{"id":7160,"date":"2026-04-08T12:01:24","date_gmt":"2026-04-08T06:31:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=7160"},"modified":"2026-04-10T11:46:04","modified_gmt":"2026-04-10T06:16:04","slug":"science-and-technology-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/science-and-technology-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"UPSC Science and Technology Notes 2026, Topic wise, Download\u00a0PDF"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The importance of Science and Technology Notes for UPSC Exam 2026 cannot be overstated which provide a comprehensive overview of the entire Science and Technology syllabus, ensuring that you cover all the necessary topics and help integrate current developments in science and technology with the static part of the syllabus, which is essential for the UPSC Exam 2026. A strong foundation in science and technology enhances one's ability to approach questions holistically. This article covers all the important Science and Technology Notes for UPSC for both Civil Services Prelims and Mains Exam.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><b>Science and Technology Notes for UPSC<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Science and Technology (S&amp;T) play a crucial role in contemporary issues and developments worldwide. Staying updated on technological advancements, scientific breakthroughs, and their applications is essential for tackling current affairs questions in the UPSC Exam 2026.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Our Science and Technology Notes are regularly updated, well-organized, and tailored to the UPSC Exam Pattern 2026. They not only help you understand the subject matter but also enable you to apply your knowledge to answer questions effectively in the exam.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><b>UPSC Science and Technology<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Preparing for the Science and Technology section of the UPSC Exam 2026 requires a strategic approach. These notes will help aspirants cover all necessary topics efficiently. Here is a list of important Science and Technology Notes for UPSC:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><b>Achievements of India in Science and Technology<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India's legacy in science spans ancient pioneers like Aryabhatta to modern innovators like Homi Bhabha and M.S. Swaminathan. Discover contributions in physics, agriculture, and research, highlighting renowned scientists, women in science, and groundbreaking achievements across centuries.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/achievements-of-india-in-science-and-technology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Achievements of India in Science and Technology<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/science-and-technology-in-ancient-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Science and Technology in Ancient India<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/aryabhatta\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Aryabhatta<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/sushruta\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sushruta - Father of Surgery in India<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/indian-physicists\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\"Indian Physicists - Top 10 Indian Physicists and their Contributions\"<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/sir-cv-raman\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sir CV Raman and his Contributions<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/jagadish-chandra-bose\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose - Father of Radio Science<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/subrahmanyan-chandrasekhar\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">S Chandrasekhar - Chandrasekhar Limit<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/satyendra-nath-bose\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Satyendra Nath Bose<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/famous-chemistry-scientists-of-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Famous Chemistry Scientists of India and Their Contributions<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-award\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/c-n-r-rao\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">CNR Rao<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/har-gobind-khorana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Har Gobind Khorana<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India's Achievements in Nuclear Sciences<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/homi-bhabha\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Homi Bhabha - Education, Biography, Inventions and Discoveries<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/sir-m-visvesvaraya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sir M Visvesvaraya<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/contributions-of-indians-to-agriculture\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Contributions of Indians to Agriculture<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/ms-swaminathan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">MS Swaminathan<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/verghese-kurien\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Verghese Kurien - Milkman of India<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/women-in-science\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Women in Science - Famous Women Scientists in India and their Roles<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/research-institutes-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Research Institutes in India<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/indian-neutrino-observatory\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indian Neutrino Observatory (INO)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/ligo-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">LIGO India<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/national-research-foundation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Anusandhan National Research Foundation<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/indian-mathematicians\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indian Mathematicians<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/srinivasa-ramanujan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Srinivasa Ramanujan - The Man Who Knew Infinity\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>Information and Communication Technology<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ICT is transforming global connectivity and innovation. Explore advancements like 5G and 6G technology, as well as their features, advantages, and applications. The Starlink project, space internet, WiFi, and supercomputers are revolutionizing communication, while LAN, WAN, and MAN networks support diverse data exchange systems.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/information-and-communication-technology-ict\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Information and Communication Technology<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/5g-technology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">5G Technology - Features, Advantages, Disadvantages, Applications<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/6g-technology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">6G Technology<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/space-internet\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Space Internet<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/starlink-project\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Starlink Project<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/supercomputer\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Supercomputers \u2013 Uses, Examples, Supercomputers in India<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wifi-technology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">WiFi Technology<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/difference-between-lan-man-and-wan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Difference between LAN, MAN and WAN<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>Space Technology<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Space technology encompasses orbits, satellite types, and missions like Gaganyaan, Chandrayaan 3, and Mangalyaan. It also includes advancements in rocket propulsion and cryogenic engines, ISRO innovations like NAVIC, global space agencies, and challenges like space debris and anti-satellite tests.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/space-technology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Space Technology in India &amp; Its Applications<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/types-of-orbits\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Types of Orbit<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lagrangian Point<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Low Earth Orbit<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sun Synchronous Orbit<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/types-of-satellite\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Types of Satellite<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Difference between Geosynchronous and Geostationary Orbit<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/anti-satellite-missile-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Anti-Satellite Missile Test (ASAT) - Mission Shakti<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/space-debris\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Space Debris - Issues, Challenges and Removal<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/geospatial-technology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Geospatial Technology<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/remote-sensing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Remote Sensing<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/satellite-launch-vehicles\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Satellite Launch Vehicles<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/rocket-propulsion\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rocket Propulsion - Types, Principles, Diagram, Elements<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/cryogenic-engine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cryogenic Technology - Cryogenic Engine and its Significance<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/reusable-launch-vehicle\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reusable Launch Vehicles<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/ramjet-vs-scramjet\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ramjet Vs Scramjet<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/vikas-engine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vikas Engine<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/pslv-polar-satellite-launch-vehicle\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">PSLV - Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/geosynchronous-satellite-launch-vehicle\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">GSLV - Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/lvm3-gslv-mk3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">LVM3 - GSLV Mk3<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/isro\/\" target=\"_blank\">Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) \u2013 History, Challenges, Achievements<\/a><br \/>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/vikram-sarabhai\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vikram Sarabhai<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/apj-abdul-kalam\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">APJ Abdul Kalam, Biography, Full Name, Contributions, Awards<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/gps-aided-geo-augmented-navigation-gagan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">GAGAN<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/irnss-navic\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">NAVIC - IRNSS: Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rocket Launching Stations in India<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/indian-space-programs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indian Space Program<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/gaganyaan-mission\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gaganyaan Mission<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/mangalyaan-mars-orbiter-mission\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mangalyaan<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/shukrayaan-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shukrayaan 1<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/nisar-mission\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">NISAR\u00a0 (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar Mission)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/aditya-l1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Aditya-L1: India\u2019s First Dedicated Solar Mission<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/chandrayaan-3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chandrayaan 3<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Top Space Agencies in the World\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/hubble-space-telescope\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Hubble Space Telescope<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/james-webb-space-telescope\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/new-horizons-mission\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">New Horizon Mission<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/international-space-station\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">International Space Station<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>Robotics<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Robotics involves the design and application of robots for various tasks. In warfare, robots enhance precision and safety, while in agriculture, robotics improves efficiency through automated planting, harvesting, and monitoring, advancing productivity and sustainability in both fields.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/robotics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Robotics<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/robotics-in-warfare\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Robotics in Warfare<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/robotics-in-agriculture\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Robotics in Agriculture<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>Nanotechnology<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the atomic level for diverse applications. In medicine, it enables targeted drug delivery and diagnostics, while in manufacturing, agriculture, energy, and environmental conservation, it enhances efficiency and sustainability. Key innovations include nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and graphene.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/nanotechnology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nanotechnology<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/nanotechnology-in-medicine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nanotechnology in Medicine<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/applications-of-nanotechnology-in-manufacturing-industry\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Applications of Nanotechnology in Manufacturing Industry<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/nanotechnology-in-agriculture\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nanotechnology in Agriculture<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/nanotechnology-energy-environment\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nanotechnology in Energy and Environmental Conservation<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nanoparticles<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Carbon Nanotubes<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Graphene<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>Biotechnology<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biotechnology harnesses biological systems for advancements in medicine, agriculture, and industry. Key areas include genetic engineering, genome sequencing, and RNA interference technology. Innovations like gene therapy, CAR T-cell therapy, GM crops (e.g., BT cotton), and bioinformatics are transforming healthcare, agriculture, and environmental sustainability.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/biotechnology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Biotechnology, Meaning, Applications, Challenges, Methods<\/a><br \/>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/genetic-engineering\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Genetic Engineering<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/genome-sequencing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Genome Sequencing<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/polymerase-chain-reaction\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Polymerase Chain Reaction - RT-PCR, principles, mechanisms and applications<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/recombinant-dna-technology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Recombinant DNA Technology - Tools, Process, Applications<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/rna-interference\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">RNA Interference Technology - Mechanism, Steps, Applications of RNA Interference Technology<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/dna-barcoding\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">DNA Barcoding<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/dna-fingerprinting\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">DNA Fingerprinting<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/application-of-biotechnology-in-medicine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Applications of Biotechnology in Medicine<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/car-t-cell-therapy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Car T Cell Therapy<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/gene-therapy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gene Therapy<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/biofilms\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Biofilms<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Agricultural Biotechnology - Application of Biotechnology in Agriculture<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Environmental Biotechnology - Applications of Biotechnology in Environment<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Applications of Biotechnology in Industry<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/genetically-modified-crops\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">GM Crops - Genetically Modified Crops<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/bt-cotton\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">BT Cotton<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/bt-brinjal\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">BT Brinjal<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/gm-mustard\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">GM Mustard<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/bioinformatics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bioinformatics<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>Defence Technology<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India\u2019s defence technology includes advanced systems like Agni and Brahmos missiles, the S-400 air defence, Rafale aircraft, nuclear submarines (INS Arihant), and the nuclear triad. DRDO, HAL, and defence corridors promote indigenous capabilities for enhanced security.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/defence-technology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Defence Technology, Conventional and Emerging, Challenges<\/a><br \/>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/types-of-missiles-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Type of Missiles of India<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/agni-missile\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Agni Missile<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/brahmos-missile\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Brahmos<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/indian-ballistic-missile-defence-programme\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/integrated-guided-missile-development-programme\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/defence-indigenisation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Defence Indigenisation<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/defence-research-and-development-organisation-drdo\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/hindustan-aeronautics-limited-hal\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">HAL<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/defence-industrial-corridors\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Defence Industrial Corridors<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">SIPRI - India\u2019s Arm Imports<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/s-400-missile-system\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">S-400 Air Defence System<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/rafale-fighter-jet\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rafale Aircraft<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/submarines-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Submarines in India<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/nuclear-submarine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nuclear Submarines<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/project-75-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Project 75i<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">INS Arihant<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/nuclear-triad\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nuclear Triad<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/weapons-of-mass-destruction\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Weapons of Mass Destruction<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>Nuclear Technology<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nuclear technology involves harnessing fission and fusion for energy production. In India, nuclear energy plays a significant role in meeting power demands. Key developments include Tokamak, the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), and Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) for sustainable energy.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/nuclear-technology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nuclear Technology, Advantages, Applications, Challenges<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/difference-between-nuclear-fission-and-nuclear-fusion\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Difference between Nuclear Fission and Fusion<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/nuclear-energy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nuclear Energy in India<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/tokamak\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tokamak<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/international-thermonuclear-experimental-reactor\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/small-modular-reactors\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Small Modular Reactors<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>Emerging Technologies<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Emerging technologies are transforming various sectors. Web 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 enhance internet capabilities, while AI, machine learning, deep learning, and quantum technologies offer breakthroughs in computation and communication. Key innovations like blockchain, cryptocurrency, IoT, AR, VR, drones, and cloud computing revolutionize industries and shape the future.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/emerging-technologies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Emerging Technologies<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Web 3.0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Web 4.0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/web-5-0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Web 5.0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/lifi-technology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">LiFi<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/3d-printing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">3D printing<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/artificial-intelligence\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Artificial Intelligence<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/machine-learning\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Machine Learning<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/deep-learning\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Deep Learning<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/artificial-neural-network\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Artificial Neural Networks<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/quantum-technology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Quantum Technology<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/quantum-entanglement\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Quantum Entanglement<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Quantum Supremacy<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/quantum-computing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Quantum Computing<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/quantum-communication\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Quantum Communication<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Qubit<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/big-data\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Big Data<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/cloud-computing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cloud Computing<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/blockchain-technology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Blockchain Technology<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/cryptocurrency\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cryptocurrency<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/augmented-reality\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Augmented Reality<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/virtual-reality\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Virtual Reality<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/metaverse\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Metaverse - Meaning, Working, Applications and Future<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/internet-of-things-iot\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Internet of Things - IoT, its features, applications and limitations<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/smart-grid\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Smart Grid<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/drones-technology-drones-and-uavs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Drone Technology - Drones and UAVs<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/edge-computing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Edge Computing<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>Clean Technology<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Clean technologies aim to reduce environmental impact while promoting sustainability. Innovations include fuel cells (hydrogen, microbial), green hydrogen, and the National Green Hydrogen Mission. Solar technologies (photovoltaic vs. thermal), lithium-ion batteries, solid-state batteries, and biofuels support clean energy solutions.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/clean-technology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Clean Technology<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/fuel-cell\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fuel Cell - Advantages, Applications, Types, Diagram<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/hydrogen-fuel-cell\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hydrogen Fuel Cells<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/microbial-fuel-cell\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Microbial Fuel Cell<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/green-hydrogen\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Green Hydrogen<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/national-green-hydrogen-mission\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Green Hydrogen Mission<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/blue-hydrogen\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Blue Hydrogen<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/solar-energy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Solar Technology - Solar Photovoltaic vs Solar Thermal<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/lithium-ion-battery\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lithium-ion battery<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/solid-state-battery\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Solid State Battery<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/biofuels\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biofuels<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>Intellectual Property Rights - Meaning, Types, Importance, Objectives<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">IPR protects creators' innovations and creations. Key types include patents, copyrights, trademarks, and geographical indications (GI). The National IPR Policy promotes innovation, while concepts like compulsory licensing and evergreening of patents regulate access and protection. The Indian Patents Act of 1970 is a cornerstone of India's IPR framework.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/intellectual-property-rights\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Intellectual Property Rights - Meaning, Types, Importance, Objectives<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/traditional-knowledge\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Traditional Knowledge<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/national-intellectual-property-rights-policy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National IPR Policy<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Evergreening of Patents<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/compulsory-licensing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Compulsory Licensing<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/gi-tag\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">GI Tag<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indian Patents Act 1970<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>Nobel Prize (Annual Updation)<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Nobel Prize recognizes outstanding achievements in various fields. In 2021, 2022, and 2023, Nobel laureates were honored across categories like Peace, Literature, and Science. Notable Indian Nobel Prize winners include Rabindranath Tagore, C. N. R. Rao, and Abhijit Banerjee. Updates on the 2024 Nobel Prize will follow soon.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/nobel-prize\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nobel Prize (Annual Updation)<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/nobel-prize-2021\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nobel Prize 2021<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/nobel-prize-2022\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nobel Prize 2022<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/nobel-prize-2023\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nobel Prize 2023<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/nobel-prize-winners-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indian Nobel Prize Winners<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/nobel-prize-2024\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Nobel Prize 2024<\/a><\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/nobel-prize-2025\/\" target=\"_blank\">Nobel Prize 2025<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>General Science<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">General science encompasses particle physics, astronomy, and fundamental forces, exploring topics like the Standard Model, Big Bang Theory, light, sound, heat, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism. It also covers states of matter, atoms, molecules, and their real-world applications.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">General Science<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/standard-model-of-particle-physics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Standard Model of Particle Physics<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/subatomic-particles\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sub-Atomic Particles<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/large-hadron-collider\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Large Hadron Collider<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/electromagnetic-waves\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Electromagnetic Spectrum<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">RADAR Technology<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Light - Light Waves, their properties and application\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">LiDAR<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sound - Sound Waves, their types, properties and application\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">SONAR Technology\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/heat-and-thermodynamics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Heat and Thermodynamics<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/electricity-and-magnetism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Electricity and Magnetism<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fundamental forces in nature\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Astronomy<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/the-universe-origin-and-its-composition\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Universe<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/big-bang-theory\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Big Bang Theory<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/star-formation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Star Formation<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/black-hole\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Black Hole<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/dark-matter-and-dark-energy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dark Matter and Dark Energy<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/gravitational-waves\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gravitational Waves<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Physics in Daily Life<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Atoms and Molecules\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/states-of-matter\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">States of Matter<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/elements-compounds-and-mixtures\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Elements, Compounds and Mixtures<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/rare-earth-elements\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rare Earth Elements<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/solutions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Solutions - Types, Properties and Examples<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>Biology for UPSC<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biology for UPSC includes topics such as biological classification, plant and animal kingdom, and cellular biology. Key concepts like photosynthesis, DNA, RNA, diseases (communicable\/non-communicable), vaccines, immunity, and virus-related diseases (e.g., COVID-19, Zika, Nipah) are essential for the exam.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/biology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biology Notes for UPSC<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/biological-classification\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biological Classification - Five Kingdoms, Taxonomy, Characteristics and Examples<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/plant-kingdom\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Plant Kingdom - Classification, Characteristics and Examples<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/photosynthesis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Photosynthesis<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/animal-kingdom-classification-characteristics-and-examples\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Animal Kingdom - Classification, Characteristics and Examples<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/virus\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Virus - Structure, Classification and Examples<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/bacteria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bacteria - Structure, Classification and Examples<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/fungi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fungi - Structure, Classification and Examples<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/cell-structure-and-organelles\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell and its Organelles - Diagram, Structure, Functions and Types<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/dna\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) \u2013 Types, Structure, Functions<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/rna\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) - Types, Structure, and Functions<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Difference between DNA and RNA<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/difference-between-plant-cell-and-animal-cell\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Plant cell vs Animal cell<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Diseases - Types, Symptoms, Prevention and Treatment<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/communicable-diseases\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Communicable Diseases<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/non-communicable-diseases\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Non-Communicable Diseases<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/nipah-virus\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nipah Virus - Symptoms, Causes, Transmission and Treatment<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/zika-virus\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Zika Virus - Symptoms, Causes, Transmission and Treatment<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/covid-19\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Covid19 - Symptoms, Causes, Transmission and Treatment<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/monkeypox\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Monkeypox - Symptoms, Causes, Transmission and Treatment<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/organ-transplantation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Organ Transplantation<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/immunity-human-immune-system\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Immunity - Immune System and its functioning\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/vaccine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vaccine - Types, Working, Significance and Challenges<\/span><\/a>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/covid-19-vaccine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Covid-19 Vaccines<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>Materials and Display Technology<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Materials and display technology encompasses advancements like LED and LCDs, and superconductors. It also includes health-related topics like Malaria, TB, HIV, Monkeypox, Diabetes, Cancer, and Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), which impact public health globally.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Materials and Display Technology<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/light-emitting-diode-led\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">LED<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/lcd-liquid-crystal-display\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">LCD<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/superconductors\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Superconductors<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dark Web<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Malaria\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">TB<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">HIV<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Monkeypox<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Diabetes<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cancer\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">AMR<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Vajiram &#038; Ravi&#8217;s Science and Technology are great for UPSC preparation, giving a clear understanding of Science and Technology. Check topic-wise notes\u00a0&#038;\u00a0download\u00a0PDF<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":18782,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[650,651,10,652],"class_list":{"0":"post-7160","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upsc-science-and-technology-notes","8":"tag-science-and-technology-notes","9":"tag-science-and-technology-notes-for-upsc","10":"tag-upsc","11":"tag-upsc-science-and-technology-notes"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7160","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7160"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7160\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22759,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7160\/revisions\/22759"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/18782"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7160"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7160"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7160"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}