{"id":9776,"date":"2025-10-15T09:54:31","date_gmt":"2025-10-15T04:24:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=9776"},"modified":"2025-10-17T11:44:21","modified_gmt":"2025-10-17T06:14:21","slug":"ocean-acidification","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/ocean-acidification\/","title":{"rendered":"Ocean Acidification, Causes, Impacts, Initiatives"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Ocean acidification<\/strong> refers to the ongoing<\/span><b> decrease in the pH<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of the oceans, caused by the uptake of <\/span><b>carbon dioxide (CO2)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from the atmosphere. As human activities like burning fossil fuels release more CO2, the oceans absorb about <\/span><b>30%<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of it, increasing acidity. Since the Industrial Revolution, the pH of ocean surface waters has <\/span><b>declined <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">by <\/span><b>0.1 pH units<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ocean acidification can have far-reaching impacts on marine ecosystems; on both shell-forming animals like corals, crabs, oysters, urchins, etc. as well as non-calcifying organisms. Tackling ocean acidification requires reducing CO2 emissions and protecting marine ecosystems.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">About Ocean Acidification<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ocean acidification refers to the <\/span><b>gradual decrease in ocean pH<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> due to the absorption of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from the <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/composition-and-structure-of-atmosphere\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Atmosphere<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, primarily driven by fossil fuel emissions. Since pre-industrial times, atmospheric CO\u2082 levels have risen from <\/span><b>280 ppm<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to nearly <\/span><b>400 ppm, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">causing the ocean to absorb about<\/span><b> 25%<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of these emissions.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This process alters seawater chemistry, impacting marine ecosystems and biodiversity.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">While the ocean has mitigated global warming by storing excess CO\u2082, this buffering capacity is reaching its limits, posing serious environmental and socioeconomic risks.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Ocean Acidification Causes<\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The primary cause of ocean acidification is the increased carbon dioxide emissions from human activities, especially burning fossil fuels like coal and oil. Some key causes of ocean acidification are:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Natural processes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Organic material, including the remains of sea organisms, accumulates on seabeds. When decomposed, these materials release <\/span><b>CO\u2082<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, contributing to acidification.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chemical reactions at the seabed can also elevate hydrogen ion concentrations, further lowering pH levels.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Chemical process<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: When CO\u2082 dissolves in seawater, it undergoes a series of reactions, forming carbonic acid (H\u2082CO\u2083). This weak acid dissociates into hydrogen ions (H\u207a) and bicarbonate ions (HCO\u2083\u207b).\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The increase in H\u207a ions results in more acidic water and a decline in carbonate ions (CO\u2083\u00b2\u207b), which are essential for marine calcifiers.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>CO\u2082 absorption by the oceans<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Oceans absorb approximately 30% of atmospheric CO\u2082, helping mitigate global warming but at the cost of increasing oceanic CO\u2082 levels and triggering acidification.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ocean water is mildly basic, with a pH of 8.0 to 8.2 pH units.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Rising atmospheric CO\u2082<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrialisation have significantly increased CO\u2082 levels.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the <\/span><b>Global Carbon Budget 2024<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, annual CO\u2082 emissions rose from 11 billion tons in the 1960s to 41.6 billion tons in 2024.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Waste disposal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Industrial and domestic waste dumping in oceans lowers pH levels.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Eutrophication<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Caused by nutrient-rich runoff, it triggers massive plankton blooms. When these blooms collapse, bacteria decompose the organic matter, consuming oxygen and releasing CO\u2082 into the water.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This process further lowers seawater oxygen levels and reduces the pH, aggravating acidification.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-9633\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/03\/pH-Levels.webp\" alt=\"Ocean Acidification pH Levels\" width=\"835\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/03\/pH-Levels.webp 937w, https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/03\/pH-Levels-768x480.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 835px) 100vw, 835px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ocean Acidification Influencing Factors<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ocean acidification, driven by rising atmospheric CO\u2082 levels, severely affects marine ecosystems. Various environmental factors influence this phenomenon such as:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Sea Surface Temperature:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> A temperature rise accelerates ocean acidification due to increased CO\u2082 absorption in warmer waters.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Salinity:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Greater salinity reduces the solubility of CO\u2082, mitigating acidification to some extent.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Particulate Organic Carbon (POC)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Higher POC levels are beneficial, as organic carbon binds with CO\u2082, lowering free CO\u2082 concentration in water and mitigating acidification effects.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Particulate Inorganic Carbon (PIC)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: High PIC concentrations aggravate acidification by increasing carbonates, which release CO\u2082 upon dissolution.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Dissolved Oxygen:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> A decline in oxygen levels may aggravate acidification by destabilising carbonate compounds essential for marine organisms.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9832\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/Ocean-Acidification-1.webp\" alt=\"Ocean-Acidification\" width=\"1024\" height=\"785\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/Ocean-Acidification-1.webp 1024w, https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/Ocean-Acidification-1-768x589.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ocean Acidification Impacts\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ocean acidification, caused by increased CO\u2082 absorption, has reduced ocean pH from 8.2 in pre-industrial times to 8.1 today, with projections indicating a further drop of 0.3\u20130.4 units by 2100. This seemingly minor change reflects a 30% rise in acidity, disrupting marine ecosystems and vital chemical processes.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>Oceans as carbon reservoirs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Oceans absorb about one-third of CO\u2082 emissions from human activities, playing a vital role in climate buffering. However, the rate of CO\u2082 uptake now exceeds the natural buffering capacity of marine ecosystems.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Sulphur cycle and clouds<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Oceans are the primary source of atmospheric sulphur, mainly in the form of dimethylsulphide (DMS) produced by phytoplankton.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">DMS enters the atmosphere, forming sulphuric acid that aggregates into aerosols, which act as cloud condensation nuclei.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Clouds, in turn, reflect sunlight, playing a cooling role in Earth's climate system.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Acidified oceans reduce DMS production by phytoplankton, potentially decreasing cloud formation and increasing global temperatures due to reduced solar reflection.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Biodiversity and Marine Life:<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Shell builders and calcifiers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Organisms like oysters, clams, sea urchins, corals, and plankton rely on carbonate ions to form their shells and skeletons. Reduced availability of these ions makes their survival and growth challenging.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Fish and Seaweed<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Acidic waters impair some fish species\u2019 abilities, such as clownfish, to detect predators or locate habitats. In contrast, algae and seagrasses may thrive due to higher CO\u2082 levels, benefiting from enhanced photosynthesis.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Planktonic ecosystems<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Phytoplankton, which form the base of marine food webs, may face disruptions, affecting the entire ecosystem.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Environmental and Economic Impacts:<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Food web disruption<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Acidification causes the extinction or decline of key species, affecting dependent organisms and disrupting marine food webs.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Food shortages<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The death of marine species threatens the livelihoods of communities dependent on fisheries. By 2100, molluscus losses could cost over $100 billion annually.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Tourism decline<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Damage to ecosystems like coral reefs, such as Australia's Great Barrier Reef, can significantly impact tourism revenue, estimated at A$5.4 billion annually.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ocean Acidification in the Indian Ocean<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ocean acidification is increasingly evident in the Indian Ocean, a region vital for global biodiversity and the livelihoods of millions. The unique geographical, climatic, and ecological characteristics of the Indian Ocean make it particularly vulnerable.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Arabian Sea<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: High CO\u2082 absorption aggravates acidification, impacting one of the most fertile marine regions. Pollutants from the <\/span><b>Indo-Gangetic plains<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> mix with seawater, further lowering pH.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Bay of Bengal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Pollutant deposition during winter contributes to increasing acidity. Studies show a decline in <\/span><b>phytoplankton<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a critical base for the marine food chain.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Regional risks<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The Indian Ocean could become an <\/span><b>ecological desert<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> due to acidification and warming trends.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Initiatives to Curb Ocean Acidification<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tackling ocean acidification is vital to achieving the UN <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which emphasises the sustainable use of oceans and marine resources. Target<\/span><b> SDG 14.3 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">specifically focuses on reducing the impacts of acidification through enhanced scientific collaboration and coordinated global action. Key initiatives include:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>Rio+20 Summit (2012)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> emphasised ocean acidification as a critical threat and highlighted oceans in sustainable development.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/unesco-world-heritage-sites-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>UNESCO<\/strong><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> supports global coordination to minimize acidification through efforts like the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON).<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> established the Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC) to advance science and policy solutions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>High Seas Treaty: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It covers 64% of the ocean and faces overexploitation and biodiversity loss due to being a global commons.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A proposed treaty, likened to the 2015 Paris Agreement, aims to protect vast marine areas and ensure the sustainable use of ocean resources.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Scientific and local efforts<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Enhancing Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) to safeguard critical ecosystems. Examples include MPAs in Antarctica and proposals to expand protection in regions like the Weddell Sea. Promoting sustainable fishing practices to ensure marine ecosystem stability.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ocean Acidification Way Forward<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A proactive and multi-dimensional approach is required to mitigate ocean acidification impacts. The following are key strategies for a sustainable way forward:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Reducing CO\u2082 emissions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Shift to renewable energy sources like solar and wind to minimize reliance on fossil fuels. Encourage the adoption of carbon-neutral technologies and energy diversification.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Invest in technologies to capture CO\u2082 emissions from industrial processes and power plants before they enter the atmosphere<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Raising awareness<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Educate the public on the significance of ocean acidification and its cascading effects on ecosystems, food security, and livelihoods.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Sustainable development<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Invest in scientific research to better understand acidification trends and their implications. Promote international collaboration through initiatives like Blue Carbon Initiatives, GOA-ON and IOC of UNESCO.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ocean Acidification PYQs\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Question 1:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The acidification of oceans is increasing. Why is this phenomenon a cause of concern? <\/span><b>(UPSC Prelims 2012)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The growth and survival of calcareous phytoplankton will be adversely affected.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The growth and survival of coral reefs will be adversely affected.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The survival of some animals that have phytoplanktonic larvae will be adversely affected.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The cloud seeding and formation of clouds will be adversely affected.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">a) 1, 2 and 3 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">b) 2 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">c) 1 and 3 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">d) 1, 2, 3 and 4<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Answer: (d)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 150px\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Other Related Posts<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/geomorphology\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Geomorphology<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/dams-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Major Dams in India<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/composition-and-structure-of-atmosphere\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Composition and Structure of Atmosphere<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/major-ports-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Major Ports in India<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/types-of-forests-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Types of Forests in India<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/coastal-states-of-india\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Coastal States of India<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/ocean-acidification\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Ocean Acidification<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/migration-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Migration in India<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/deep-ocean-mission\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Deep Ocean Mission<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/natural-vegetation-of-india\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Natural Vegetation of India<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ocean acidification, caused by CO2 absorption, decreases ocean pH, impacting marine life. It disrupts ecosystems, harms shell-forming organisms, and affects food webs. Key solutions include reducing emissions and enhancing scientific collaboration.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":9616,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[40,620],"class_list":{"0":"post-9776","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upsc-geography-notes","8":"tag-quest","9":"tag-upsc-geography-notes"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9776","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9776"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9776\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19740,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9776\/revisions\/19740"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9616"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9776"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9776"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9776"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}