{"id":3997,"date":"2026-01-04T00:10:17","date_gmt":"2026-01-03T18:40:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=3997"},"modified":"2026-01-05T11:49:25","modified_gmt":"2026-01-05T06:19:25","slug":"cloud-computing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/cloud-computing\/","title":{"rendered":"Cloud Computing"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cloud computing<\/strong>\u00a0is a revolutionary technology that allows individuals and businesses to access a vast array of computing services via the Internet. It has shifted the requirement of maintaining key services from local servers to remote servers. Cloud-based infrastructure enables users to store, manage, and process data on servers hosted in data centers around the world.<\/p>\r\n

Cloud computing offers scalability, cost-efficiency, and convenience, neutralising the need for substantial upfront capital investment in hardware and software.<\/p>\r\n

About Cloud Computing<\/h2>\r\n
\"Cloud<\/figure>\r\n

Cloud computing is a model for delivering information technology services where resources are retrieved from the internet through web-based tools and applications rather than a direct connection to a server. It allows for on-demand access to computing power and data storage. Several aspects associated include.<\/p>\r\n

Working Mechanism of Cloud Computing<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n

The working mechanism of Cloud Computing includes:<\/p>\r\n

    \r\n\t
  • Centralised data storage:\u00a0<\/strong>It centralises the storage of data on remote servers accessed via the Internet.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Resource pooling:\u00a0<\/strong>It pools physical and virtual resources, dynamically allocating them to users based on demand.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Data retrieval and management:\u00a0<\/strong>Users can retrieve, manage, and interact with their data and applications hosted on remote servers.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • On-demand availability:\u00a0<\/strong>Provides scalable services that are available on-demand to users, often with pay-as-you-go billing.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Virtualization<\/strong>: Employs virtualization technology to create and manage scalable virtual machines and environments.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Automated management:\u00a0<\/strong>Automates system maintenance, including backup, software updates, and network security.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Accessibility:<\/strong>\u00a0Allows for access from any device with internet connectivity, facilitating remote work and data sharing.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

    Cloud Computing Architecture<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n

    Cloud computing architecture refers to the components and subcomponents required for cloud computing. The architecture can be divided into two main parts: the Front End and the Back End, which are connected through a network, typically the Internet.<\/p>\r\n

      \r\n\t
    • Front End<\/strong>\r\n
        \r\n\t
      • Client Devices:<\/strong>\r\n
          \r\n\t
        • PCs, laptops, tablets, smartphones<\/li>\r\n\t
        • Internet of Things (IoT) devices<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
        • Client Network:<\/strong>\r\n
            \r\n\t
          • Internet access, corporate networks<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
          • Cloud Applications:<\/strong>\r\n
              \r\n\t
            • Web browsers<\/li>\r\n\t
            • Cloud-based applications (SaaS solutions)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
            • Back End<\/strong>\r\n
                \r\n\t
              • Cloud Services:<\/strong>\r\n
                  \r\n\t
                • Software as a Service (SaaS)<\/li>\r\n\t
                • Platform as a Service (PaaS)<\/li>\r\n\t
                • Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                • Storage:<\/strong>\r\n
                    \r\n\t
                  • Distributed storage systems<\/li>\r\n\t
                  • Data backup and archiving<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                  • Compute Resources:<\/strong>\r\n
                      \r\n\t
                    • Virtual machines<\/li>\r\n\t
                    • Servers<\/li>\r\n\t
                    • Containers<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                    • Networking:<\/strong>\r\n
                        \r\n\t
                      • Virtual private networks (VPN)<\/li>\r\n\t
                      • Load balancers<\/li>\r\n\t
                      • Network switches<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                      • Databases:<\/strong>\r\n
                          \r\n\t
                        • SQL databases<\/li>\r\n\t
                        • NoSQL databases<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                        • Cloud Management and Security:<\/strong>\r\n
                            \r\n\t
                          • Identity and access management (IAM)<\/li>\r\n\t
                          • Authentication<\/li>\r\n\t
                          • Encryption<\/li>\r\n\t
                          • Security Protocols<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                            Benefits of Cloud Computing<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n
                              \r\n\t
                            • Flexibility<\/strong>: Access cloud services from any location with internet; scale resources as needed.<\/li>\r\n\t
                            • Efficiency:<\/strong>\u00a0Quickly develop and launch apps without the burden of managing infrastructure.<\/li>\r\n\t
                            • Strategic advantage:\u00a0<\/strong>Allow users to access the latest technological innovations via cloud services.<\/li>\r\n\t
                            • Enhanced security:<\/strong>\u00a0Benefit from comprehensive security measures provided by cloud services, often exceeding in-house data centre capabilities.<\/li>\r\n\t
                            • Cost-effectiveness:\u00a0<\/strong>Pay only for the computing resources used, thus\u00a0saving investment in data centre capacity<\/strong>\u00a0and freeing up IT for strategic projects.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                              Types of Cloud Computing<\/h2>\r\n

                              Types of cloud computing can be categorised into two categories- Deployment Models and Cloud Computing Services, which are listed below:<\/p>\r\n

                              Deployment Models<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n
                                \r\n\t
                              • Public Cloud:\u00a0<\/strong>Internet-based storage and access.\r\n\r\n
                                  \r\n\t
                                • Accessible to authorised users.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                • No ownership of hardware or software\u00a0<\/strong>components, only the provider manages all aspects.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                • Examples:\u00a0<\/strong>Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                • Private Cloud:\u00a0<\/strong>Exclusively used by a single organisation.\r\n\r\n
                                    \r\n\t
                                  • Runs on a private network, with limited access to internal users.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                  • Can be on-premises or hosted by third-party providers.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                  • Examples: VMware cloud,<\/strong>\u00a0and certain\u00a0AWS products.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
                                  • Hybrid Cloud:<\/strong>\u00a0Integrates public and private cloud features.\r\n\r\n
                                      \r\n\t
                                    • Allows for\u00a0on-premises data storage<\/strong>\u00a0while utilising the public cloud for\u00a0sharing non-sensitive data.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
                                    • Example: NASA\u2019s use of private cloud for sensitive data and public cloud for accessible information.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                    • Multi-Cloud:<\/strong>\u00a0Combines services from different cloud providers within\u00a0one architecture.<\/strong>\r\n
                                        \r\n\t
                                      • Enables\u00a0feature and function variety\u00a0<\/strong>through diverse vendors.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                                        Cloud Computing Services<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n

                                        Cloud Computing can deliver multiple things as a service, which is colloquially known as Everything as a Service (XaaS). The 'X' in XaaS is a placeholder that can represent anything. Some of the common models included in XaaS are mentioned in the table below:<\/p>\r\n

                                        \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                                        Name of Service\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\r\nKey Aspects<\/strong><\/td>\r\nApplications<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                        Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n

                                        - IaaS serves as the\u00a0foundational layer<\/strong>\u00a0in cloud computing services.<\/p>\r\n

                                        - Users get access to\u00a0virtualized computing resources over the internet<\/strong>, which can include servers, network connections, and data storage.<\/p>\r\n

                                        - Offers high levels of\u00a0control and flexibility\u00a0<\/strong>in managing hardware resources.<\/p>\r\n

                                        - Resembles traditional\u00a0physical IT resources<\/strong>\u00a0that are familiar to IT departments.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                                        		\r\n

                                        - Web Hosting<\/p>\r\n

                                        - Big Data Analysis<\/p>\r\n

                                        - High-Performance Computing<\/p>\r\n

                                        - E-Commerce Platforms<\/p>\r\n

                                        - Mobile App Backends<\/p>\r\n

                                        -Examples-\u00a0Amazon E2C Services, MeghRaj Initiative,\u00a0<\/strong>etc.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

                                        Platform as a Service (PaaS)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n

                                        - PaaS users are not required to manage or control the underlying\u00a0cloud infrastructure.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                                        - Prioritises the\u00a0deployment and management of applications.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                                        - Eliminates the need to\u00a0manage hardware or operating system environments,\u00a0<\/strong>streamlining application development.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                                        		\r\n

                                        - Application Development<\/p>\r\n

                                        - Business Process Management (BPM)<\/p>\r\n

                                        - Business Analytics and Intelligence<\/p>\r\n

                                        - Automated Backup and Disaster Recovery<\/p>\r\n

                                        - Examples-\u00a0Microsoft Azure App Service, AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Aadhaar authentication services,\u00a0<\/strong>etc.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

                                        Software as a Service (SaaS)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n

                                        - Offers complete\u00a0operational software<\/strong>\u00a0products managed by the service provider.<\/p>\r\n

                                        - Commonly applies to\u00a0applications used by end-users\u00a0<\/strong>such as email services.<\/p>\r\n

                                        -Users are free from concerns about\u00a0service maintenance or infrastructure management.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                                        - Users need to focus solely on how to utilise the application for their needs.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                                        		\r\n

                                        - Customer Relationship Management (CRM)<\/p>\r\n

                                        - Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)<\/p>\r\n

                                        - Email and Communication<\/p>\r\n

                                        - Content Management System (CMS)<\/p>\r\n

                                        -Examples-\u00a0Microsoft Office 365, Dropbox, Google Workspace, and GSTN (Goods and Services Tax Network), DigiLocker, AEPS, BHIM<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n

                                        Other than these models XaaS has expanded into many other areas, including:<\/p>\r\n

                                          \r\n\t
                                        • Storage as a Service (STaaS):<\/strong>\u00a0Cloud-based data storage services.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                        • Database as a Service (DBaaS):\u00a0<\/strong>Cloud database systems that manage data storage and retrieval.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                        • Network as a Service (NaaS):\u00a0<\/strong>Network services like VPNs are delivered over the internet.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                        • Container as a Service (CaaS)<\/strong>: Cloud service model that allows users to manage and deploy containers.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                        • Function as a Service (FaaS):<\/strong>\u00a0A form of serverless computing where the cloud provider runs the server and dynamically manages the allocation of machine resources.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                        • Desktop as a Service (DaaS):\u00a0<\/strong>Virtual desktops provided over the internet.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                        • Disaster Recovery as a Service (DRaaS):<\/strong>\u00a0Cloud services that provide businesses with backup and recovery solutions.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                                          Applications of Cloud Computing<\/h2>\r\n
                                          \"Applications<\/figure>\r\n

                                          Cloud Computing has revolutionised the IT industry. it has several applications such as:<\/p>\r\n

                                            \r\n\t
                                          • Secure storage:<\/strong>\u00a0Individuals and businesses use the cloud for storing data securely and with easy accessibility from anywhere, e.g.,\u00a0Dropbox or Google Drive.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
                                          • Online marketplaces:<\/strong>\u00a0E-commerce platforms use cloud computing to host and manage their online stores, e.g., Shopify.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
                                          • Telemedicine<\/strong>: Cloud-based applications facilitating remote medical consultations and services, e.g., Teladoc.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
                                          • Media streaming:\u00a0<\/strong>Cloud platforms host streaming services for video and music, e.g.,\u00a0Netflix and Spotify.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
                                          • Learning management systems:<\/strong>\u00a0Cloud-based platforms for delivering education and tracking progress, e.g.,\u00a0Blackboard Learn.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
                                          • Virtual meetings:\u00a0<\/strong>Cloud services for hosting virtual meetings and conferences, e.g.,\u00a0Microsoft Teams.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
                                          • Device management:\u00a0<\/strong>Platforms to manage and analyse IoT device data and operations, e.g.,\u00a0IBM Watson IoT.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
                                          • Public records management:\u00a0<\/strong>Secure cloud databases for managing public records, e.g.,\u00a0the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)\u00a0<\/strong>in the US.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                                            Cloud Computing in India<\/h2>\r\n

                                            Cloud computing in India has witnessed exponential growth in recent years, transitioning from an emerging technology to a fundamental business resource. Key trends in India in the realm of Cloud computing include<\/p>\r\n

                                              \r\n\t
                                            • Growth in SaaS:<\/strong>\u00a0There has been a substantial increase in Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) providers, making India the second-largest SaaS market after the US.\r\n\r\n
                                                \r\n\t
                                              • Indian SaaS companies are expected to grow 20-25% per annum, aiming for $35 billion in ARR by 2027.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                              • Hybrid Cloud Adoption:<\/strong>\u00a0Businesses in India are increasingly adopting hybrid cloud models, combining private and public clouds,\u00a0to achieve greater flexibility and optimise costs.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
                                              • Data centres expansion:\u00a0<\/strong>Indian companies like Reliance Jio and Bharti Airtel are also investing in building\u00a0large-scale data centres\u00a0<\/strong>to support cloud and edge computing services.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                              • Healthcare transformation:<\/strong>\u00a0Cloud computing has been pivotal during the COVID-19 pandemic,\u00a0facilitating telemedicine services and enabling remote diagnostics<\/strong>\u00a0and data sharing across healthcare providers.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                              • E-commerce scalability:<\/strong>\u00a0Platforms like\u00a0Flipkart and Amazon India utilise cloud services to handle massive traffic spikes<\/strong>\u00a0during festive seasons and sales, highlighting the cloud's scalability and reliability.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                                                Government of India\u2019s Initiative Associated with Cloud Computing<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n

                                                The government of India is always at the forefront when it comes to the usage of technology. In the realm of Cloud Computing, the government of India has taken several initiatives mentioned below:<\/p>\r\n

                                                \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                                                Area<\/strong><\/td>\r\nUsage<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                E-Gram Panchayat<\/strong><\/td>\r\n- The\u00a0e-Panchayat scheme<\/strong>\u00a0was launched to enhance government operations and governance quality.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                Indian Railways\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n

                                                - To mitigate ticketing losses, cloud technology has been adopted for data management.<\/p>\r\n

                                                -\u00a0RailCloud service<\/strong>\u00a0as a high-speed connectivity solution initiated by Indian Railways.<\/p>\r\n

                                                -\u00a0Nivaran grievance portal\u00a0<\/strong>as a service grievance platform for current and former railway employees.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

                                                Kisan Suvidha\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n

                                                - The\u00a0Kisan Suvidha portal<\/strong>\u00a0was designed to provide farmers with essential information.<\/p>\r\n

                                                  \r\n\t
                                                • It offers details on weather, market prices, seeds, fertilisers, pesticides, and agricultural practices.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                • It notifies farmers of\u00a0extreme weather events and market fluctuations.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                Digilocker\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n

                                                - A\u00a0public cloud storage<\/strong>\u00a0for Indian citizens provided by the government.<\/p>\r\n

                                                - Enables\u00a0instant digital verification\u00a0<\/strong>and signing by the government.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

                                                Government e-Marketplace (GeM)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n

                                                - It utilises a\u00a0multi-cloud architecture<\/strong>\u00a0for expanded scalability.<\/p>\r\n

                                                - it features a\u00a0vast range of products and services<\/strong>\u00a0for numerous buyer organisations.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

                                                National Highway Authority of India (NHAI)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n

                                                - NHAI introduced an\u00a0AI-based big data analytics platform.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                                                -Documents are stored on a cloud data lake with\u00a0GIS tagging for easy accessibility.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

                                                MeghRaj<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n

                                                - Also known as\u00a0GI Cloud,\u00a0<\/strong>it aims to adopt cloud computing in government operations.<\/p>\r\n

                                                - It will aid in the\u00a0quickening of e-service delivery\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0optimise ICT expenditures.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

                                                Infrastructure Sector<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n

                                                - Smart Cities Mission leverages cloud computing for local development and\u00a0real-time data processing.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                                                -Cloud services act as a crucial backbone for\u00a0Digital India's infrastructure.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

                                                Banking Sector<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n

                                                -\u00a0The RBI employs\u00a0<\/strong>cloud solutions to achieve nationwide banking accessibility.<\/p>\r\n

                                                -The Indian Banking Community Cloud (IBCC)<\/strong>\u00a0is the banking industry's first community cloud.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

                                                Manufacturing Sector<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n

                                                - Power applications include CRM,\u00a0supply chain management, and data warehousing, among others.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                                                - Operational benefits include\u00a0green IT and HMI (Human-Machine Interface) via cloud computing.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

                                                Telecom Sector<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n

                                                - Cloud platforms address various\u00a0business and technical needs in telecom.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                                                - It facilitates\u00a0resource sharing, automation, and operation improvements.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n

                                                Challenges of Cloud Computing<\/h2>\r\n

                                                The domain of cloud computing is not void of challenges. There are several challenges associated with cloud computing, such as:<\/p>\r\n

                                                  \r\n\t
                                                • Cloud security:<\/strong>\u00a0Security is a top concern in cloud computing.\r\n\r\n
                                                    \r\n\t
                                                  • There are several risk factors, such as the potential for data breaches, API exploitation, credential theft, and authentication issues.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                  • There are also unclear practices in handling sensitive data by cloud providers.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                  • Cost unpredictability:<\/strong>\u00a0Pay-as-you-go models and resource scaling lead to unpredictable costs.\r\n\r\n
                                                      \r\n\t
                                                    • The lack of multiple cloud services can incur additional, unexpected charges.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                    • Lack of capability and expertise:\u00a0<\/strong>Difficulty in finding qualified professionals to manage cloud technologies.\r\n\r\n
                                                        \r\n\t
                                                      • Further, keeping up with cloud technology developments is a challenge for organisations.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                      • IT governance:\u00a0<\/strong>Limited control over cloud infrastructure complicates IT governance.\r\n\r\n
                                                          \r\n\t
                                                        • Also, managing risks, IT compliance, and data quality is more challenging.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                        • Compliance:<\/strong>\u00a0Ensuring regulatory adherence when using third-party cloud storage is a challenging task.\r\n\r\n
                                                            \r\n\t
                                                          • Further, data hosting is also crucial as the actual location of data aids in compliance.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                          • Management of multiple clouds:\u00a0<\/strong>Handling various cloud environments can divide focus and resources as each cloud with distinct characteristics can complicate overall management.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                          • Building a private cloud<\/strong>: There are complexities in developing and managing private or hybrid clouds.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                          • Cloud migration:\u00a0<\/strong>Transferring data or applications to the cloud can be problematic.\r\n\r\n
                                                              \r\n\t
                                                            • There is a difficulty in transitioning to different cloud services. As there are substantial expenses and technical challenges in moving large datasets.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                                              Cloud computing provides on-demand delivery of computing services over the internet, enabling flexible resources, streamlined workflows, and scalability for users.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":20170,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[173],"tags":[553,40],"class_list":{"0":"post-3997","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-quest-level-3","8":"tag-cloud-computing","9":"tag-quest"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3997","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3997"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3997\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19918,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3997\/revisions\/19918"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/20170"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3997"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3997"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3997"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}