{"id":3977,"date":"2026-01-04T00:04:39","date_gmt":"2026-01-03T18:34:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=3977"},"modified":"2026-01-05T11:33:05","modified_gmt":"2026-01-05T06:03:05","slug":"nanotechnology-in-agriculture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/nanotechnology-in-agriculture\/","title":{"rendered":"Applications of Nanotechnology in Agriculture and Food Industry"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nanotechnology is emerging as a promising tool for advancement in agriculture. Nanomaterials, with at least\u00a0one dimension of 100 nanometers or less<\/strong>, have\u00a0unique optical, magnetic, electrical, and mechanical properties<\/strong>. Their high surface area-to-volume ratio also makes them highly reactive.<\/p>\r\n

The use of Nanotechnology in agriculture enables\u00a0efficient disease detection<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0management, precision farming<\/strong>\u00a0through nano-sensors, enhanced productivity through\u00a0nano-fertilizers<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0pesticides<\/strong>, and improved food quality and safety through innovative packaging materials. Hence, the use of nanotechnology in agriculture is significant in order to meet the changing needs and domains of providing food to the growing population of the world.<\/p>\r\n

Applications of Nanotechnology in Agriculture<\/h2>\r\n

In agriculture and food systems, nanotechnology has emerged as a powerful set of tools that allows enhanced productivity, disease\/pest resistance, nutrient absorption, and food safety. Major applications of nanotechnology across the crop production value chain include:<\/p>\r\n

    \r\n\t
  • Nano fertilizers:<\/strong>\u00a0Conventional fertilizers have\u00a0low nutrient use efficiency\u00a0<\/strong>as the majority of applied nutrients are wasted and cause environmental pollution.\r\n\r\n
      \r\n\t
    • Nano-encapsulated fertilizers\u00a0<\/strong>control the release rate of nutrients that match the crop's needs over time.<\/li>\r\n\t
    • Slow and steady nutrient delivery<\/strong>\u00a0reduces losses. Nanocarriers also protect nutrients from soil immobilisation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
    • Nano pesticides:<\/strong>\u00a0Nanoscale pesticide formulations enhance\u00a0solubility, dispersion, target-specific delivery\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0efficiency<\/strong>\u00a0compared to conventional pesticides.\r\n\r\n
        \r\n\t
      • Nanocapsules, nanogels,<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0emulsions\u00a0<\/strong>allow the slow and sustained release of active ingredients.\r\n\r\n
          \r\n\t
        • Lower doses are effective and toxicity is reduced.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
        • Nano-sensors<\/strong>: Miniaturised optical, electrochemical and magnetic nano-sensors monitor\u00a0soil quality, crop growth environment, plant pathogens, moisture levels<\/strong>\u00a0etc. in real-time.\r\n\r\n
            \r\n\t
          • Farmers can take quick action and move towards precision agriculture with the help of\u00a0networked nano-sensors.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
          • Smart delivery systems:<\/strong>\u00a0Nano-porous zeolites, carbon nanotubes, cellulose nanofibers etc. act as smart carrier systems for controlled and targeted delivery of\u00a0genes, DNA, growth hormones, herbicides<\/strong>\u00a0and other agrochemicals to plants, this improves efficiency.<\/li>\r\n\t
          • Anti-microbial Nano-coating:\u00a0<\/strong>Silver nanoparticles applied as\u00a0coatings\u00a0<\/strong>on greenhouse\u00a0glass, plastic films<\/strong>, and irrigation pipes prevent microbial buildup.\r\n\r\n
              \r\n\t
            • This avoids decay and enhances the\u00a0durability<\/strong>\u00a0of farming infrastructure.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
            • Water purification:<\/strong>\u00a0Magnetic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes and nano filters enable rapid decontamination of water from\u00a0pesticides, fertilizers, pathogens<\/strong>\u00a0etc. which is then safely reused for irrigation.<\/li>\r\n\t
            • Plant disease diagnostics: Nano barcodes<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0nanoprobes<\/strong>\u00a0coated with antibodies detect plant pathogens like\u00a0bacteria<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0viruses\u00a0<\/strong>quickly and accurately compared to conventional techniques.\r\n\r\n
                \r\n\t
              • Rapid diagnostics facilitate early disease prevention.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
              • Seed germination:\u00a0<\/strong>Nano priming of seeds with\u00a0zinc, titanium dioxide<\/strong>, and\u00a0silica nanoparticles<\/strong>\u00a0speeds up germination rates and plant growth by penetrating the thick seed coat and enhancing\u00a0enzyme\u00a0<\/strong>metabolism.<\/li>\r\n\t
              • Food packaging:\u00a0<\/strong>Nanocomposite films with\u00a0nano clays<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0cellulose nanofibers<\/strong>\u00a0improve mechanical strength, barrier properties, heat resistance and biodegradability of food packaging compared to conventional\u00a0polymer packaging<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t
              • Crop protection: Silica<\/strong>\u00a0nanoparticles applied on leaves shield the plants from high temperatures and\u00a0strong UV radiation<\/strong>.\r\n\r\n
                  \r\n\t
                • Nano-coatings on fruits<\/strong>\u00a0restrict oxygen and moisture penetration to\u00a0delay ripening<\/strong>\u00a0and prevent spoilage during storage.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
                  \"Nano<\/figure>\r\n

                  Nanotechnology Applications in Food Processing<\/h2>\r\n

                  Nanotechnology promises to become a major driver of innovation in agriculture, food processing, and packaging. Nanotechnology is enabling revolutionary changes across the food manufacturing value chain:<\/p>\r\n

                    \r\n\t
                  • Encapsulation and delivery:\u00a0<\/strong>Nano-encapsulation of nutrients like\u00a0vitamins, minerals, antioxidants\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0flavours<\/strong>\u00a0in the food matrix through techniques like\u00a0nanoemulsions, nanoliposomes, bilayer vesicles,<\/strong>\u00a0etc. improves their stability and controlled delivery in food products.<\/li>\r\n\t
                  • Food safety: Nanosilver particles\u00a0<\/strong>incorporated into food containers and packaging films provide\u00a0antimicrobial protection<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0avoid contamination.<\/strong>\r\n
                      \r\n\t
                    • Magnetic nanoparticles<\/strong>\u00a0bind and detect pathogens like\u00a0Salmonella<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0E. coli\u00a0<\/strong>in food samples within minutes for quality checks.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                    • Product development:\u00a0<\/strong>Nanoscale self-assembled structures of\u00a0lipids, proteins<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0polymers<\/strong>\u00a0can mimic food properties like\u00a0texture, taste,\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0appearance<\/strong>.\r\n\r\n
                        \r\n\t
                      • This enables the design of\u00a0low-fat or fat-free\u00a0<\/strong>food formulations.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                      • Enzyme Immobilization:<\/strong>\u00a0Fixing enzymes over nanomaterials like\u00a0silicate nanoparticles\u00a0<\/strong>retains their activity and reusability during the synthesis of\u00a0sugar syrups, organic acids,\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0amino acids<\/strong>\u00a0used in food processing.\r\n\r\n
                          \r\n\t
                        • Nanomagnets can retrieve\u00a0immobilised enzymes<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                        • Nutrient absorption:\u00a0<\/strong>Reducing nutrients like vitamins, minerals and supplements into nanoforms enhances their\u00a0bioavailability, solubility<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0absorption<\/strong>\u00a0in the body.\r\n\r\n
                            \r\n\t
                          • Nanoencapsulation<\/strong>\u00a0also improves flavour.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                          • Packaging: Oxygen scavenging nanopackaging<\/strong>\u00a0absorbs oxygen to prevent spoilage of food items.\r\n\r\n
                              \r\n\t
                            • Nanosensors integrated packaging detects food contamination and shows changes through colour or fluorescence.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                            • Processing equipment:<\/strong>\u00a0Nanofilters remove\u00a0microscopic contaminants<\/strong>\u00a0during the processing of wine, beer, and fruit juices.\r\n\r\n
                                \r\n\t
                              • Nanocoatings minimise\u00a0bacterial adhesion<\/strong>\u00a0on machines and prevent corrosion.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                              • Food Nano-sensors: Low-cost printed nanosensor<\/strong>\u00a0arrays based on\u00a0gold\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0silicon\u00a0<\/strong>nanoparticles change colour to detect gases released during food decomposition.\r\n\r\n
                                  \r\n\t
                                • Portable nanosensor kits identify\u00a0contaminants<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0allergens<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                • Cleansing agents: Silver nanoparticles<\/strong>\u00a0exhibit strong antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens like\u00a0E. coli, Listeria,\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0Salmonella<\/strong>.\r\n\r\n
                                    \r\n\t
                                  • Coatings<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0nanosprays\u00a0<\/strong>keep processing equipment sterilised.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                  • Smart packaging: Nanosensors<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0RFID nanotags<\/strong>\u00a0integrated into packaging detect gases released by spoiling foods like\u00a0meat, fish,<\/strong>\u00a0etc. and communicate through colour-changing indicators; this improves food shelf-life.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
                                    \"Nanotechnology<\/figure>\r\n

                                    Meat Processing<\/h3>\r\n
                                    \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                                    Application<\/strong><\/td>\r\nNanomaterials used<\/strong><\/td>\r\nPurpose<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                    Antimicrobial coatings<\/strong><\/td>\r\nSilver, magnesium oxide, and chitosan nanoparticles<\/td>\r\nReduce biofilm formation<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                    Smart packaging<\/strong><\/td>\r\nPalladium nanoparticles<\/td>\r\nSense spoilage gases<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                    Meat tenderization<\/strong><\/td>\r\nEnzyme nanoparticles<\/td>\r\nCatalyze protein breakdown<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                    Time-temperature sensors<\/strong><\/td>\r\nNanoparticles dispersed in edible films<\/td>\r\nMonitor product freshness<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n

                                    Bakery Products<\/h3>\r\n
                                    \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                                    Application<\/strong><\/td>\r\nNanomaterials used<\/strong><\/td>\r\nPurpose<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                    Nutrient delivery<\/strong><\/td>\r\nChitosan, soy protein, PLGA nanoparticles<\/td>\r\nPrevent degradation during processing<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                    Fat replacers<\/strong><\/td>\r\nNanocellulose, nanoclays<\/td>\r\nReduce fat content in cakes, pastries etc.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                    Antimicrobial packaging<\/strong><\/td>\r\nSilver nanoparticles<\/td>\r\nPrevent microbial spoilage<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                    Dough conditioning<\/strong><\/td>\r\nZinc oxide nanoparticles<\/td>\r\nImprove handling properties<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n

                                    Horticulture<\/h3>\r\n
                                    \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                                    Application<\/strong><\/td>\r\nNanomaterials used<\/strong><\/td>\r\nPurpose<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                    Coatings<\/strong><\/td>\r\nAloe vera nanofibers<\/td>\r\nReduce moisture loss<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                    Antibrowning agents<\/strong><\/td>\r\nNanocapsules with antioxidants<\/td>\r\nPrevent enzymatic browning<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                    Condition monitoring<\/strong><\/td>\r\nNanosensors<\/td>\r\nDetect temperature changes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                    Smart packaging<\/strong><\/td>\r\nPolymer nanocomposites<\/td>\r\nControl gas exchange<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n

                                    Beverages<\/h3>\r\n
                                    \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                                    Application<\/strong><\/td>\r\nNanomaterials used<\/strong><\/td>\r\nPurpose<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                    Water treatment<\/strong><\/td>\r\nSilver nanoparticles<\/td>\r\nDisinfect drinking water<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                    Toxin detection<\/strong><\/td>\r\nGold nanoparticles<\/td>\r\nSense contaminants in beverages<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                    Gas barrier<\/strong><\/td>\r\nCarbon nanotubes<\/td>\r\nPrevent oxidation in beer bottles<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                    Packaging material<\/strong><\/td>\r\nNanoclays<\/td>\r\nEnhance barrier and strength<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n

                                    Key Challenges of Nanotechnology in Agriculture<\/h2>\r\n

                                    While offering tremendous benefits, some key challenges currently inhibit the large-scale adoption of nanotech in agriculture:<\/p>\r\n

                                      \r\n\t
                                    • Toxicity concerns:\u00a0<\/strong>The impacts of nanomaterials on\u00a0soil quality, microbial activity\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0human health<\/strong>\u00a0require more evaluation through\u00a0life cycle analyses<\/strong>\u00a0and can also trigger the production of free radicals.\r\n\r\n
                                        \r\n\t
                                      • Nanomaterials reaching the land have the potential to\u00a0contaminate soil\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0migrate into surface\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0ground waters<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                      • High costs:\u00a0<\/strong>The\u00a0R&D<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0specialised manufacturing systems<\/strong>\u00a0required to engineer nanoproducts make initial investment prohibitive for small companies.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                      • Scalability:<\/strong>\u00a0A large variety of nanomaterials are still only being produced in lab quantities. Methods for\u00a0controlled, scalable synthesis<\/strong>\u00a0with reliable properties have to improve.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                      • Regulations:\u00a0<\/strong>Regulatory uncertainty due to lack of\u00a0standardised safety data\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0nano-specific regulations<\/strong>\u00a0deters commercialisation.\r\n\r\n
                                          \r\n\t
                                        • International harmonisation<\/strong>\u00a0of regulations would help.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                        • Lack of awareness:<\/strong>\u00a0Understanding of nanotechnology remains low among farmers. Effective communication regarding costs versus benefits for different applications is needed.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                        • Skill shortage:<\/strong>\u00a0There is limited interdisciplinary expertise combining domains like\u00a0nanoscience, agriculture,\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0food technology.<\/strong>\u00a0Capacity building is required.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                                          Government Initiatives on Nanotechnology in Agriculture<\/h2>\r\n

                                          Realising the potential of nanotechnology, India has established dedicated nanotechnology programs and research centres:<\/p>\r\n

                                            \r\n\t
                                          • Nano Mission:<\/strong>\u00a0Launched nanotechnology research centres like the\u00a0Centre for Nano Science and Engineering (CeNSE)<\/strong>\u00a0at IISc Bangalore, which works on\u00a0nano-fertilizers\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0nanotech food packaging.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
                                          • ICAR Initiatives:<\/strong>\u00a0The Indian Council for Agriculture Research established Nanotechnology Centres at\u00a0IARI\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0IVRI<\/strong>\u00a0to develop\u00a0nano-biosensors, nano-pesticides,\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0nanocapsules<\/strong>\u00a0for\u00a0nutrient delivery.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
                                          • IFFCO\u00a0<\/strong>placed India first in the world in\u00a0Nano Urea<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0Nano DAP<\/strong>\u00a0production.\r\n\r\n
                                              \r\n\t
                                            • Nano Urea\u00a0<\/strong>is sprayed not on the ground but on the plants, which leads to a\u00a0zero possibility<\/strong>\u00a0of\u00a0destruction of natural elements<\/strong>\u00a0or earthworms present in the soil.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                            • Nano-fertilizers:<\/strong>\u00a0IARI developed nanoparticles of\u00a0zinc, chitosan,\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0silica\u00a0<\/strong>as nano-fertilizers for improving crop growth and yield.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                            • Nano-sensors:<\/strong>\u00a0ICAR funded the development of\u00a0nano biosensors<\/strong>\u00a0at\u00a0IIT Kharagpur\u00a0<\/strong>for\u00a0detecting pesticide residues<\/strong>\u00a0in food.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                            • Nano-pesticides:Tamil Nadu Agriculture University<\/strong>\u00a0synthesised nanoparticles of\u00a0herbal extracts<\/strong>\u00a0as an\u00a0eco-friendly, non-toxic nano-pesticide.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
                                            • Toxicity evaluation:<\/strong>\u00a0Karumanchi University assessed the impacts of\u00a0nano-scale zinc oxide<\/strong>\u00a0on\u00a0soil microbial<\/strong>\u00a0activity.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                            • International collaboration: Indo-UK<\/strong>\u00a0project between the\u00a0University of Birmingham\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0IIT Delhi<\/strong>\u00a0on nano-sensors to\u00a0monitor soil and crop health<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                                              Way forward<\/h2>\r\n

                                              Nanotechnology has exciting potential to enhance agriculture and the entire food value chain. Here are some future possibilities:<\/p>\r\n

                                                \r\n\t
                                              • Multifunctional nanosystems:\u00a0<\/strong>These systems can simultaneously improve crop yield, damage resistance, water efficiency, and fertilizer utilisation.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                              • Large-scale networks of nanosensors:\u00a0<\/strong>These networks will provide real-time monitoring of soil, plant health and food quality across the supply chain.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                              • Smart nano-pesticides and nutrients\u00a0<\/strong>are responsive to plant biochemistry for precise dosing and minimized toxicity.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                              • AI-guided automation\u00a0<\/strong>will enable data-driven dynamic optimisation of nanomaterial dosages and applications.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                              • Edible nano-coatings:<\/strong>\u00a0To allow self-cleaning and anti-browning effects to produce.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                              • Nano-enabled urban agriculture:\u00a0<\/strong>Vertical farms, nano-greenhouses and hydroponics to maximize productivity.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                              • Nanotech-derived new functional ingredients:<\/strong>\u00a0Like colourants, textures, flavours, and vitamins synthesized using nano processes.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                              • Active packaging with colour-changing nanosensors:<\/strong>\u00a0To give visual spoilage alerts to consumers.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                                                With benefits like increased crop yield, reduced waste, and sustainability, nanotechnology can play a pivotal role in shaping the future of agriculture in India.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                                A summary of the applications of nanotechnology in agriculture, including nano-pesticides, sensors, smart delivery systems, and in food processing, packaging and safety.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":20095,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[173],"tags":[550,40],"class_list":{"0":"post-3977","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-quest-level-3","8":"tag-applications-of-nanotechnology-in-agriculture-and-food-industry","9":"tag-quest"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3977","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3977"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3977\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19861,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3977\/revisions\/19861"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/20095"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3977"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3977"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3977"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}