{"id":6018,"date":"2026-08-29T15:02:08","date_gmt":"2026-08-29T09:32:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=6018"},"modified":"2026-08-29T15:36:29","modified_gmt":"2026-08-29T10:06:29","slug":"carnatic-wars","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/carnatic-wars\/","title":{"rendered":"Carnatic Wars, 1st, 2nd &#038; 3rd Carnatic War, Reasons, UPSC Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The <\/span><b>Carnatic Wars<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, fought between the British East India Company and the French East India Company between 1746 and 1763, marked a crucial chapter in Indian history. These wars, fought in the south of India, known as the Carnatic region, were part of the larger global conflict, the <\/span><b>Seven Years' War<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, between Britain and France.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>The Carnatic Wars <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">resulted in a shift of power and territorial control, with the British East India Company ultimately emerging as the dominant colonial power in India. These conflicts shaped the course of Indian affairs under British colonial rule and paved the way for significant changes in governance and administration.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Carnatic Wars Background<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The <\/span><b>Carnatic Wars <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(Anglo-Carnatic Wars) arose from an intense imperial rivalry between the British and French East India Companies, both contesting for political and commercial hegemony across the Indian subcontinent.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>European Spillover<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Geopolitical conflicts in Europe, such as the <\/span><b>War of the Austrian Succession<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and the <\/span><b>Seven Years' War<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, translated directly into military hostility between the British and French trading companies in India.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Commercial Monopolies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Both powers aggressively pursued exclusive trade rights and commercial dominance over the highly lucrative <\/span><b>Coromandel Coast<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Mughal Power Vacuum<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The disintegration and weakening of the central <\/span><b>Mughal authority<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> created local fragmentation, allowing European powers to intervene directly in regional dynastic succession disputes, notably in <\/span><b>Hyderabad <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and <\/span><b>Arcot<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Proxy Warfare<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: To extract territorial grants, revenues, and political leverage, both colonial powers actively supported <\/span><b>rival native princes and Nawabs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> as strategic pawns.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Carnatic Wars Timeline<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Carnatic Wars were a series of three major 18th-century military conflicts fought by the British East India Company and the French East India Company for dominance in India.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>1746\u20131748: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">First Carnatic War began during the War of the Austrian Succession; the French captured Madras.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>1748: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle restored Madras to the British, ending the First War.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>1749\u20131754: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Second Carnatic War was fought over succession disputes in Hyderabad and the Carnatic; Robert Clive emerged as a key British leader.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>1756\u20131763: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Third Carnatic War coincided with the Seven Years' War.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>1763: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Treaty of Paris ended French political ambitions in India, establishing British supremacy.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">First Carnatic War (1746-48)<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">First Carnatic War (1746\u201348), triggered by Europe's<\/span><b> Austrian War of Succession<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, pitted British and French colonial ambitions against each other in South India. The war shifted regional power through the Fall of Madras and revolutionary French military victories.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Austrian War of Succession: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Austrian War of Succession<\/span><b>,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> fought in Europe, had repercussions in India. These European conflicts between Britain and France also led to disputes over their colonial possessions in <\/span><b>North America and India.<\/b><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Escalation of Tensions: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">When the war broke out, <\/span><b>Dupleix<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the new Governor of Pondicherry, appealed to Morse, the governor of Madras, to remain neutral. However, a British squadron under<\/span><b> Commodore Barnett <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">captured some French vessels carrying Indian goods, escalating the tensions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Assistance of Carnatic: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shocked by this incident, Dupleix sought assistance from <\/span><b>Anwar-ud-din<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the Nawab of Carnatic, to avoid war with the English. This led to a period of relative calm.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>French Involvement: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dupleix contacted La Bourdonnais, the<\/span><b> French Governor<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of the Isle of France, who arrived in Indian waters with eight warships. <\/span><b>Peyton<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, leading the English squadron with four ships, intercepted the French squadron.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Setback: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the battle on July 6, 1746, Peyton suffered setbacks and retreated to <\/span><b>Hoogly, Calcutta<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, while expecting reinforcements from Britain.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Capture of Madras<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 1746, French forces under La Bourdonnais captured Madras from the British. Dupleix subsequently wanted to retain Madras, creating disagreement with La Bourdonnais over its future. The Nawab of Carnatic, Anwar-ud-din, demanded that the French return Madras. When the French refused, the Nawab sent an army against them.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Battle of Adyar\/St Thom\u00e9<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The French defeated the Nawab\u2019s much larger army at the Battle of St Thom\u00e9, near the Adyar River in 1746. This battle demonstrated the military strength, discipline, training, and artillery advantage of European forces. The victory showed that a small, well-trained European force could defeat a much larger Indian army lacking modern organisation and military technology.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Siege of Pondicherry<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The British subsequently attempted to capture Pondicherry. Two British attempts led by <\/span><b>Rear-Admiral<\/b> <b>Boscowen<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to capture Pondicherry failed. However, the French successfully defended the settlement, and the British siege was eventually abandoned. By 1748, France and England had signed the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Result of First Carnatic War<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The War of the Austrian Succession ended in Europe with the <\/span><b>Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in 1748, bringing the First Carnatic War to an end.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Under the treaty:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Madras was restored to the British.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">France regained Louisbourg in North America from Britain.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">No major territorial change took place in India.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The conflict temporarily ended Anglo-French hostilities in the Carnatic.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The war was inconclusive in territorial terms, but it revealed the weaknesses of Indian armies and encouraged both European companies to interfere more actively in Indian political affairs.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Second Carnatic War (1749-54)<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Second Carnatic War was different from the first. It was mainly caused by succession disputes in Hyderabad and the Carnatic, rather than a direct European war.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Background<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Two major succession disputes in the Carnatic and Hyderabad provided an opportunity for British and French intervention. After the death of <\/span><b>Nizam-ul-Mulk<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the ruler of Hyderabad, a struggle began between Nasir Jang and Muzaffar Jang for the position of Nizam. At the same time, a succession dispute arose in the Carnatic between <\/span><b>Chanda Sahib<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><b>Muhammad Ali<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>French Support: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dupleix supported <\/span><b>Muzaffar Jung<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the grandson of <\/span><b>Asaf Jah,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> as the <\/span><b>Nizam of Hyderabad<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. In the Carnatic region, he supported <\/span><b>Chanda Sahib's<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> claim. A<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">triple alliance was formed among the French, the Nizam, and the Nawab of Carnatic.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>English Support: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To diminish French influence, the English backed rival candidates <\/span><b>Nasir Jung<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for the throne of Nizam of Hyderabad and Muhammad Ali.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Course of Second Carnatic War<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Initially, the French achieved considerable success under Dupleix. Their allies defeated Anwar-ud-din Khan at the Battle of Ambur in 1749. Chanda Sahib became Nawab of Carnatic, while Muzaffar Jang gained control in Hyderabad. Dupleix appeared close to establishing French political dominance in South India.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>French Success: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Battle of Ambur was followed by the victorious forces' entry into the Deccan. The<\/span><b> French army <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">killed Nasir Jung, and Muzaffar Jung was appointed as the Nizam of Hyderabad in December 1750.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Death of Nasir Jung: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">When Muzaffar Jung sought French protection, Dupleix sent <\/span><b>Bussy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a French general, with a sizeable force. However, Muzaffar Jung's reign was short-lived, as he was assassinated by the same group that killed Nasir Jung. Salabat Jung, Nazir Jung's brother, was immediately seated on the throne.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Decision to Capture Tiruchirappalli: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">With the help of the French and the Nizam, Chanda Sahib decided to seize <\/span><b>Tiruchirappalli <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">to oppose British influence and capture Mohammad Ali.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Robert Clive and Siege of Arcot:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> To break the French siege at Tiruchirappalli, British Commander <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/robert-clive\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Robert Clive<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> executed a brilliant diversionary attack on Arcot, turning the tide of the war and establishing British dominance in the Carnatic.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 1751, Clive captured Arcot, the capital of the Carnatic, with a relatively small force. Clive successfully defended Arcot against the forces of Chanda Sahib and the French.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Decline of French: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The British victory weakened the French-backed alliance and strengthened Muhammad Ali\u2019s claim to the Carnatic throne. The French government became increasingly dissatisfied with the financial and political costs of Dupleix's intervention. Dupleix was recalled to France in 1754.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Result of Second Carnatic War<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Second Carnatic War ended with the Treaty of Pondicherry in 1754. Its major results were:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Muhammad Ali was recognised as the Nawab of Carnatic.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">British influence in the Carnatic increased significantly.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dupleix was recalled to France because of the high cost and failure of French policy.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The French political position in South India weakened.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The British gained confidence in using Indian political disputes for territorial expansion.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Third Carnatic War ( 1756-63)<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Third Carnatic War was linked to the Seven Years\u2019 War between Britain and France in Europe. It was the final and most decisive conflict between the British and French East India Companies in India.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Seven Years' War: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Seven Years' War was a <\/span><b>global conflict <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">between Britain and France, their long-standing rivals. It <\/span><b>encompassed battles <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">in various regions, including <\/span><b>North America <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and West Africa.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Manifestation in India: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Once again, hostilities in Europe spread to India. This time, however, the British emerged decisively victorious.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Course of the Third Carnatic War (1756-63)<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">With the outbreak of the Seven Years' War, Robert Clive captured <\/span><b>Chandranagore<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the French settlement in Bengal, effectively ending French influence in that region. However, the French still maintained their power in the South.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Count de Lally: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The French government appointed him as the Supreme Commander of the French forces in India. Lally swiftly secured <\/span><b>Fort St. David <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">after a brief siege, as the British were actively involved in Bengal.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Developments in Deccan: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the Deccan region, the political situation quickly changed against the French, resulting in the loss of both <\/span><b>Rajahmundry <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">in 1758 and <\/span><b>Masulipatam <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">in 1759.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Nizam\u2019s agreement with the British: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Nizam of Hyderabad, Salabat Jung, without engaging in battle, signed an agreement with the British, transferring <\/span><b>Masulipatam and the Northern Circars <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">from French control to the English.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Siege of Madras: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Siege of Madras commenced in December 1758, and although both sides suffered casualties, the French could not make significant progress.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Eventually, <\/span><b>General Pocock<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> arrived with a fleet to provide relief for Madras, forcing Lally to lift the siege and retreat to Kanchipuram.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Battle of Wandiwash and the Fall of Pondicherry<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The decisive event of the Third Carnatic War was the Battle of Wandiwash, fought on 22 January 1760 in present-day Tamil Nadu. The British army, commanded by Sir Eyre Coote, defeated the French army led by Count de Lally. The battle destroyed French military power in South India. After Wandiwash:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The British captured Pondicherry in 1761. In the same year, the British also gained control of Mahe, another French possession on the west coast.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The French lost most of their military and political influence in India.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">French ambitions to establish an empire in India were effectively ended.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Result of Third Carnatic War<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The hostilities eventually concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in <\/span><b>1763<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, marking the end of the <\/span><b>Seven Years' War<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. As per the treaty, Pondicherry and Chandranagore were restored to the French.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>French Confinements: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The French were subsequently limited to Pondicherry, Karaikal, and Yanaon (all in the Union Territory of Puducherry), Mahe (in the Kannur district of Kerala), and Chandranagore (in Chandannagar, Bengal).<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>British as Dominant Power: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">With the culmination of the war, the English emerged as the dominant <\/span><b>colonial power<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in India. <\/span><b>The East India Company<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> had transitioned from a trading company to a territorial power, solidifying British control over significant parts of the Indian subcontinent.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reasons for British Success in Carnatic Wars<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The outcome of the Carnatic Wars was determined by contrasting structural, naval, and financial advantages that enabled the British to outmanoeuvre the state-controlled French East India Company.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Naval Supremacy:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The British Royal Navy dominated the seas, securing transport lines for troops and supplies while blocking French outposts from receiving crucial European reinforcements.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Corporate Autonomy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Operating as a private corporate entity, the English East India Company enjoyed high decision-making flexibility and a clear commercial focus.\u00a0 The French company functioned as a rigid, slow-moving state concern controlled and regulated by the French government.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Territorial and Financial Assets:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Holding three secure hubs in Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay, the British leveraged Bengal\u2019s vast wealth to fund long campaigns, while the French remained isolated at Pondicherry.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Strategic Leadership:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Outstanding commanders like Robert Clive and Eyre Coote provided superior direction, which, combined with the premature recall of French governor <\/span><b>Dupleix<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, created a critical leadership deficit.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Carnatic Wars UPSC PYQs<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Q1: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Clarify how mid-eighteenth-century India was beset with the spectre of a fragmented polity. <\/span><b>(UPSC Mains 2017)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Q2<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: With reference to Indian history, which of the following statements is\/are correct? <\/span><b>(UPSC Prelims 2021)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Nizamat of Arcot emerged out of Hyderabad State.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Mysore Kingdom emerged from the Vijayanagara Empire.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Rohilkhand Kingdom was formed out of the territories occupied by Ahmad Shah Durrani.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) 1 and 2 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) 2 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) 2 and 3 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) 3 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Ans: (b)<\/b><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Carnatic Wars were a series of conflicts between British &#038; French East India Companies influencing India&#8217;s colonial history. Check about Carnatic Wars, 1st, 2nd &#038; 3rd Carnatic War, Reasons, UPSC Notes<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":15096,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[38,20],"tags":[769,40,1067],"class_list":["post-6018","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-upsc-notes","category-upsc-modern-history-notes","tag-carnatic-wars","tag-quest","tag-upsc-modern-history-notes"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6018","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6018"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6018\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":28730,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6018\/revisions\/28730"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15096"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6018"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6018"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6018"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}