{"id":6198,"date":"2026-01-05T11:18:17","date_gmt":"2026-01-05T05:48:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=6198"},"modified":"2026-01-06T11:53:53","modified_gmt":"2026-01-06T06:23:53","slug":"process-of-law-making","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/process-of-law-making\/","title":{"rendered":"Process of Law Making"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>What is the law-making function of the Parliament?<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The\u00a0<strong>Parliament<\/strong>\u00a0of India, comprising the\u00a0<strong>President<\/strong>, the\u00a0<strong>Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People)<\/strong>, is the supreme legislative body of the country. One of the main functions of the Parliament is to make laws for the country's governance.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The law-making process in the Parliament begins with the introduction of a bill and ends with the assent of the President. The Parliament also has the power to amend or repeal any existing law, as well as to delegate its law-making powers to other bodies such as\u00a0<strong>state legislatures<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0<strong>local authorities<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>What are the different types of bills that can be introduced in parliament?<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p>Several bills can be introduced in the Indian Parliament:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Ordinary bills<\/strong>: These are bills that relate to any matter other than financial or constitutional matters.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>They can be introduced in the Rajya Sabha or the Lok Sabha, and they follow a prescribed process to become law.<strong>\u00a0(Articles: 107, 108, and 111)<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Financial bills<\/strong>: These are bills that relate to the imposition, abolition, alteration, or regulation of taxes, the borrowing of money, or the appropriation of money from the Consolidated Fund of India.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>They can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha, and they follow a prescribed process to become law.\u00a0<strong>(Article: 117)<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Constitutional amendment <\/strong><strong>bills<\/strong>: These are bills that seek to alter the provisions of the Constitution of India.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>They must be passed by a special majority in both houses of the Parliament and the legislatures of at least half of the states.\u00a0<strong>(Article: 368)<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/money-bill\/#:~:text=Money%20bills%20can%20only%20be,the%20Rajya%20Sabha%20for%20consideration.\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Money bills<\/strong><\/a>: These are bills that contain only provisions dealing with all or any of the matters specified in the definition of a financial bill.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>They can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha and must be passed by it.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The Rajya Sabha can only make recommendations on a money bill, and the Lok Sabha is not bound to accept any of these recommendations.<strong>\u00a0(Articles: 109 and 110)<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<figure>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>Private members' bills<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>Government bills<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>These are bills introduced by members of Parliament who are not ministers.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>These are bills introduced by ministers on behalf of the government.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>They can be introduced in either the Rajya Sabha or the Lok Sabha.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>They can be introduced in either the Rajya Sabha or the Lok Sabha.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>They have a lower chance of being passed than government bills.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>They have a higher chance of being passed than private members' bills.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<p>Table: Classification of Bills (based on the individual who introduces)<\/p>\r\n<h2><strong>What are the stages that an ordinary Bill has to pass through in Parliament to become a law?<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p>Here is a summary of the stages that an ordinary bill has to pass through in the Indian Parliament to become law:<\/p>\r\n<figure>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>Stages<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>Description<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>A bill is introduced in either the Rajya Sabha or the Lok Sabha.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Reference to a standing\/select committee<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>The bill is referred to a standing committee or a select committee for detailed examination and report.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Consideration and report by the committee<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>The committee considers the bill and submits a report to the house.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Discussion and voting in the house<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>The bill is placed before the house for discussion and voting. If passed, it is sent to the other house.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Consideration and voting in the other house<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>The bill is considered and voted upon in the other house. If<\/p>\r\n<p>passed, it is sent back to the original house.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Resolution of differences<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>If there are differences between the two houses, a joint committee is constituted to resolve the differences.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Assent of the President<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>If the bill is passed by both houses, it is sent to the President for his\/her assent. If given, the bill becomes an Act of Parliament.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<p>Table: Stages of a bill in the Parliament<\/p>\r\n<h2><strong>What is joint sitting, and what are the conditions that call for joint sitting?<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p>A joint sitting of Parliament in India is a session of both houses of Parliament (the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha) sitting together as a single body.<\/p>\r\n<p>As per\u00a0<strong>Article 108<\/strong>\u00a0of the Constitution, a Joint session of Parliament can be summoned in the following situation:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>When a bill has been passed by one house of Parliament (either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha) but has been rejected or not returned by the other house within a specified time period. In this case, a joint sitting may be called to resolve the deadlock and allow the bill to be passed.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>When a bill has been passed by both houses of Parliament, but the President has returned it to Parliament for reconsideration. In this case, a joint sitting may be called to reconsider the bill and pass it again, if necessary.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Some of the provisions in joint sitting are:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Joint sittings are chaired by the\u00a0<strong>Speaker<\/strong>\u00a0of the Lok Sabha.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The\u00a0<strong>rules of procedure<\/strong>\u00a0for a joint sitting are the same as those for the\u00a0<strong>Lok Sabha<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Quorum<\/strong>\u00a0for joint sitting is\u00a0<strong>one-tenth<\/strong>\u00a0of the total members of both houses.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Joint sittings are typically called\u00a0<strong>only as a last resort<\/strong>\u00a0when other methods of resolving differences between the two houses of Parliament have failed.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>They are meant to ensure that important legislation can be passed and that the will of the majority is respected.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><strong>Bills so far passed in joint sitting<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p>Since 1950, the provision regarding the joint sitting of the two Houses has been invoked\u00a0<strong>only thrice.<\/strong>\u00a0The bills passed at joint sittings are<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Dowry Prohibition Bill, 1960.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Banking Service Commission (Repeal) Bill, 1977.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Prevention of Terrorism Bill, 2002.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 88.9946%;height: 161px\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Other Related Posts<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/emergency-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\">Emergency in India<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/process-of-law-making\/\" target=\"_blank\">Process of Law Making<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 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President.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":8404,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[239],"tags":[735,40],"class_list":{"0":"post-6198","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-quest-level-4","8":"tag-process-of-law-making","9":"tag-quest"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6198","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6198"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6198\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22818,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6198\/revisions\/22818"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8404"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6198"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6198"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6198"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}