{"id":9765,"date":"2025-10-01T15:45:04","date_gmt":"2025-10-01T10:15:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=9765"},"modified":"2025-10-03T17:15:41","modified_gmt":"2025-10-03T11:45:41","slug":"self-respect-movement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/self-respect-movement\/","title":{"rendered":"Self Respect Movement 1925, Periyar E.V.Ramaswamy Naicker, Impact"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Self Respect Movement <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">or Suya Mariyadhai Iyakkam, a social movement in South India aimed at achieving social equality and challenging the caste system. Self Respect Movement was founded\u00a0 by <strong>Periyar E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker<\/strong>, along with <\/span><b>S. Ramanathan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in <\/span><b>1925<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Self Respect Movement aimed to challenge and dismantle the dominance of Brahminism and caste-based discrimination and promote self-respect among lower castes.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Self Respect Movement emphasized the dignity and equality of all individuals, advocating for social justice and rational thinking. It significantly impacted the socio-political landscape of South India, leading to the rise of Dravidian ideologies and influencing subsequent political developments.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Self Respect Movement About<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Self Respect Movement was a reform movement aimed at giving non-Brahmins a sense of pride in their Dravidian heritage.\u00a0 E.V Ramaswami Naicker gave the movement its concrete shape in 1925.\u00a0 The movement denied the Brahmins' superiority and implicit belief in the present system.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Targeted Brahmanical Dominance:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Movement denied Hindu mythology, claiming that innocent people had been victimized by it, and because the Brahims were regarded as social and religious leaders in Tamil Nadu, they were targeted by the Self-Respect movement.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Participation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The movement focused almost entirely on the Tamil districts. It primarily covered low-status groups such as <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vanniya Kula Kshatriyas<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and untouchables. The movement also saw the participation of women and youth including illiterate and semi-educated.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Role of Kudi Arasu:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Kudi Arasu, a Tamil weekly founded in 1924, became the Self-Respect Movement's organ. Ramaswami Naicker later started <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Viduthalai <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(Freedom) and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pakkuthariuu <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(commonsense) daily, but in the late 20s, Kudi Arasu remained the movement's propaganda weapon.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Self Respect Movement Background<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Self Respect Movement emerged in a period of intense social and political turmoil. The oppressive caste system, particularly in Tamil Nadu, marginalized non-Brahmin communities, denying them basic rights and opportunities. Inspired by the <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/caste-movement-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Anti-caste movements<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> led by Jyotirao Phule and <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/dr-br-ambedkar\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">B.R. Ambedkar<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in other parts of India, Periyar sought to create a society free from caste hierarchies and religious orthodoxy, where self-respect and human dignity were paramount.\u00a0 Periyar left <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/foundation-of-indian-national-congress\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Congress<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in 1925 for the formation of the Self Respect movement.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-9805\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/E-V-Ramasamy.webp\" alt=\"E V Ramasamy\" width=\"509\" height=\"384\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/E-V-Ramasamy.webp 896w, https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/E-V-Ramasamy-768x579.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 509px) 100vw, 509px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Self Respect Movement Objectives<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Self Respect Movement's primary objectives were to abolish the caste system, promote rational thought, and challenge the hegemony of Brahminical traditions. The Self-Respect Movements has two pamphlets: <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Namathu Kurikkol<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tiravitak kalaka Lateiyam<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, that outline its objectives:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Eradicating Social Hierarchies:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The program aims to eliminate the social structure of superiority and birthplace biases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Gender Equality:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The goal was to ensure equal opportunities for all individuals, regardless of community. This included achieving equal status for men and women in life and under the law.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Equal growth opportunities:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Everyone deserves equal opportunities for growth and development. Everyone should naturally feel a sense of friendship and belonging.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Brotherhood and Unity:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The goal is to eradicate the concept of untouchables and create a brotherhood-based society.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Orphans and Widows:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Create a home for orphans and widows and operate educational institutions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Prevention of New Religious Institutions:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Prevent the construction of new temples, mutts, or Vedic schools. People should remove the caste title from their names.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Education and Employment:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Public funds should support education and job creation for the unemployed.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-9807\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/Objectives-of-the-Self-Respect-Movement.webp\" alt=\"Objectives of the Self-Respect Movement\" width=\"816\" height=\"724\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/Objectives-of-the-Self-Respect-Movement.webp 1595w, https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/Objectives-of-the-Self-Respect-Movement-768x681.webp 768w, https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/Objectives-of-the-Self-Respect-Movement-1536x1363.webp 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 816px) 100vw, 816px\" \/><\/h2>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Self Respect Movement Significance<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Self Respect Movement brought significant changes to South Indian society, particularly in Tamil Nadu. It weakened the caste system, promoted secularism, and encouraged rationalism and scientific thinking. The movement's legacy is evident in Tamil Nadu's progressive social policies, including reservations for backward classes and state support for education and welfare programs, contributing to the state's social advancement.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>Self-Respect marriages: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The movement enabled Self-Respect weddings which were Hindu weddings to be conducted without the presence of a Hindu priest, making such ceremonies legally permissible for the first time in the country.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Social Advances: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The movement opposed the Devdasi system, caste-based discrimination, and the practice of widow remarriage, advocating for more equitable social norms.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Political Change: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Self Respect Movement fostered a sense of nationalism among the people of Tamil Nadu. <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/periyar-ev-ramasamy\/#:~:text=of%20the%20Dravidians).-,E.V.,he%20considered%20Indo%2DAryan%20India.\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>E.V. Ramasamy<\/strong><\/a> (Periyar) asserted that genuine intellectual freedom was essential for achieving complete liberation, thereby intertwining social reform with political activism.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Self-Respect Conference<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: In February 1929, Periyar organized the first provincial Self-Respect Movement conference in Chengalpattu, presided over by W.P.A. Soundara Pandian.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Periyar\u2019s Self-Respect conference was a landmark event for its sheer focus on women\u2019s issues.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9806\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/Major-Resolutions-at-Self-Respect-Conference.webp\" alt=\"Major Resolutions at Self-Respect Conference\" width=\"1999\" height=\"1134\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/Major-Resolutions-at-Self-Respect-Conference.webp 1999w, https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/Major-Resolutions-at-Self-Respect-Conference-768x436.webp 768w, https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/Major-Resolutions-at-Self-Respect-Conference-1536x871.webp 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1999px) 100vw, 1999px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Dravidian Movement:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It laid the foundation for the Dravidian movement, which later culminated in the forming of political parties like Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK).\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Self Respect Movement Feminist Perspective<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Self Respect Movement in India has significantly influenced feminist discourse, advocating for women's rights, education, employment, and freedom from patriarchal norms. It challenged traditional marriage practices and advocated for women's autonomy in choosing partners.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Female leaders <\/span><b>Veeramal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><b>Annai Meenanmbal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, who persistently sought information on Dalit women's rights, contributed to the broader feminist movement.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The movement aimed to end societal discrimination against women and seek their rights.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Self Respect Movement and Political Freedom<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Self Respect Movement primarily focused on social reform, but it also had political implications. Periyar\u2019s ideas influenced the demand for political autonomy in South India, particularly in opposing the dominance of North Indian political ideologies. The movement\u2019s call for Dravidian identity and cultural pride eventually translated into a demand for political freedom, leading to the rise of Dravidian political parties that played a pivotal role in Tamil Nadu's political landscape.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Self Respect Movement Impact<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Self Respect Movement challenged Brahmanical dominance, promoted Tamil Nationalism, and advocated for social equality. It emphasized equal rights for marginal groups, fostered self-respect, and significantly impacted South India\u2019s political, social, and religious landscape.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Impact on Brahmins:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The movement directly challenged the social and religious privileges enjoyed by Brahmins, leading to a significant decline in their socio-political influence in Tamil Nadu.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Self-Respecting Organizations:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The movement inspired the creation of various organizations dedicated to promoting rationalism, social justice, and the abolition of caste-based discrimination. These organizations played a key role in spreading Periyar\u2019s ideas across South India.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Intercaste and Interreligious Dynamics:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Self Respect Movement aimed to dismantle caste boundaries and promote inter-caste and inter-religious marriages, challenging orthodox norms and promoting a more inclusive society by addressing intra-caste inequalities.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Legal Reforms:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> When the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam(DMK) formed the government in 1967, self-respect marriages became law, marking the Self-Respect Movement's first legislative achievement.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Self Respect Movement UPSC PYQs<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Question 1:<\/strong> Consider the following pairs: <\/span><b>(UPSC Prelims 2019)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Movement\/organization\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Leader\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> All India Anti-Untouchability League:\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mahatma Gandhi\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> All India Kisan Sabha :\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Swami Sahajanand Saraswati\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Self-Respect Movement:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">E.V.Ramaswami Naicker\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Which of the pairs given above is\/are correctly matched?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) 1 only\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) 1 and 2 only\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) 2 and 3 only\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) 1, 2 and 3\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Ans: (d)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p>Question 2: <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Who among the following was the founder of the 'Self-Respect Movement?<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">a) Periyar E.V.Ramaswamy Naicker<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">b) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">c) Bhaskarrao Jadhav<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">d) Dinkarrao Javalkar<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Ans: (a)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 425px\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Other Related Posts<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/socio-religious-reform-movements\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Socio-Religious Reform Movements<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/faraizi-movement\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Faraizi Movement<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 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Mandali<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/henry-vivian-derozio\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Henry Vivian Derazio<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/pandita-ramabai\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Pandita Ramabai<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/ishwar-chandra-vidyasagar\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/sndp-movement\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>SNDP Movement<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/prarthana-samaj\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Prarthana Samaj<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/justice-party-justice-movement\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Justice Party<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/gopal-hari-deshmukh\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Gopal Hari Deshmukh<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/self-respect-movement\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Self Respect movement<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/dharma-sabha\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Dharma Sabha<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/temple-entry-movement\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Temple Entry Movement<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/theosophical-society\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Theosophical Society<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/dr-br-ambedkar\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/aligarh-movement\/\" target=\"_blank\">Aligarh Movement<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/gandhi-vs-ambedkar\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Gandhi vs Ambedkar<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wahabi-movement\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Wahabi Movement<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/mahad-satyagraha\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Mahad Satyagraha<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Self Respect Movement, led by Periyar E.V. Ramaswami Naicker, aimed to challenge caste discrimination, promote social equality, gender rights, and rational thought, significantly influencing Tamil Nadu&#8217;s social, political, and feminist landscapes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":9824,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[40,1037,976],"class_list":{"0":"post-9765","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upsc-modern-history-notes","8":"tag-quest","9":"tag-self-respect-movement","10":"tag-upsc-modern-history"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9765","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9765"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9765\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19123,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9765\/revisions\/19123"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9824"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9765"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9765"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9765"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}