{"id":5359,"date":"2026-01-04T23:52:34","date_gmt":"2026-01-04T18:22:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=5359"},"modified":"2026-01-05T12:02:56","modified_gmt":"2026-01-05T06:32:56","slug":"slave-dynasty","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/slave-dynasty\/","title":{"rendered":"Slave Dynasty, Rulers, Map, UPSC Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>Emergence of Slave Dynasty<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p><strong>Muhammad Ghori:\u00a0<\/strong>In 1173 AD\u00a0<strong>Shahabuddin Muhammad,<\/strong>\u00a0also called Muhammad of Ghor, ascended the throne of\u00a0<strong>Ghazni.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>His invasions resulted in the establishment of the<strong>\u00a0Turkish Sultanate<\/strong>\u00a0in the region lying north of the<strong>\u00a0Vindhyas<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Conquest of Punjab and Sind:<\/strong>\u00a0He launched a campaign against the<strong>\u00a0Ghaznavid possessions in Punjab.\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>As a result,\u00a0<strong>Peshawar\u00a0<\/strong>was conquered in AD 1179\u201380 and\u00a0<strong>Lahore\u00a0<\/strong>in AD 1186. Thus by AD 1190, He secured\u00a0<strong>Multan, Sind and Punjab.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>First Battle of Tarain (AD 1191):<\/strong>\u00a0Muhammad Ghori\u2019s possession of Punjab and his attempt to advance into the\u00a0<strong>Gangetic Doab<\/strong>\u00a0brought him into direct conflict with the\u00a0<strong>Rajput\u00a0<\/strong>ruler<strong>\u00a0Prithivaraja Chauhan<\/strong>.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The conflict started with the claims of\u00a0<strong>Bhatinda<\/strong>. In the first battle fought at Tarain in AD 1191, Ghori\u2019s army was routed, and he narrowly escaped death.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Prithviraj conquered Bhatinda,<\/strong>\u00a0but he made no effort to garrison it effectively.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>This allowed Ghori to re-assemble his forces and prepare for another advance into India.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Second Battle of Tarain (AD 1192)<\/strong>: This battle is regarded as one of the turning points in Indian History.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The\u00a0<strong>Turkish and Rajput forces<\/strong>\u00a0again came face to face at Tarain. A large number of Indian soldiers were killed.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Prithviraj tried to escape but was captured near\u00a0<strong>Sarsuti<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The Turkish army captured the fortresses of\u00a0<strong>Hansi, Sarsuti and Samana<\/strong>. Then they moved forward, running over<strong>\u00a0Delhi and Ajmer.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>After Tarain, Ghori returned to Ghazni, leaving the affairs of India in the hand of his trusted slave, General\u00a0<strong>Qutbuddin Aibak.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Battle of Chandawar:<\/strong>\u00a0In AD 1194, Muhammad Ghori again returned to India. He crossed Yamuna and moved towards<strong>\u00a0Kannauj.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>He gave a crushing defeat to Jai Chand at Chandwar near Kannauj. Thus the\u00a0<strong>battle of Tarain and Chandwar laid the foundations of Turkish rule in Northern India.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>His death in AD 1206 did not mean the withdrawal of\u00a0<strong>Turkish\u00a0<\/strong>interests in India.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>He left behind his<strong>\u00a0slave General Qutbuddin Aibak<\/strong>\u00a0who became the\u00a0<strong>first Sultan<\/strong>\u00a0of the\u00a0<strong>Delhi Sultanate.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/ceLNDchA-rA40pH3UU0QAXqvb9b5-PuMIoxL4a453mANKvy_05g74FrlmyPWFXhv16ANwuE2jgJ9mAzZQF-kI_gQYe0fn_i9KJtP27_tmpUUA9i7UnTtfPpbpbWdM0Vyfsm6Yly-9iGzONDE69-VtA\" alt=\"\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<figure>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" colspan=\"14\"><strong>Slave Dynasty<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"7\">Period:\u00a0<strong>1206 AD to 1290 AD<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"7\">Capital:\u00a0<strong>Lahore and Delhi<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"14\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>With\u00a0<strong>Qutbuddin Aibak\u00a0<\/strong>begins the period of\u00a0<strong>Mamluk Sultans<\/strong>\u00a0or the\u00a0<strong>slave dynasty.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>Mamluk is an Arabic word meaning \u201cowned\u201d.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>It was used to distinguish the imported Turkish slaves meant for military service from the lower slaves used as domestic labour or artisan.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"5\">\r\n<p><strong>Qutbuddin Aibak<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>(1206 AD -1210 AD)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"12\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Qutbuddin Aibak was a\u00a0<strong>Turkish slave<\/strong>\u00a0who had risen to a high rank in\u00a0<strong>Muhammad Ghori\u2019s<\/strong>\u00a0army.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>He was the first independent Muslim ruler of Northern India, the founder of the\u00a0<strong>Delhi Sultanate.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Capital:\u00a0<\/strong>Lahore<\/li>\r\n\t<li>He consolidated his control over\u00a0<strong>North India<\/strong>\u00a0through an administrative hold over Delhi.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Title:\u00a0<\/strong>Sultan and\u00a0<strong>\u201cLakh Baksh\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0(due to his generosity).<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Court poet:\u00a0<\/strong>Hasan Nizami<\/li>\r\n\t<li>He died suddenly while playing\u00a0<strong>Chaugan\u00a0<\/strong>(horse polo).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"12\">\r\n<p><strong>Contributions to Art and Architecture:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The art and architecture of the Delhi Sultanate period differed from that of India.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The Turks used the Arabic alphabet to create arches, domes, tall towers, minarets, and ornaments.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>They employed the ability of the Indian stone cutters. They also used marble and red and yellow sandstones to add colour to their structures.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"6\">\r\n<p><strong>Qutub Minar<\/strong><strong>\u00a0(Delhi)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/N0nqglKWrF-jHj-Qb8nHbHkldqJqeHGMETk5iPUDfqlZVT7BQGS43GCZLDxbapRiO2ucMBWHKpdhFoRw0VSMuF4HXxWjAmsOUiCNQW8-hsDD8StvHcESn0LFlkra7duAdLIK-XiI7AvsZU5kMPuung\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"6\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Architecture<\/strong>: Indo-Islamic architecture<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Highest stone tower<\/strong>\u00a0in India, with its height being 73 metres.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The construction of this minar started in 1197 C.E. by\u00a0<strong>Qutbuddin Aibak (one storey)\u00a0<\/strong>and was<strong>\u00a0completed by Iltutmish<\/strong>\u00a0in 1232 C.E.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The Qutub Minar has five storeys, separated (3 storeys by Illtutmish and fifth by\u00a0<strong>Firuz Shah Tughlaq<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong>\u00a0from one another by\u00a0<strong>richly decorated balconies.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>Iltutmish dedicated Qutub Minar to Sufi Saint\u00a0<strong>Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>The surface of the minar is embellished with\u00a0<strong>vertical flutings.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Material used:<\/strong>\u00a0Easily available\u00a0<strong>grey colour stones.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Features:\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0tapering<strong>\u00a0cylindrical appearance\u00a0<\/strong>along with its inscriptions,\u00a0<strong>arabesque ornamentation and motifs.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>\u00a0It is a\u00a0<strong>UNESCO World Heritage Site<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"6\">\r\n<p><strong>Adhai-din-ka-Jhonpra (Rajasthan)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/MfazdUhDJd0zJlT5h0cB6hKtR-qMh6OQmX9KE6y8Lkb-f0Gf2NbeAq3DVv9qkL4o4ZqQfWlExFVAIjBJ2X2nfflUkLticHIsP8hk7yDwwyxVWRmxu3K5xHdNW91Lr79zIv24zdQtj2ufkaDTOTTxNg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"6\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Adhai-din-ka-Jhonpra<\/strong>\u00a0is a mosque at\u00a0<strong>Ajmer<\/strong>\u00a0that was constructed in 1200 C.E. after demolishing the\u00a0<strong>Sharada temple<\/strong>\u00a0and a learning institution that was situated there.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Architecture:<\/strong>\u00a0Indo-Islamic architecture<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Material:<\/strong>\u00a0Yellow limestone<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Inscriptions\u00a0<\/strong>from the\u00a0<strong>Holy Quran<\/strong>\u00a0and also many floral designs inspired by\u00a0<strong>Arabic Architecture.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>The pillars and domes in the prayer hall are well in\u00a0<strong>symmetry<\/strong>\u00a0and are of\u00a0<strong>Hindu origin.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>The magnificent<strong>\u00a0mihrab<\/strong>\u00a0in<strong>\u00a0white marble<\/strong>\u00a0is a significant feature of this mosque.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"6\">\r\n<p><strong>Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/61Cr32BEpfGR7mjmZ1oU3ESZb9n6V_jOf5lHrXIEoU-oedqEd4BH2FE89T0MR4Dqea8Wx7MW0ajocVn2b5vMFKlqdjFHL_FVrchPRyCe2g0KHMhy0TzvY1FDUwYROEnv6EWrNqeA2CsxtrHsGmHGtA\" alt=\"\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"6\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>It was constructed in<strong>\u00a01193 C.E to 1197 C.E.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>It is also known as<strong>\u00a0the Might of Islam.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>First mosque built in Delhi<\/strong>\u00a0after the Islamic conquest of India.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Qutbuddin Aibak established his Government at the\u00a0<strong>citadel<\/strong>\u00a0called\u00a0<strong>Qila-i-Rai Pithaura (the fort of Prithviraj Chauhan)<\/strong>.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The mosque was constructed by demolishing twenty-seven\u00a0<strong>Brahmanical and Jain temples<\/strong>\u00a0inside the citadel.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The spoils of these<strong>\u00a0Hindu temples\u00a0<\/strong>were the main construction material for this mosque.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The massive\u00a0<strong>stone screen\u00a0<\/strong>with five graceful arches, the central one being the highest, is not built on the true arch principle.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The ornamentation of the screens shows typical\u00a0<strong>Hindu decorative floral elements, serpentine tendrils and undulating leaves.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>The only new element that was introduced by the Muslims is the\u00a0<strong>Arabic inscription.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Aram Shah (1210-1211 AD)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"12\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After the sudden death of\u00a0<strong>Qutabuddin Aibak,\u00a0<\/strong>his officers placed\u00a0<strong>Aram Baksh,\u00a0<\/strong>also known as Aram Shah, at Lahore.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The<strong>\u00a0Delhi subjects\u00a0<\/strong>did not accept the rule of Aram Shah; they invited Iltutmish, the son-in-law of<strong>\u00a0Qutabuddin Aibak,\u00a0<\/strong>to ascend the Delhi throne.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Iltutmish marched to Delhi, defeated and Killed\u00a0<strong>Aram Shah<\/strong>\u00a0in the\u00a0<strong>battle<\/strong><strong>of Jud\u00a0<\/strong>near Delhi and became the sovereign ruler of Delhi in\u00a0<strong>1211 AD.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"4\">\r\n<p><strong>Shamshuddin Iltutmish<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>(AD 1210\u20131236)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"12\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>He shifted his\u00a0<strong>capital from Lahore to Delhi.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>The credit for consolidating the Delhi Sultanate lies largely with him.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Revolts\/Threats:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>During the first 10 years of his reign, he concentrated on securing his throne from his rivals<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Other commanders of\u00a0<strong>Muhammad Ghori,\u00a0<\/strong>like\u00a0<strong>Yaldauz, Qubacha and Ali Mardan,<\/strong>\u00a0rose in defiance again. He defeated\u00a0<strong>Yaldauz\u00a0<\/strong>in AD 1215 in the\u00a0<strong>battle of Tarain.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>In c.1217 CE, he drove away Qabacha from Punjab.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The rising power of\u00a0<strong>Mongols<\/strong>\u00a0under\u00a0<strong>Chenghiz Khan<\/strong>\u00a0threatened the<strong>\u00a0North West Frontier\u00a0<\/strong>of the Sultanate.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>In 1221, Jalaluddin Mangbarani\u00a0<\/strong>(son of the\u00a0<strong>Shah of Khwarizm<\/strong>), while escaping from the Mongols, sought shelter at\u00a0<strong>Iltutmish\u2019s court.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>Iltutmish turned him away. He thus saved the Sultanate from destruction by the\u00a0<strong>Mongols<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>In AD 1226\u201327, Iltutmish sent a large army under his son\u00a0<strong>Nasiruddin Mahmud<\/strong>\u00a0which defeated<strong>\u00a0Iwaz Khan<\/strong>\u00a0and brought\u00a0<strong>Bengal and Bihar\u00a0<\/strong>back into the Delhi Sultanate.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Similarly, a campaign was also launched against the\u00a0<strong>Rajput chiefs.<\/strong><strong>Ranthambore\u00a0<\/strong>was captured in AD 1226<\/li>\r\n\t<li>By AD 1231, Iltutmish had established his authority over\u00a0<strong>Mandor, Jalore, Bayana and Gwalior.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>He divided his empire into Iqtas (assignment of land instead of salary). Every Iqtadars had to maintain law and order and collect revenue.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>He also organised his trusted nobles or officers into a group of \u201c<strong>Forty\u201d (Turkan-i-Chahalgani).<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>He issued purely Arabic coinage of silver tanka weighing 175 grams, which remains the basis of the modern rupee and copper Jital.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Ibn Battuta<\/strong>\u00a0describes him as the first independent ruler of Delhi.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>He was succeeded by his son<strong>\u00a0Ruknuddin Iltutmish.<\/strong>\u00a0He was an incompetent ruler, so nobles and the army appointed his half-sister\u00a0<strong>Razia<\/strong>\u00a0on the throne.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"12\"><strong>Contributions to Art and Architecture:<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"6\">\r\n<p><strong>Hauz-e-Shamsi (Delhi)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/Dhk6Rh9d61dU66I3XiosVd_4co5uAgVridDFwK_gM_0aITz1Msj_McfbxMStjpAQp47bUtquslKu7ykNulWrk2M-CTvcubcE90Ea5IhoLHf9n5BMTrIiAxBnUSb10Ewqq0u7stj0MhHJosPf2CtC5A\" alt=\"\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"6\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>It was built in\u00a0<\/strong>1229 CE<\/li>\r\n\t<li>It was also known as<strong>\u00a0Shamshi Talab.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>It is a<strong>\u00a0water storage reservoir\u00a0<\/strong>or tank.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Material<\/strong>: Red sandstone<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Islamic Prophet Mohammad\u00a0<\/strong>directed Iltutmish in his dreams to build the reservoir at a particular site.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>It is a\u00a0<strong>double-storeyed structure\u00a0<\/strong>supported on<strong>\u00a0twelve pillars.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"6\">\r\n<p><strong>Gandhak ki Baoli (Delhi)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/79BhqcQYbIyh7DgdEILuYHFeSTwku8DzdtqET-bxeGRLGXvvTv9WpSLD0tsO1GQAtD77euXocchFUyCDRviXbmp-cUPzqBEaNiOeRCfyqs1EP3C2tV-lmXLFFf7AnE5S9tfPOt3FncH3b5sEP4oROg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"6\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>It was built\u00a0<\/strong>in the early 13th century.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>It is one of the\u00a0<strong>Boalis of Mehrauli.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>It is a step well with<strong>\u00a0sulphur\u00a0<\/strong>content in water.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>It was built under the orders of Sultan Iltutmish so that the Sufi Saint Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki and his disciples could make use of its healing, sulphur-rich water.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>It has\u00a0<strong>decorative architectural features<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"6\">\r\n<p><strong>Sultan Garhi (Delhi)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/C-t2_qrvDr9ubu96QvzjrJfDav78KG6tASbWvNff9r5k6srvjXyRfLB0bMfgoO5yFwRhssM7hRRHdjoyxw2m9oU3ADjfjltsvPzCsr_GlPERuZwqXGABznJi6NHyuybIRMpJFH8Rs8goB2rMGQN3iw\" alt=\"\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"6\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>It was\u00a0<strong>built in 1231 AD.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>Iltutmish built this over the remains of his eldest son\u00a0<strong>Nasiruddin Mahmud.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Material:\u00a0<\/strong>Grey Granite, Red Sandstone &amp; Marble with Hindu motif and later-era\u00a0<strong>Islamic inscription.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>It is the oldest<strong>\u00a0Islamic mausoleum<\/strong>\u00a0in India.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Structure:<\/strong>\u00a0It is in the form of a\u00a0<strong>fortress\u00a0<\/strong>with a\u00a0<strong>courtyard-like layout.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>The tomb is built on the site of a\u00a0<strong>Pratihara-era Hindu temple.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>It has a distinctly\u00a0<strong>military appearance.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>The tomb was repaired later by<strong>\u00a0Firoz Shah Tughluq.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"6\">\r\n<p><strong>Jama Masjid Shamsi (Uttar Pradesh)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh5.googleusercontent.com\/MA3GYtTEnpZjx8AGQO_NnwYJTFb9W2ZBX_ZtnhoWuOIXv38zXRWjXv3kTQeZVrKX3ozjFUEPW2u3hOoSEcMxRFdLn3Li2DRT8EoJZAySc1W6lgdK_rxzeF2ZMi3XGn0S-4uopm4XaDNIYoajw1-Kkw\" alt=\"\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"6\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>It was built in<\/strong><strong>1233 AD.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Architecture<\/strong>: Persian and Afghan architecture.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Material:<\/strong>\u00a0Red marble and white marble (Sangemarmar- used on the floor).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>It has a<strong>\u00a0central dome<\/strong>\u00a0surrounded by two more domes and 5 other domes too.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"6\">\r\n<p><strong>Tomb of Iltutmish (Delhi)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/_MokdlLi7HYY6I7WNhWIaocytxqoVjzxTXS1i425eLqpekI69JYmyMFo8jKxCPpAg4ZDUEXzCzOEAldw2gGGuzDl3feVyj9kioPB0QSiedc57YYY11ANaMNiWw5x14WGc5uQPUjbsR4fE7Lro6RDwQ\" alt=\"\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"6\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>It was built in<\/strong>\u00a01235 CE.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>It is a part of the\u00a0<strong>Qutb Minar Complex.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Material:\u00a0<\/strong>Red sandstone<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The tomb has<strong>\u00a0three arched entrances<\/strong>\u00a0on the north, south and east, and a mihrab on the west.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>There are beautiful inscriptions on the stone in<strong>\u00a0Kufri, Tugra and Nashtaliq characters.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>The double-arched mihrab in\u00a0<strong>white marble<\/strong>\u00a0is a rich amalgamation of<strong>\u00a0Hindu art into Islamic architecture.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Razia Sultan (1236 AD-1240 AD)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"12\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Raziya Sultan was the<strong>\u00a0first female Muslim ruler of South Asia.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>She dispensed justice without discrimination and held a\u00a0<strong>court\u00a0<\/strong>every week in which the earlier arrangement of female guards and the screen was done away with.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>She also gave up the\u00a0<strong>purdah (veil),<\/strong>\u00a0which she realised was an impediment to the effective handling of administrative affairs, discarded the<strong>\u00a0traditional female attire<\/strong>\u00a0and adopted the\u00a0<strong>male wardrobe.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Her official name:<\/strong>\u00a0Sultan Razat al-Dunya wal Din bint al-Sultan.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Raziya was an accomplished\u00a0<strong>poetess<\/strong>, and she patronised men of letters.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Madarasa-i Nasiriya<\/strong>\u00a0of Delhi became the centre of learning during her reign.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Revolt with Altunia, the governor of Tabarhinda,<\/strong>\u00a0in which she was defeated and captured. Raziya\u2019s brother,<strong>\u00a0Bahram Shah,<\/strong>\u00a0took the opportunity to ascend the throne.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Raziya married Altunia to retrieve her throne, Raziya, along with Altunia, collected an army of\u00a0<strong>Khokhars, Jats, Rajputs and a few Turkish\u00a0<\/strong>nobles and marched towards Delhi in 1240 CE.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>In the ensuing battle, Razia\u2019s army met with defeat, and while riding back to\u00a0<strong>Kaithal,<\/strong>\u00a0she and Altunia were killed.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Successors<\/strong>:\u00a0<strong>Behram Shah<\/strong>\u00a0(AD 1240\u201342) and\u00a0<strong>Masud Shah<\/strong>\u00a0(AD 1242\u201346) were made\u00a0<strong>Sultans\u00a0<\/strong>and removed in succession.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After them, in AD 1246,\u00a0<strong>Ulugh Khan<\/strong>\u00a0(later known as Balban) placed\u00a0<strong>Nasiruddin (grandson of Iltutmish)<\/strong>\u00a0on the throne and assumed the position of Naib (deputy).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>According to\u00a0<strong>Ibn Battuta and Isami,<\/strong>\u00a0Balban poisoned his master Nasiruddin and ascended the throne.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Ghiyas-ud-din Balban (1266-87 AD)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"12\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Balban ruled in an<strong>\u00a0autocratic manner\u00a0<\/strong>and worked hard to elevate the position of the Sultan.1<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Court poets:<\/strong>\u00a0Amir Khusrau and Mir Hasan Dehalwi<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Balban adopted a\u00a0<strong>policy of consolidation rather than expansion.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>He introduced a new theory of\u00a0<strong>kingship<\/strong>\u00a0and redefined the relations between the\u00a0<strong>Sultan and nobility.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>He broke up the\u00a0<strong>'Chahalgani'<\/strong>(group of the forty most important nobles) in the court.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>He followed the policy of Blood and Iron and appointed\u00a0<strong>spies<\/strong>\u00a0in every department. He organised a strong\u00a0<strong>centralisd army<\/strong>\u00a0to deal with internal disturbances and to repel the\u00a0<strong>Mongols\u00a0<\/strong>who had entrenched themselves in the\u00a0<strong>Punjab.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>He separated the Diwan-i-unzarat (Finance Department) from the Diwan-i-Arz (Military Department).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The disturbances in\u00a0<strong>Mewat, Doab, Awadh and Katihar<\/strong>\u00a0were ruthlessly suppressed.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Balban also secured control over\u00a0<strong>Ajmer and Nagaur<\/strong>\u00a0in eastern\u00a0<strong>Rajputana,\u00a0<\/strong>but his attempts to capture\u00a0<strong>Ranthambore and Gwalior\u00a0<\/strong>failed.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Revolt with Tughril Beg (1279 AD):\u00a0<\/strong>Governor of\u00a0<strong>Bengal<\/strong>, Tughril Beg, revolted and assumed the title of Sultan. Balban sent his forces to Bengal and had Tughril killed. Subsequently, he appointed his own son\u00a0<strong>Bughra Khan<\/strong>\u00a0as the<strong>\u00a0Governor of Bengal<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>To demonstrate his authority over the aristocracy, Balban instituted strict court discipline and new rituals like\u00a0<strong>sijada (prostration) and paibos\u00a0<\/strong>(kissing Sultan's feet).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>He introduced the\u00a0<strong>Persian festival<\/strong>\u00a0of<strong>\u00a0Nauroz.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<h2><strong>Literature of Slave Dynasty<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<figure>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Literature of Slave Dynasty<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Book<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Description<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Jawami-ul-Hikayat\u00a0<\/strong>by\u00a0<strong>Sadidu\u2019d din Muhammad Awfi Bukhari<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Time period:<\/strong>\u00a013th century<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Language:\u00a0<\/strong>Persian<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Sadidu\u2019d din Muhammad Awfi Bukhari lived during the reign of the Iltutmish.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Tabaqat-i-Nasiri\u00a0<\/strong>by\u00a0<strong>Minhaj-i-Siraj<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The history of the first fifty years of Muslim rule in Bengal is found only in this text.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Shamsuddin Iltutmish<\/strong>\u00a0patronised<strong>\u00a0Minhaj-i-Siraj<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Minhaj-i-Siraj discussed the history of Bengal under Sultan Shamsuddin Iltutmish and his successors.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Minhaj-i-Siraj came to the court of Nasiruddin Qubacha at Uchch, who appointed him a Qazi.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>During his reign, he wrote Tabaqat-i-Nasiri and dedicated this to the reigning sultan.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Taj-ul-Maasir\u00a0<\/strong>by\u00a0<strong>Hasan Nizami<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Time period:\u00a0<\/strong>1229 AD<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Language:\u00a0<\/strong>Persian<\/li>\r\n\t<li>This book is the first official history of the Delhi Sultanate.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>It starts with the\u00a0<strong>second battle of Tarain<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Hasan Nizami arrived in Delhi before the assassination of the<strong>\u00a0Muhammad of Ghor<\/strong>\u00a0in 1206.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Tarikh-i-Mubarakshahi\u00a0<\/strong>by\u00a0<strong>Yahya bin Ahmad bin Abdullah Sarhindi\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>It is a history of India of the\u00a0<strong>sultanate period.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>The book commences from the reign of\u00a0<strong>Sultan Muizuddin Muhammad bin Sam (<\/strong><strong>Muhammad Ghori<\/strong><strong>)\u00a0<\/strong>and abruptly ends in 1434.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The author was favourably placed in the government circle in the reign of\u00a0<strong>Sultan Mubarak Shah\u00a0<\/strong>(1421-1434 AD) of the Sayyid dynasty of Delhi.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<h2><strong>Decline of Slave Dynasty<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>After the death of\u00a0<strong>Balban<\/strong>\u00a0(1287 AD), the nobles raised his grandson\u00a0<strong>Kaiquabad<\/strong>\u00a0to the throne. He was soon replaced by his son,\u00a0<strong>Kaimurs,\u00a0<\/strong>who remained on the throne for a little over three months.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>During Balban\u2019s reign,<strong>\u00a0Jalal-ud-din Firoz Khilji<\/strong>\u00a0had been the warden of the marches in the north-west and had fought many successful battles against the Mongols.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>He was called to Delhi as<strong>\u00a0Ariz-i-Mumalik (Minister of War).<\/strong>\u00a0In AD 1290, Firoz murdered\u00a0<strong>Kaimurs\u00a0<\/strong>and seized the throne.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>A group of Khilji nobles led by him established the\u00a0<strong>Khilji dynasty<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong>\u00a0It brought to an end the\u00a0<strong>slave dynasty,\u00a0<\/strong>and Firoz ascended the throne under the title of\u00a0<strong>Jalaluddin Khilji.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Slave dynasty also known as Mamluk dynasty founded by Qutbuddin Aibak ruled Delhi from 1206 to 1290.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":19935,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[173],"tags":[40,291],"class_list":{"0":"post-5359","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-quest-level-3","8":"tag-quest","9":"tag-slave-dynasty"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5359","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5359"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5359\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19591,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5359\/revisions\/19591"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19935"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5359"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5359"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5359"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}