UPSC Prelims Current Affairs for 27 October 2026

Greater Flamingos Spotted at Veeranam Lake in Tamil Nadu, Researchers Point to Changing Rainfall

October 27, 2026

Greater Flamingo Latest News

Greater flamingos, usually found in coastal wetlands, have been recently spotted at Veeranam Lake in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, in a rare occurrence that researchers say could be linked to altered rainfall patterns.

About Greater Flamingo

It is the most widespread and largest species of the flamingo family.
Scientific Name: Phoenicopterus roseus

Greater Flamingo Habitat and Distribution

The Greater flamingo inhabits Africa, the Middle East, southern Europe, and the Indian subcontinent.
They occur in relatively shallow water bodies, such as saline lagoons, salt pans, large alkaline or saline lakes, and estuaries.
Breeding takes place on sandbanks, mudflats, sandy or rocky islands, or open beaches.

Greater Flamingo Features

It is a large bird with an elegant body, a long and slender neck, and extremely long legs.
Its plumage is predominantly pale pink, with more intense shades on the wings and black wingtips.
The beak is thick, downward-curved, and pink with a black tip.
The legs are long, thin, and bright pink, perfectly adapted for moving through shallow waters.
Juveniles have a gray-brown coloration, with some pink on their underparts, tail and wings, with the legs and beak being mainly brown.
They are a highly social species, nesting in large, dense colonies.
They feed by filtering water with their specialized beaks, consuming crustaceans, algae, and small invertebrates.
Greater Flamingo Conservations Status:
- It is classified as 'Least Concern' under the IUCN Red List.

Key Facts about Veeranam Lake

Veeranam Lake (Veeranarayanan Lake) is a man-made lake located in the Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu.
It is among the oldest and largest man-made lakes in Tamil Nadu.
The lake is about 16 km long and 8 km broad with a waterspread of about 15 sq. km.
Built during the 10th century CE by Rajaditya Chola, the son of Parantaka Chola I, the lake stands as a remarkable example of the Chola Empire’s engineering excellence and irrigation planning.
It was constructed to strengthen irrigation and support the northern territories of the Chola kingdom.
The lake is fed by Vadavar river and Sengal stream.
It continues to serve as a lifeline for agriculture in the region and is also an important source of drinking water for Chennai through the New Veeranam Water Supply Scheme.
Veeranam Lake is closely associated with Kalki Krishnamurthy’s celebrated historical novel Ponniyin Selvan.

News: TH

Greater Flamingo FAQs

Q1: In which regions is the Greater Flamingo found?

Ans: Africa, the Middle East, southern Europe and the Indian subcontinent.

Q2: Which is the largest species in the flamingo family?

Ans: The Greater Flamingo.

Q3: What are the major physical characteristics of the Greater Flamingo?

Ans: A large body, long slender neck, extremely long legs and predominantly pale-pink plumage.

Q4: What is the colour of the Greater Flamingo’s plumage?

Ans: Predominantly pale pink, with more intense shades on the wings and black wingtips.

Q5: What is the conservation status of the Greater Flamingo according to the IUCN Red List?

Ans: Least Concern (LC).

India’s Immersive Technology Market Projected to Reach $7.82 Billion by 2030

October 27, 2026

Immersive Technologies Latest News

According to figures cited in a government backgrounder, India’s immersive technology market generated revenue of about $1.26 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach approximately $7.82 billion by 2030.

About Immersive Technologies

Immersive technologies are an emerging suite of technologies that create interactive, engaging and realistic digital experiences.
Features
- These can combine the physical and digital worlds.
- They enable users to interact with digital content in ways that feel more natural and experiential.
- Users can interact with digital objects and respond to simulated situations.
- Unlike conventional digital media, these technologies can engage multiple senses and create a stronger sense of presence.
- Examples
  - A student can explore a virtual laboratory instead of only viewing diagrams on a screen.
  - A tourist can virtually explore a heritage site before visiting it physically.
The three most common forms of immersive technology are Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR). Collectively, these technologies are often referred to as Extended Reality (XR).
Extended Reality (XR)
- It refers to technologies that combine real and digital environments through computer systems and wearable devices.
- It creates different levels of interaction between people and digital content. XR includes Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR).
Virtual Reality (VR)
- It creates a completely digital environment that surrounds the user.
- It mainly engages sight and sound to create a strong sense of presence.
- Users can explore and interact with this simulated environment using specialised devices.
Augmented Reality (AR)
- It adds digital information to the user’s existing physical surroundings. It can engage sight and sound, while keeping the real-world environment visible.
- For example, AR can display directions, information or digital objects over the physical world.
Mixed Reality (MR)
- It combines the physical and digital worlds in an interactive environment.
- It can engage sight and sound, while allowing digital objects to interact with physical surroundings. Users can see and interact with digital objects as if they were part of the real environment.

Source: PIB

Immersive Technologies FAQs

Q1: What is Immersive Technologies?

Ans: Immersive technologies are an emerging suite of technologies that create interactive, engaging and realistic digital experiences.

Q2: What is the feature of Immersive Technologies?

Ans: They enable users to interact with digital content in ways that feel more natural and experiential. Users can interact with digital objects and respond to simulated situations.

Study Examines SGLT2 Inhibitor Benefits and Risks in Adults Aged 80 and Above

October 27, 2026

SGLT2 Inhibitors Latest News

New research uncovers the potential benefits and risks of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for adults aged 80 years or older with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

About SGLT2 Inhibitors

SGLT2 (Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2) inhibitors are a class of medications primarily used to treat Type 2 diabetes (T2D).
T2D, the most common type of diabetes, is a disease that occurs when your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high.
SGLT2 Inhibitors manage your blood sugar by helping your kidneys remove extra glucose through your pee.
How do SGLT2 inhibitors work?
- SGLT2 is a protein in your kidneys that reabsorbs glucose.
- Typically, when glucose in your blood flows through your kidneys, some glucose goes back into your bloodstream.
- SGLT2 inhibitors block that process, so your kidneys don’t reabsorb glucose.
- Instead, it comes out in your pee. This means the glucose doesn’t get into your bloodstream and raises your blood sugar.
The use of SGLT2 inhibitors goes beyond managing blood sugar.
- They also help improve kidney and heart health for people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or heart failure.
- They can slow the progression of kidney disease and reduce the risk of needing dialysis.
- SGLT2 inhibitors also lower the risk of heart failure flare-ups.
Common SGLT2 inhibitors
- Dapagliflozin
- Empagliflozin
- Canagliflozin
- Ertugliflozin
Some of the side effects include:
- Higher risk of developing genital and urinary tract infections
- Urinating more frequently
- Flu like symptoms
- Nausea
- Joint pain

News: NM

SGLT2 Inhibitors FAQs

Q1: What does SGLT2 stand for?

Ans: Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2.

Q2: What are SGLT2 inhibitors?

Ans: They are a class of medications primarily used to treat Type 2 diabetes.

Q3: How do SGLT2 inhibitors help manage blood sugar levels?

Ans: They help the kidneys remove excess glucose from the body through urine.

Q4: How do SGLT2 inhibitors work?

Ans: They block the SGLT2 protein, reducing glucose reabsorption and increasing glucose excretion through urine.

Tata Steel Introduces Hydroseeding to Restore Mining Slopes in Jharkhand

October 27, 2026

Hydroseeding Latest News

Recently, Tata Steel has introduced hydroseeding technology at its West Bokaro Division in Jharkhand.

About Hydroseeding

It is a modern technique for sowing seeds by spraying a slurry mixture of seeds, water, fertilizers, mulch, and soil stabilizers onto the soil surface using specialized equipment.
It aims to stabilise dump slopes, prevent soil erosion and accelerate green restoration through modern technology.
It ensures uniform seed distribution, improved seed-to-soil contact, and better moisture retention, which enhances germination and early plant establishment.
Process of Hydroseeding

- Preparing Slurry: It involves preparing slurry made up of seed, mulch, fertiliser and water. This mixture is loaded into a hydroseeder.
- The slurry is then sprayed onto the prepared soil surface using a hose or cannon.
- Equipment and Technology: It is carried out using purpose-built hydroseeders available in a range of tank sizes and output capacities to suit different project scales.
- These machines are designed to properly mix fibre mulch, seed and additives while delivering an even, controlled spray pattern.
- The machine can spray up to 50 metres and cover dump slopes up to 80 metres.
Applications: It is widely used for lawn development, slope stabilization, erosion control, and ecological restoration in difficult or uneven terrains.
Advantages
- Compared to traditional seeding methods, it is faster, cost-effective, and suitable for large areas.
- It is especially useful on mine overburden dumps and rugged terrain where conventional plantation is difficult and time-consuming.
- It controls erosion on open slopes, strengthens slopes, reduces landslide risks, promotes faster plant growth and natural greenery, retains soil moisture for germination.

Source: NIE

Hydroseeding FAQs

Q1: What is Hydroseeding?

Ans: It is a modern technique for sowing seeds by spraying a slurry mixture of seeds, water, fertilizers, mulch, and soil stabilizers onto the soil surface using specialized equipment.

Q2: What is the aim of Hydroseeding?

Ans: It aims to stabilise dump slopes, prevent soil erosion and accelerate green restoration through modern technology.

Delhi-NCR Gets New Laboratory to Identify Air Pollution Sources and Toxicity

October 27, 2026

Integrated Atmospheric Chemistry and Aerosol Toxicity Analysis Laboratory Latest News

Union Minister of State for Science and Technology and Earth Sciences inaugurated the world's first- of -its-kind 'Air Pollution Analysis' facility for Delhi NCR known as 'Integrated Atmospheric Chemistry and Aerosol Toxicity Analysis Laboratory (AATAL).

About Integrated Atmospheric Chemistry and Aerosol Toxicity Analysis Laboratory

It is a specialised facility aimed at identifying the sources, composition and potential health impacts of air pollution in Delhi-NCR.
It is established under Mission Mausam.
It is designed to provide real-time information on pollution sources and their relative contributions, helping authorities move beyond Air Quality Index (AQI) readings to develop targeted pollution-control measures.

Features of AATAL

It is equipped to analyse atmospheric gases, aerosols, fine particulate matter (PM2.5), metals, toxic elements and other pollutants.
Its capabilities will help distinguish between pollution sources, including vehicular emissions, industrial activity, biomass and crop-residue burning, construction and road dust, and pollution transported from neighbouring regions.
It will also examine the chemical characteristics of pollutants to improve scientific understanding of their potential toxicity and implications for public health.
AATAL has been integrated with IITM’s AIRWISE, or Air Quality Warning and Integrated Decision Support System for Emissions, which combines air-quality observations, forecasts and source-apportionment information.
- AIRWISE provides forecasts at a spatial resolution of 400 metres for the next 72 hours, enabling authorities to assess how pollution levels and their likely sources may vary across different parts of Delhi.
The system is intended to help identify locations likely to experience deteriorating air quality and provide advance information for preventive action.
It would help the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) and other agencies plan targeted interventions and assess their effectiveness.

Source: PIB

Integrated Atmospheric Chemistry and Aerosol Toxicity Analysis Laboratory FAQs

Q1: What is Integrated Atmospheric Chemistry and Aerosol Toxicity Analysis Laboratory ?

Ans: It is a specialised facility aimed at identifying the sources, composition and potential health impacts of air pollution in Delhi-NCR.

Q2: Under which mission Integrated Atmospheric Chemistry and Aerosol Toxicity Analysis Laboratory is established?

Ans: It is established under Mission Mausam.

Flash Floods Hit Thailand’s Phuket Island, Inundating Several Areas

October 27, 2026

Phuket Island Latest News

Flash floods recently inundated several areas of the island of Phuket in Thailand, one of the country’s major tourist destinations.

About Phuket Island

It is Thailand's largest island and sits on the Andaman Sea, a marginal sea of the northeastern Indian Ocean.
Located in southern Thailand, it lies off the country's western coast.
It is known as the ‘’Pearl of the Andaman Sea’’.
History:
- It was settled as early as the 1st century BCE.
- Located on trading routes between India and China, Phuket was subjected to foreign influences long before many other parts of Thailand.
- Phuket first became part of a Thai state during the thirteenth century when Thai armies from Sukhothai wrestled control of the island from the Sirivijaya Empire based in Sumatra.
- Phuket is first mentioned as a major source of tin in the sixteenth century when the island became an important source of revenue for the Thai kingdom at Ayutthaya, as well as an important trading post.
- It was also during this period that the first Europeans arrived on Phuket.
- Due to Phuket's abundant supply of tin and its importance as a trading port, the island's economy continued to prosper.
- The British secured a tin mining concession and nearly claimed Phuket as part of the British Empire.
The residents of Phuket comprise Thais who have migrated from the mainland, ethnic Chinese, Malays, and Chao Leh or ‘sea-gypsies’ who are the original inhabitants of Phuket.
Spanning 48 km in length and 21 km at its widest point, the island features a hilly and mountainous landscape, with forests and agricultural plantations covering parts of its interior.
It is reached by bridge (Sarasin Bridge) from the mainland to the north across a narrow strait.
Phuket city, located in the southeastern portion of the island, is a major port and commercial centre.
The island has also become a major seaside resort.

News: TH

Phuket Island FAQs

Q1: In which sea is Phuket Island located?

Ans: The Andaman Sea.

Q2: Phuket Island is part of which country?

Ans: Thailand

Q3: What is Phuket Island popularly known as?

Ans: The “Pearl of the Andaman Sea.”

Q4: Which mineral played a major role in Phuket’s historical economy?

Ans: Tin.

Why India’s Infrastructure Investment Trusts Are Attracting More Investors

October 27, 2026

Infrastructure Investment Trust Latest News

India’s infrastructure investment trusts (InvITs) are attracting more investors, creating a potential avenue to channel domestic savings into roads, power transmission networks and other income-generating infrastructure assets.

About Infrastructure Investment Trust

It is a Collective Investment Scheme similar to a mutual fund, which enables direct investment of money from individual and institutional investors in infrastructure projects.
These are like mutual funds in structure which can be established as a trust and registered with Sebi.
Objective: To provide retail investors with access to investment opportunities in infrastructure projects, which were previously only available to large institutional investors.

Features of the Infrastructure Investment Trust (InvIT)

Structure: An InvIT has 4 parties namely; Trustee, Sponsor(s) and Investment Manager and Project Manager.
INVITs are created by sponsors, who are typically infrastructure companies or private equity firms.
The sponsor sets up the INVITs and transfers ownership of the underlying infrastructure assets to the trust.
The trust then issues units to investors, which represent an ownership stake in the trust and thus the underlying assets.
While the trustee (certified by Sebi) has the responsibility of inspecting the performance of an InvIT, sponsor(s) are promoters of the company that set up the InvIT.
InvITs are regulated by the SEBI (Infrastructure Investment Trusts) Regulations, 2014.

Source: BL

Infrastructure Investment Trust FAQs

Q1: What is Infrastructure Investment Trust?

Ans: It is a Collective Investment Scheme similar to a mutual fund, which enables direct investment of money from individual and institutional investors in infrastructure projects.

Q2: Infrastructure Investment Trust are regulated under which act?

Ans: InvITs are regulated by the SEBI (Infrastructure Investment Trusts) Regulations, 2014.

Translocated Tigress Crosses from Buxa to Assam’s Raimona National Park

October 27, 2026

Raimona National Park Latest News

A tigress brought from Bihar and released into West Bengal’s Buxa Tiger Reserve earlier this month has crossed into Assam’s Raimona National Park within three weeks.

About Raimona National Park

Location: It is located in the state of Assam.
The park lies along the India-Bhutan border and is situated at the foothills of the Eastern Himalayas.
It is connected with Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary and Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park.
Topography: The Park has diverse terrain and vegetation.
Major Rivers: The Sankosh River flows along the western boundary, Saralbhanga River lies on the eastern side and Pekua River forms the southern boundary.
Vegetation: It mainly consists of Moist sal forests, Sub-Himalayan semi-evergreen forests, moist mixed deciduous forests, savannah forests and riverine and khoir-sisoo forests
Flora: Many orchid species, riverine grasslands and about 380 species of plants.
Fauna: It is famous for the Golden Langur, Asian Elephant, Bengal Tiger, Clouded Leopard, Wild Water Buffalo and Spotted Deer

Source: IT

Raimona National Park FAQs

Q1: Where is Raimona National Park?

Ans: Assam

Q2: What type of vegetation is found in Raimona National Park?

Ans: It mainly consists of Moist sal forests, Sub-Himalayan semi-evergreen forests

Kerala’s Spinal Muscular Atrophy Treatment Initiative Faces Controversy

October 27, 2026

Spinal Muscular Atrophy Latest News

An initiative launched by the Keralam government to make the treatment for Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) accessible to more patients is now courting controversy.

About Spinal Muscular Atrophy

It represents a group of genetic (inherited) neuromuscular disorders that cause certain muscles to become weak and waste away.
It is a progressive disorder that can cause life-threatening complications.

What Happens in Spinal Muscular Atrophy?

In SMA, the nerves that control muscle strength and movement break down.
These nerves (called motor neurons) are in the spinal cord and lower part of the brain.
They can't send signals from the brain to the muscles to make them move.
Because the muscles don't move, they get smaller (or atrophy).
The weakness in SMA tends to be more severe in the muscles that are close to the center of your body (proximal muscles) than in the muscles farther away from your body’s center (distal muscles).
Muscle weakness tends to worsen with time.

What Causes Spinal Muscular Atrophy?

Motor neurons need a protein called SMN (survival motor neuron) to work.
Most kinds of SMA are caused by a problem with a gene that makes this protein, called the SMN1 gene.
When this gene mutates (changes in some way), it can’t make enough protein for the motor neurons to work properly.
The motor neurons break down and can't send signals to the muscles.
It's the second most common severe hereditary disease of infancy and childhood after cystic fibrosis.

Types of Spinal Muscular Atrophy

It is classified as type 1, 2, 3, or 4 depending on age of onset.
- SMA type 1 (infantile-onset SMA or Werdnig-Hoffman disease): It is the most severe type. It is also the most common. Babies with this type usually show signs of the disease before 6 months of age.
- SMA type 2 (intermediate SMA): It is a moderate to severe type of SMA. It is usually first noticed between 6 and 18 months of age.
- SMA type 3 (juvenile SMA, Kugelberg Welander syndrome): It is the mildest type that affects children. The signs of the disease usually show up after age 18 months.
- SMA type 4 (adult SMA): It is rare and often mild. It usually causes symptoms after 21 years of age.
The term "5q SMA" is often used to refer to all 4 common types of SMA.
Healthcare providers classify them based on the age of onset, as well as the severity and life expectancy.

Spinal Muscular Atrophy Symptoms

Symptoms of SMA may include:
- Muscle weakness and decreased muscle tone
- Limited mobility
- Breathing problems
- Problems eating and swallowing
- Delayed gross motor skills
- Spontaneous tongue movements
- Scoliosis (curvature of the spine)

Spinal Muscular Atrophy Treatment

There isn’t a cure for SMA.
Treatment for SMA mainly seeks to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

News: TH

Spinal Muscular Atrophy FAQs

Q1: What is Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)?

Ans: It is a group of inherited neuromuscular disorders that cause muscles to become weak and waste away.

Q2: Which cells are primarily affected in Spinal Muscular Atrophy?

Ans: Motor neurons.

Q3: Which gene is primarily associated with Spinal Muscular Atrophy?

Ans: The SMN1 gene.

Q4: How does a mutation in the SMN1 gene cause Spinal Muscular Atrophy?

Ans: It reduces the production of functional SMN protein, leading to motor neuron dysfunction and degeneration.

Defence Acquisition Council Clears ₹2.12 Lakh Crore Procurement Proposals

October 27, 2026

Defence Acquisition Council Latest News

The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) recently accorded Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) for capital acquisition proposals worth approximately ₹2.12 lakh crore for the three services, with about 82% of the procurements to be sourced from the domestic industry.

About Defence Acquisition Council

It is the highest decision-making body of India's Ministry of Defence on procurement.
Main Objective: To ensure expeditious procurement of the approved requirements of the armed forces in terms of capabilities sought and time frame prescribed by optimally utilizing the allocated budgetary resources.
Formation: It was formed after the Group of Minister’s recommendations on ‘Reforming the National Security System’, in 2001, post-Kargil War (1999).
Composition:
- The defence minister is the chairman of DAC.
- Its members include senior civil and military leaders of the Ministry of Defence, among them the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) and chiefs of the Army, Navy, and Air Force; the Defence Secretary; and other senior officials responsible for finance, production, and acquisition.
Functions:
- Give in principle approval of a 15-year Long Term Integrated Perspective Plan (LTIPP) for defence forces.
- Accord of acceptance of necessity to acquisition proposals.
- Categorisation of the acquisition proposals relating to ‘Buy’, ‘Buy & Make’, and ‘Make’.
- Look into issues relating to single vendor clearance.
- Take decisions regarding ‘offset’ provisions in respect of acquisition proposals above Rs 300 crore.
- Take decisions regarding the Transfer of Technology under the ‘Buy & Make’ category of acquisition proposals.
- Field trial evaluation.
The categorisation decisions taken by the DAC are especially significant, because they influence whether contracts flow to Indian designers and manufacturers or to foreign suppliers.
Through its approvals, the DAC effectively sets the direction of India's military modernisation.

News: TH

Defence Acquisition Council FAQs

Q1: What is the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC)?

Ans: It is the highest decision-making body of India’s Ministry of Defence on defence procurement.

Q2: What is the main objective of the Defence Acquisition Council?

Ans: To ensure the timely procurement of approved requirements of the armed forces while optimally utilising allocated budgetary resources.

Q3: Following which event was the Defence Acquisition Council established?

Ans: The Kargil War of 1999 and the subsequent recommendations of the Group of Ministers on reforming the national security system.

Q4: Who is the chairman of the Defence Acquisition Council?

Ans: The Union Defence Minister.