23-03-2023
GS-II
Sub-Categories:
GS-II: Polity
Prelims: Indian Polity
Mains: Indian Constitution-Features, Significant Provisions
What is the importance of majority in the Indian Legislature?
The Parliament of India, comprising the President, the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), and the Lok Sabha (House of the People), is the supreme legislative body of the country. One of the main functions of the Parliament is to make laws for the country's governance.
- The law-making process in the Parliament begins with the introduction of a bill and ends with the assent of the President.
- The majority in the Indian Parliament plays a crucial role in deciding the fate of bills and policies.
- The Indian Constitution does not explicitly categorize the types of majorities required for passing different bills, but the interpretation of the Constitution provides four types of majorities:
- Simple majority
- Absolute majority
- Effective majority
- Special majority
What are the different types of majorities?
Type of Majority | Constitutional Provisions | Application |
Simple Majority: the majority of more than 50% of the members present and voting. It is also known as functional or working majority. |
|
|
Absolute majority: the majority of more than 50% of the House’s total membership. | Note: Parliament or the State legislature does not use the absolute majority for normal business. |
|
Effective Majority: the majority of more than 50% of the effective strength of the House. Example of Effective strength: If 15 seats out of a total 545 seats in Lok Sabha are vacant. Then effective strength is 545-15 = 530. In this case, the effective majority will be 265. |
|
|
Special Majority Type-1: Majority by two-thirds of members present and voting. |
|
|
Special Majority Type-2: Majority of two-third members present and voting along with 50% of the total strength of the House. |
|
|
Special Majority Type-3: A majority of two-thirds members present and voting supported by more than 50% of the state legislatures by a simple majority. |
| Used to pass Constitutional Amendment bills involving federal matters:
the Union and the States.
|
Special Majority Type-4: Majority of 2/3rd of the total strength of the House. |
|
|
Previous Year Questions
Prelims
Q) When a bill is referred to a joint sitting both the Houses of the Parliament, has to be passed by (2015)
(a) a simple majority of member present and voting
(b) three-fourths majority of member present and voting
(c) two-thirds majority of the House
(d) absolute majority of the House
Q) The Parliament of India acquires the power to legislate on any item in the State List in the national interest if a resolution to that effect is passes by the (2016)
(a) Lok Sabha by a simple majority of its total membership
(b) Lok Sabha by a majority of not less than two-thirds of its total membership
(c) Rajya Sabha by a simple majority of its total membership
(d) Rajya Sabha by a majority of not less than two-thirds of its members present and voting
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q1) What are some important Constitutional amendments passed under Article 368 (special majority of parliament and ratification of 50% of the state legislature)?
- Some of the important constitutional amendments are:
- The 73rd Amendment Act, 1992 (Panchayati Raj System)
- The 74th Amendment Act, 1992 (Municipalities)
- 101 constitutional amendment act, 2017(Goods and Services Tax), etc.
Q2) Has Rajya Sabha ever passed a resolution under Article 249?
No, Rajya Sabha has not passed any resolution under Article 249 till now. However, the 42nd Constitutional Amendment 1976 amended Article 312 to confer power on the Rajya Sabha to initiate the process of setting up an All India Judicial Service. To this effect, it is yet to pass a resolution supported by a two-thirds majority in the house.