{"id":5270,"date":"2026-01-04T11:24:16","date_gmt":"2026-01-04T05:54:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=5270"},"modified":"2026-01-05T10:59:38","modified_gmt":"2026-01-05T05:29:38","slug":"national-emergency-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/national-emergency-in-india\/","title":{"rendered":"National Emergency in India 1975, Types, UPSC Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>What is a National emergency?<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p>An emergency is defined as a situation, which is not normal, and calls for urgent remedial action.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The Constitution of India envisages three types of emergencies. These are;\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>National emergency ( Article 352 )<\/li>\r\n\t<li>President\u2019s rule\/State emergency ( Article 356 )<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Financial emergency ( Article 360 )<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Constitutionally, the expression \u201cproclamation of emergency refers only to a proclamation of National emergency made under Clause (1) of Article 352.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>What are the grounds for the imposition of a National emergency?<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p>The Constitution provides for declaration of emergency on different grounds.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Grounds for proclamation: Under Article 352, when war, external aggression, or armed rebellion\u00a0<\/strong>threatens the security of India or a part of it, the president can declare a national emergency.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The President may declare a national emergency, even before the occurrence of the actual threat, if he is satisfied that the safety of India or a part of it is threatened.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Types of emergency:\u00a0<\/strong>The emergency is classified into two types based on the grounds of imposition.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>External emergency:<\/strong>\u00a0When the emergency is imposed due to war or external aggression, it is an external emergency.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Internal emergency:<\/strong>\u00a0When the emergency is imposed due to armed rebellion, it is an internal emergency.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>38th Constitutional Amendment Act 1975:\u00a0<\/strong>It added some more conditions regarding the grounds for the imposition of emergency.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The president can declare\u00a0<strong>different proclamations of national emergency on different grounds simultaneously.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>The declaration of emergency by the president is non-justiciable<strong>.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>The president can\u00a0<strong>suspend the right to go to court<\/strong>\u00a0for enforcement of fundamental rights during an emergency.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>What are the procedures for approval and duration of a National emergency?<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p>Proclamation made under article 352 for the imposition of a National emergency should be laid before each house of parliament and must be approved by them with<strong>\u00a0a special majority.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Approval: Within one month<\/strong>\u00a0after the date of the proclamation of national emergency, it must be ratified by both houses of parliament.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>If the Lok Sabha is not in session or has been dissolved before the expiry of one-month duration after promulgation, the proclamation\u00a0<strong>must be approved within 30 days from the first sitting\u00a0<\/strong>of the newly constituted Lok Sabha, provided that the Rajya Sabha approves it in the meanwhile.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Duration:\u00a0<\/strong>Normally, the emergency will be in effect for\u00a0<strong>six months<\/strong>\u00a0after approval.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>However, such a proclamation may be extended indefinitely, with each extension receiving parliamentary approval by a\u00a0<strong>special majority every six months<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>What are the impacts of the imposition of a National emergency?<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p>The political structure of the government is significantly and broadly impacted by the declaration of an emergency.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Effect on the centre-state relations<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>While a proclamation of Emergency is in force, the<strong>\u00a0normal fabric of\u00a0<\/strong><strong>centre-state relations<\/strong><strong>\u00a0undergoes a basic change.<\/strong>\u00a0this can be studied under three heads:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Executive:\u00a0<\/strong>During a National emergency, the<strong>\u00a0centre's executive authority<\/strong>\u00a0extends to\u00a0<strong>advising any state on how to exercise its executive authority<\/strong>.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Normally, the union is limited to giving states directives on a small number of specific issues.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>As a result, even though they are not suspended, the state governments are brought under the total supervision of the federal government.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Legislative:\u00a0<\/strong>The parliament has the<strong>\u00a0authority to enact laws on any item included in the state list<\/strong>\u00a0during a national emergency.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Despite not being suspended, a state legislature's legislative authority is now subject to the parliament's veto power.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>After the emergency is lifted, the legislation passed by the parliament regarding state matters will no longer be in effect.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Financial:\u00a0<\/strong>During a National emergency, the President is empowered to<strong>\u00a0modify the provisions regarding the distribution of revenues<\/strong>\u00a0between the Union and the States.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Each of the president's orders like this must be presented to both houses of parliament.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><strong>Impact on the life of the Lok Sabha and State Assembly<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>When a National emergency is proclaimed, it will also alter the working of the legislative bodies both at the central and state level.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Prolonging Lok Sabha:<\/strong>\u00a0For periods of up to one year at a time, while a declaration of National emergency is in effect, the Lok Sabha's life\u00a0<strong>may be prolonged beyond its regular term<\/strong>. This extension, however, is only valid for a maximum of six months after the emergency has ended.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Prolonging\u00a0<\/strong><strong>State Assembly<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong>\u00a0Similar to this, during a National emergency, the Parliament may repeatedly extend the normal term of a state Legislative Assembly<strong>\u00a0by one year, up to a maximum of six months<\/strong>\u00a0after the situation has ended.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><strong>Effect on fundamental rights<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>The impact of a national emergency on fundamental rights is described in Articles 358 and 359 of the Constitution.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Article 358: Suspension of fundamental rights under Article 19\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The six fundamental rights under Article 19 are\u00a0<strong>immediately suspended<\/strong>\u00a0when a proclamation of national emergency is made under article 358 on the grounds of war and external aggression.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Their suspension does not require a separate President\u2019s order.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>If the emergency is declared on the grounds of internal rebellion, the fundamental rights are<strong>\u00a0not suspended automatically<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Any law made or any executive action abridging the six fundamental rights is immune from judicial review.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>However, no remedy can be sought, even after the cessation of emergency, for any law or action taken to abridge the six fundamental rights.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Article 359: Suspension of other fundamental rights<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The President is authorized to suspend the\u00a0<strong>right to petition any court<\/strong>\u00a0for the enforcement of fundamental rights.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>However, the right to judicial remedy for the enforcement of\u00a0<strong>Articles 20 and 21 cannot be suspended in any case.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>The suspension of enforcement relates to only those fundamental rights that are as per the presidential order.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>What is the procedure to revoke a National emergency?<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p>Articles 352(2) and 352(7) provide for the revocation of the proclamation of emergency.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>A proclamation of Emergency may be revoked by the President by making a\u00a0<strong>subsequent proclamation<\/strong>\u00a0without parliamentary approval.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The proclamation\u00a0<strong>ceases to operate on the expiry of 6\u00a0<\/strong>months unless the continuance of the proclamation for a further period of 6 months has been approved by both houses of the parliament.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>What is the relative position of the provisions of the national emergency before and after the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act?<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p>Several changes were brought in with the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act to prevent the misuse of the emergency provisions. The changes were;<\/p>\r\n<figure>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>Item<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>Before 44th amendment<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>After 44th amendment<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Grounds for imposition on internal emergency<\/td>\r\n<td>Internal disturbances<\/td>\r\n<td>The term \u201cInternal disturbances\u201d was replaced by<strong>\u00a0\u201cArmed rebellion\u201d<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Condition for declaration<\/td>\r\n<td>Written recommendation was not a condition.<\/td>\r\n<td>Only based on the written recommendation of the Cabinet.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Parliamentary Approval<\/td>\r\n<td>Within<strong>\u00a0two months<\/strong>\u00a0of the proclamation<\/td>\r\n<td>Within\u00a0<strong>one month<\/strong>\u00a0of the proclamation<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Majority for approval<\/td>\r\n<td>Simple Majority<\/td>\r\n<td>Special majority<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Duration\/Continuation of the emergency<\/td>\r\n<td>For any period of time<\/td>\r\n<td>Continued for any longer but has to be reapproved every six months<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Revocation of the emergency<\/td>\r\n<td>With a subsequent proclamation by the President<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>With a subsequent proclamation by the president.<\/p>\r\n<p>A resolution disapproving the continuance of the proclamation can be passed by the Lok Sabha with a simple majority.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Ceases with the expiry of six months\u00a0<\/strong>unless a fresh resolution is adopted by the parliament for continuance.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Article 358<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>Fundamental rights under Article 19 can be suspended<strong>\u00a0irrespective of the grounds<\/strong>\u00a0for the declaration of a National emergency.<\/p>\r\n<p>All the laws regarding fundamental rights were immune from judicial review though they were not related to emergency.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>Fundamental rights can be suspended only when a National emergency is imposed\u00a0<strong>on the grounds of war or external aggression.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Only laws that are related to the emergency\u00a0<\/strong>are immune from judicial review and not other laws. Also, the executive action taken under such laws is immune from judicial review.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Article 359<\/td>\r\n<td>No specific mention of a judicial remedy for the violation of rights under Articles 20 and 21.<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>The protection of the right to judicial remedy in respect of Articles 20 and 21 is explicitly mentioned.<\/p>\r\n<p>Only laws related to the emergency are immune from judicial review and not the other laws.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<h2><strong>What are the instances of imposition of the National emergency in India?<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p>The National emergency has been proclaimed three times in India so far.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Indo-China war, 1962<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Indo-China war:<\/strong>\u00a0The first emergency was declared in October 1962 when the Indo-China war broke out. Even though a ceasefire was declared a month later, the emergency was not revoked.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Indo-Pak war<\/strong>: The first emergency was still in force when the Indo-Pak war broke out in 1965. So the emergency was lifted only in January 1968.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><strong>Bangladesh Liberation war (Indo-Pak war), 1971<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Bangladesh Liberation war:<\/strong>\u00a0The second emergency was imposed in December 1971, when the Bangladesh Liberation War broke out, and India was a significant player in it.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Though the hostilities ended within a couple of weeks, the emergency was not revoked soon. It was still in operation when the third emergency was imposed.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><strong>Internal emergency, 1975<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Internal emergency:<\/strong>\u00a0The third emergency is the internal emergency, unlike the first two, and it was imposed\u00a0<strong>on the ground of \u2018internal disturbances\u2019.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>With the second emergency still in force, this third emergency was imposed in June 1975.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><strong>Revocation:<\/strong>\u00a0Both the second and third emergencies were revoked in 1977.<\/p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 88.9946%;height: 161px\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Other Related Posts<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/emergency-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\">Emergency in India<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/process-of-law-making\/\" target=\"_blank\">Process of Law Making<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/national-emergency-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\">National Emergency in India<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/role-of-speaker\/\" target=\"_blank\">Role of Speaker<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/presidents-rule\/\" target=\"_blank\">President\u2019s Rule<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/parliamentary-committees\/\" target=\"_blank\">Parliamentary Committees<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/structure-of-the-indian-parliament\/\" target=\"_blank\">Structure of the Indian Parliament<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/ethics-committee\/\" target=\"_blank\">Ethics Committee<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/sessions-of-parliament\/\" target=\"_blank\">Sessions of Parliament<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/motions-in-parliament\/\" target=\"_blank\">Motions In Parliament<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>An emergency is defined as a situation, which is not normal, and calls for urgent remedial action.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":17942,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[173],"tags":[274,40],"class_list":{"0":"post-5270","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-quest-level-3","8":"tag-national-emergency-in-india","9":"tag-quest"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5270","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5270"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5270\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17956,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5270\/revisions\/17956"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17942"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5270"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5270"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5270"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}