, and aid to least developed nations among other things.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Food security:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The leaders promised to work together to address food security issues and praised the Black Sea grains initiative.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Promoting gender equality:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Recognize the importance of gender equality and commit to promoting it by increasing women's participation in the workforce, reducing the gender pay gap, and improving access to <\/span><b>education <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and <\/span><b>healthcare<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>Global balance of power: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The G20 promotes a more equitable distribution of power among developed and developing countries than the earlier formed blocs such as G-7 and P-5 (UNSC), which helps to maintain a <\/span><b>balance of power<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at the global level.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Bringing adversaries on a common platform: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The importance of the G20 lies in its ability to bring together countries with different ideologies, political systems, and economic interests onto a common platform to discuss and address <\/span><b>global economic issues.<\/b><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Addressing climate change: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The G20 has recognised the threat of climate change and has taken major initiatives to address it.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Example:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Tripling Renewable Energy Capacity, Global Biofuel Alliance, G20 Global Land Initiative, Promoting Sustainable Lifestyles, etc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Networking and collaboration: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The G20 provides an opportunity for leaders from different countries to meet and exchange ideas, strengthening relationships and promoting collaboration on<\/span><b> economic issues<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Global economic cooperation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The G20 has played a critical role in responding to economic crises such as the 2008 global financial crisis, the <\/span><b>Eurozone debt crisis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">G20 Challenges<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">While the G20 has played an important role in shaping global economic policies, there are several challenges and limitations it faces:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Difficulty in reaching consensus: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Countries with a wide range of economic and political systems can make it difficult for them to reach a consensus on important issues.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For example, during the<\/span><b> 2008 global financial crisis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the G20 struggled to come up with a coordinated response.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There has been friction within the group sometimes regarding the issue of climate change.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Further, geopolitical tensions such as the Russia-Ukraine crisis also became the bone of contention in reaching the consensus, as observed in the Bali G20 summit as well as during <\/span><b>India's G20 presidency<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>No Permanent Secretariat:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The G20 does not have a <\/span><b>permanent secretariat<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0 due to which monitoring becomes cumbersome and inefficient as discussions expand.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Non-binding decisions:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Member countries are not legally bound to implement the decisions made at G20 meetings.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For example, the G20 countries had agreed to a set of guidelines for preventing the<\/span><b> financing of terrorism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, but there is no mechanism to enforce compliance with these guidelines.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">G20 Way Forward<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The G20 represents more than two-third population and around 85% of the world economy. Therefore its sustenance is important for development and global stability.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Implementing existing frameworks:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> G20 members need to focus on the frameworks such as Entrepreneurship Action Plan to redouble their efforts to support a more innovative pattern of inclusive economic growth, with new engines of development and new pathways for job growth.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Attaining climate goals:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> G20 needs to attain climate goals by accelerating climate finance and transitioning to net zero, tackling inequality through equitable policies, and establishing a global compact on the responsible use of technology like AI.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Maintaining cooperation among members:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> There needs to be strong cooperation among members themselves for the success of global peace, development and economic stability.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Example: Recent boycott of G20 Summit 2025 by the USA is not in the spirit of international cooperation.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">G20 PYQs\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Question 1: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Consider the following statements about G-20:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The G-20 group was originally established as a platform for the Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors to discuss international economic and financial issues.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Digital public infrastructure is one of India\u2019s G-20 priorities.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/span><b> (UPSC Prelims 2023)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) 1 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) 2 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) Both 1 and 2<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Ans: (c)\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Question 2: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">With reference to the \u201cG20 Common Framework\u201d, consider the following statements<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It is an initiative endorsed by the G20 together with the Paris Club.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It is an initiative to support Low Income Countries with unsustainable debt.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Which of the statements given above is\/are correct? <\/span><b>\u00a0(UPSC Prelims 2022)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) 1 only\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) 2 only\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) Both 1 and 2\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) Neither 1 nor 2\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Ans: (c)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Question 3:\u00a0 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In which one of the following groups are all the four countries members of G20? <\/span><b>(UPSC Prelims 2020)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) Argentina, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) Australia, Canada, Malaysia and New Zealand\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) Brazil, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) Indonesia, Japan, Singapore and South Korea<\/span><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Ans: (a)<\/b><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>G20 created in 1999 is a group of major developed and developing economies that works together to promote global economic and financial stability.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":21601,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[173],"tags":[640,40],"class_list":{"0":"post-3721","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-quest-level-3","8":"tag-g20","9":"tag-quest"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3721","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3721"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3721\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21604,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3721\/revisions\/21604"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21601"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3721"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3721"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3721"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}