{"id":4327,"date":"2026-04-04T10:22:51","date_gmt":"2026-04-04T04:52:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=4327"},"modified":"2026-04-10T17:53:09","modified_gmt":"2026-04-10T12:23:09","slug":"natural-vegetation-of-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/natural-vegetation-of-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Natural Vegetation of India"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Natural vegetation refers to the plant community that has evolved without human intervention. It includes various plant species co-existing in a specific environment. India\u2019s diverse climate, from the<strong> Himalayan alpine<\/strong> to <strong>tropical rainforests<\/strong>, supports a rich variety of natural vegetation, including<strong> rainforests, deciduous forests, desert vegetation, mangroves, <\/strong>and <strong>alpine vegetation<\/strong>. These ecosystems contribute to India\u2019s biodiversity and significantly impact its climate and economy.<\/p>\r\n<p>Climatic factors like <strong>temperature, precipitation, humidity, <\/strong>and <strong>edaphic factors<\/strong> such as soil composition and topography determine the vegetation of a region. India, one of the world\u2019s <strong>12 mega biodiversity<\/strong> countries, houses 6% of the world\u2019s flowering plant species, ranking tenth globally and fourth in Asia.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Major Vegetation Types in India<\/h2>\r\n<p>India's diverse climatic conditions and geographical features have given rise to various types of natural vegetation. The major vegetation types in India can be classified as follows:<\/p>\r\n<h3>Tropical Evergreen and Semi-Evergreen forests<\/h3>\r\n<p>Tropical Evergreen and Semi-evergreen Vegetation are found in regions with high rainfall and humidity.<\/p>\r\n<figure class=\"table\">\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>Tropical Evergreen Forests<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>Semi-Evergreen Forests<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- Location<\/strong>: Found in the western slope of the Western Ghats, hills of the northeastern region, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Climate<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Annual Rainfall:<\/strong> Exceeds 250 cm.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Mean Annual Temperature: <\/strong>About 25\u00b0C to 27\u00b0C.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Relative Humidity:<\/strong> Exceeds 77%.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Dry Season: <\/strong>Distinctly short.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><strong>- Characteristics<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Well stratified with layers closer to the ground.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>It was covered with shrubs, creepers, and short-structured trees.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Tall trees reaching heights up to 60 m or above.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>There is no definite time for leaf shedding, flowering, and fruiting.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Green throughout the year.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><strong>- Species<\/strong>: Rosewood, mahogany, aini, ebony, etc.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- <strong>Locations:<\/strong> Found in the less rainy parts of the same regions like the Western Ghats, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the Eastern Himalayas.<\/p>\r\n<p>- <strong>Climate<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Annual Rainfall: <\/strong>Ranges from 200-250 cm.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Mean Annual Temperature: <\/strong>Varies from 24\u00b0C to 27\u00b0C.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Relative Humidity<\/strong>: Approximately 75%.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Dry Season:<\/strong> Not as short as in tropical evergreen forests.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><strong>- Characteristics:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Transitional forests between tropical wet evergreen forests and tropical deciduous forests.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Comparatively drier than tropical wet evergreen forests.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Undergo seasonal changes.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Under Growing climbers contribute to the evergreen character.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><strong>- Main Species<\/strong>: White cedar, hollock, and kail.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<h3>Tropical Deciduous Vegetation<\/h3>\r\n<p>These are the most widespread vegetation types in India.<\/p>\r\n<figure class=\"table\">\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- <strong>Location<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>They are found in the northeastern states along the foothills of the Himalayas.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>These are also present on the eastern slopes (leeward side) of the Western Ghats and in Odisha.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><strong>- Rainfall Range<\/strong>: Typically between 100-200 cm.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Characteristics<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>More pronounced in regions with higher rainfall.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Dominated by species such as teak, sal, shisham, hurra, mahua, amla, semul, kusum, and sandalwood.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Trees shed leaves partially during the dry season.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Undergrowth includes grasses and shrubs.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- Location<\/strong>: These are mainly found in rainier areas of the Peninsula and the plains of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Rainfall Range<\/strong>: Typically between <strong>70-100 cm<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Characteristics<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>A transition zone between moist deciduous and thorn forests.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Parkland landscape with open stretches.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Teak and other trees interspersed with patches of grass.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Trees shed leaves completely during the dry season.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>- <strong>Common Trees<\/strong>: Tendu, palas, amaltas, bel, khair, axlewood.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Note<\/strong>: Vegetation cover in the western and southern parts of Rajasthan is scanty due to low rainfall and overgrazing.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<h3>Tropical Thorn Forests<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>These forests are found in areas with <strong>less than 50 cm of rainfall<\/strong>. A mix of grasses and shrubs characterises them.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Locations: <\/strong>These are found in semi-arid regions of <strong>southwest Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Most plants in these forests remain <strong>leafless<\/strong> for a significant part of the year, creating a <strong>scrub-like appearance<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Key species include <strong>babool, ber, wild date palm, khair, neem, khejri, and palas<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The undergrowth features <strong>tussocky grass<\/strong> reaching up to <strong>2 meters<\/strong> in height.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Littoral and Swamp Forests<\/h3>\r\n<p>Littoral and Swamp forests, known as <strong>wetland forests<\/strong>, are abundant in India. These forests play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance and are an integral part of India\u2019s natural vegetation.<\/p>\r\n<figure class=\"table\">\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>Wetland Habitats in India<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>Mangrove Forests<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- Area Under Paddy Cultivation<\/strong>: Approximately 70% of wetland areas.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Protected Sites<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Chilika Lake (Odisha).<\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/keoladeo-ghana-national-park\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Keoladeo National Park<\/strong><\/a> (Bharatpur) under the Ramsar Convention.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>- India\u2019s wetlands can be categorised into eight types:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Reservoirs of the Deccan Plateau<\/strong>: Located in the south, along with lagoons and other wetlands on the southern west coast.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Vast Saline Expanses<\/strong>: Found in Rajasthan, Gujarat, and the Gulf of Kachchh.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Freshwater Lakes and Reservoirs<\/strong>: Stretching from Gujarat eastwards through Rajasthan (including Keoladeo National Park) and Madhya Pradesh.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Delta Wetlands and Lagoons<\/strong>: Along India\u2019s east coast by Chilika Lake.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Freshwater Marshes of the Gangetic Plain<\/strong>: Vital ecosystems in the northern plains.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Floodplains of the Brahmaputra<\/strong>: Including marshes and swamps in the hills of northeast India and the Himalayan foothills.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Lakes and Rivers of the Montane Region<\/strong>: Such as those in Kashmir and Ladakh.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Mangrove Forests and Other Wetlands<\/strong>: Present in the island arcs of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- <strong>Location<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Grow along coasts in salt marshes, tidal creeks, mud flats, and estuaries.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Highly developed in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Sunderbans of West Bengal.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Other significant areas: Mahanadi, Godavari, and Krishna deltas.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><strong>- Characteristics<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Comprise salt-tolerant species of plants.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Creeks of stagnant water and tidal flows crisscross it.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Provide shelter to a wide variety of birds.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><strong>- Extent in India<\/strong>: Covers approximately 4992 sq. km (2.5% of the world\u2019s mangrove forests).<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<h3>Montane Forests<\/h3>\r\n<p>Mountain forests can be classified into two types, the northern mountain forests and the southern mountain forests.<\/p>\r\n<figure class=\"table\">\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>Northern Mountain Forests<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>Southern Mountain Forests<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>-\u00a0These forests span the Himalayan mountain ranges and exhibit a gradual change in vegetation as altitude increases.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Deciduous forests<\/strong> are found in the foothills of the Himalayas.<\/p>\r\n<p>- Between altitudes of <strong>1,000 to 2,000 meters<\/strong>, we find <strong>wet temperate forests<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<p>- In the higher hills of northeastern India, hilly areas of West Bengal, and Uttarakhand,<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>evergreen broadleaf trees<\/strong> like oak and chestnut dominate.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Pine forests<\/strong> are well-developed around <strong>1,500 to 1,750 meters<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>- The <strong>Deodar<\/strong>, a durable wood used in construction, grows in the western Himalayas.<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong> Blue pine<\/strong> and <strong>spruce<\/strong> appear at <strong>2,225 to 3,048 meters<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Temperate grasslands<\/strong> also exist in this zone.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>- At higher elevations, we encounter <strong>silver firs, junipers, pines, birch, and rhododendrons<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Mosses and lichens<\/strong> characterise the tundra vegetation at extreme altitudes.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>- These forests are found in three distinct regions of <strong>Peninsular India<\/strong>: the <strong>Western Ghats<\/strong>, the <strong>Vindhyas<\/strong>, and the <strong>Nilgiris<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<p>- Due to their proximity to the tropics and elevation of around <strong>1,500 meters<\/strong>, vegetation varies:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>In higher regions, we have <strong>temperate forests<\/strong> known as <strong>Sholas<\/strong> in the Nilgiris, Anaimalai, and Palani hills.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Trees like <strong>magnolia, laurel, cinchona, and wattle<\/strong> are economically significant.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Similar forests exist in the <strong>Satpura<\/strong> and <strong>Maikal ranges<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<h2>Factors Influencing Natural Vegetation Diversity in India<\/h2>\r\n<p>India\u2019s diverse vegetation is shaped by a variety of geographical, climatic, and environmental influences, resulting in a unique array of plant life across its regions. These factors contribute significantly to India\u2019s biodiversity.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Climatic Factors:<\/strong> India exhibits a wide range of climatic conditions, from tropical to temperate and alpine, which contribute to the diversity of vegetation.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Rainfall:<\/strong> Monsoon and its distribution are the main factors for the vegetation diversity in India.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Areas with high and well-distributed rainfall, such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/conservation-and-protection-of-western-ghats\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Western Ghats<\/strong> <\/a>and the <strong>northeastern states,<\/strong> support dense and diverse tropical evergreen forests.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>In contrast, regions with low rainfall and rain-shadow zones, like the <strong>Thar Desert in Rajasthan<\/strong>, have sparse and drought-resistant vegetation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Temperature:<\/strong> Temperature gradients affect vegetation growth.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>For example, in the <strong>Himalayas<\/strong>, decreasing temperature attitudinally alters vegetation from tropical to alpine.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Humidity:<\/strong> Humidity levels affect the water balance in plants and influence their growth and distribution.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Areas with high humidity support the growth of epiphytic plants (plants that grow on other plants), while arid regions with low humidity have vegetation adapted to water scarcity.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Topographical Factors:<\/strong> India's diverse topography creates microclimates that contribute to the diversity in vegetation.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Altitude <\/strong>and <strong>slope <\/strong>also determine the vegetation type.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The <strong>southern slopes<\/strong> of the Himalayas have denser vegetation due to higher precipitation compared to the drier north-facing slopes.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The <strong>rain shadow region<\/strong>, or leeward side, has distinct vegetation due to less rainfall.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>For example, <strong>Western Ghats<\/strong> have dense forests on the windward side, but sparse, dry forests on the leeward side.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Soil Factors:<\/strong> The diversity of soil types, including their texture, structure, depth, and nutrient content, plays a significant role in shaping the natural vegetation of India.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Soil Texture<\/strong>: Sandy soils with good drainage support different vegetation types compared to clayey soils with poor drainage.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>For example,<strong> tropical thorn forests<\/strong> are often found in areas with <strong>sandy <\/strong>and <strong>shallow soils<\/strong>, while <strong>tropical evergreen forests<\/strong> thrive in areas with <strong>deep, well-drained soils.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Soil Fertility:<\/strong> Nutrient-rich soils support dense vegetation growth, while nutrient-poor soils may lead to stunted or specialised vegetation adapted to such conditions.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The fertile alluvial soils of the Indo-Gangetic plains support dense and diverse vegetation, while the nutrient-poor soils of the Deccan Plateau contribute to the growth of thorny and drought-resistant vegetation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Anthropogenic factors:<\/strong> Human activities, both past and present, have played a role in shaping the diversity of natural vegetation in India.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The diversity of vegetation has been shaped by cultural practices, agriculture (like Jhum cultivation), and plantation farming.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Human activities like <strong>deforestation, urbanisation, <\/strong>and <strong>agricultural expansion <\/strong>have altered land use, leading to habitat fragmentation and degradation, thus affecting vegetation diversity.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Natural Vegetation to India Importance<\/h2>\r\n<p>Natural vegetation plays a vital role in maintaining ecological balance, supporting biodiversity, and providing various ecosystem services. Some of the key importance are:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Habitat for Wildlife:<\/strong> Natural vegetation provides food, shelter, and breeding grounds for a wide range of endemic flora and fauna, supporting biodiversity conservation.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The <strong>Sundarbans mangrove <\/strong>forest in West Bengal is a prime example. It\u2019s home to the <strong>Royal Bengal Tiger<\/strong> and numerous other species, showcasing the rich biodiversity supported by natural vegetation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Climate regulation:<\/strong> Forests and other vegetation types help regulate the climate by absorbing carbon dioxide, releasing oxygen, and influencing local and regional rainfall patterns.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The<strong> Western Ghats<\/strong> and the <strong>Himalayan forests<\/strong> play a crucial role in sequestering carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen, thereby helping in climate regulation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Soil conservation:<\/strong> Vegetation cover helps prevent soil erosion by anchoring the soil with its root systems and reducing the impact of wind and water erosion.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The <strong>grasslands of the Gangetic plains <\/strong>help in soil conservation by preventing erosion during monsoons.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Water regulation:<\/strong> Forests and wetlands play a crucial role in regulating water cycles, groundwater recharge, and preventing floods and droughts.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The wetlands of <strong>Loktak Lake in Manipur<\/strong> and the forests around the <strong>Brahmaputra<\/strong> river basin play a vital role in water regulation, aiding in groundwater recharge and flood control.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Economic resources:<\/strong> Natural vegetation provides various resources such as timber, fuel, food, and medicinal plants, which are essential for local communities and industries.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The forests in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh provide <strong>timber<\/strong>, the <strong>tea gardens <\/strong>in Assam provide tea leaves, and the <strong>medicinal plants<\/strong> from the forests of Kerala contribute to <strong>Ayurveda.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Cultural and Recreational value:<\/strong> Many natural vegetation areas hold cultural and spiritual significance, and they also serve as recreational spaces for eco-tourism and outdoor activities.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The <strong>sacred groves<\/strong> in many parts of India, like Meghalaya, have great cultural and spiritual significance.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>National parks and wildlife sanctuaries, like the <strong>Jim Corbett National Park<\/strong>, are popular spots for eco-tourism and outdoor activities.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Natural Vegetation of India UPSC PYQs<\/h2>\r\n<p><strong>Question 1:<\/strong> \u201cIdentify and discuss the factors responsible for the diversity of Natural Vegetation in India. Assess the significance of wildlife sanctuaries in rainforest regions of India.\" (UPSC Mains 2023)<\/p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 150px\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Other Related Posts<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/geomorphology\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Geomorphology<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/dams-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Major Dams in India<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/composition-and-structure-of-atmosphere\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Composition and Structure of Atmosphere<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/major-ports-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Major Ports in India<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/types-of-forests-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Types of Forests in India<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/coastal-states-of-india\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Coastal States of India<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/ocean-acidification\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Ocean Acidification<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/migration-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Migration in India<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/deep-ocean-mission\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Deep Ocean Mission<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/natural-vegetation-of-india\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Natural Vegetation of India<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Natural vegetation is the collective term for plant species, including trees, shrubs, grasses, creepers, climbers, etc., living together in a specific environment.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":17617,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[173],"tags":[519,40],"class_list":{"0":"post-4327","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-quest-level-3","8":"tag-natural-vegetation-of-india","9":"tag-quest"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4327","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4327"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4327\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19744,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4327\/revisions\/19744"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17617"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4327"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4327"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4327"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}