About Vikramaditya Vedic Clock

• It is the world’s first 'Vedic Clock', designed to display time according to the ancient Indian traditional Panchang (time calculation system).
• It has been positioned on an 85-foot tower within Jantar Mantar in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh.
• It also provides information on planetary positions, Muhurat, astrological calculations, and predictions.
• In addition to this, it also indicates Indian Standard Time (IST) and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). 
• The clock will calculate time from one sunrise to another. 
  • The period between the two sunrises will be divided into 30 parts, whose one hour consists of 48 minutes, according to ISD. 
  • The reading will start from 0:00 with the sunrise functions for 30 hours (an hour of 48 minutes).
• It has been developed by Lucknow-based Sanstha Arohan, using digital interventions, enabling it to be connected to the internet and provide a wide range of features through a mobile app named after the clock.
• Why Ujjain?
  • Ujjain's rich heritage in timekeeping dates back centuries, with the city playing a pivotal role in determining India's time zones and time difference. 
  • Ujjain is located at the precise point of interaction with zero meridian and Tropic of Cancer.
  • Before 82.5E longitude was adopted for IST, Ujjain (75.78E) was considered as Bharat’s time meridian.
  • The Vikrami Panchang and Vikram Samvat calendars are also released from Ujjain, which makes Ujjain the ideal location to have the Vaidik Clock.

Q1) What is Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)?

Greenwich Mean Time or GMT is the mean (average) solar time at the Greenwich Meridian or Prime Meridian, 0 degrees longitude. The time displayed by the Shepherd Gate Clock at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London, is always GMT. When the sun is at its highest point exactly above the Prime Meridian at the Royal Observatory, it is 12:00 noon at Greenwich.

Source: Vikramaditya Vedic Clock: PM Modi inaugurates world's 1st Indian ‘panchang’-based timepiece in Ujjain | 5 things to know

About Melanochlamys Droupadi

• It is a new marine species of head-shield sea slug with ruby red spot.
• This species belonging to Melanochlamys genus was discovered from Digha of West Bengal coast and Udaipur of Odisha coast.
• Features:
  • It is a small invertebrate with a maximum length of up to 7 mm.
  • Habitat: It inhabits wet and soft sandy beaches.
  • It is brownish black in colour with a ruby red spot in the hind end.
  • This particular species of sea slug is hermaphrodite (having both male and female reproductive parts); however, they need another sea slug for reproduction.
  • It has a shell inside the body. It has a posterior, accounting for 61 percent of its body length.
  • It continuously secretes transparent mucus to form a sheath that prevents sand grains from entering parapodial space.
  • It crawls beneath smooth sand to form a moving capsule where the body is rarely visible, leaving behind a trail like a turtle.

What are Sea Slugs?

• Sea slugs are a group of molluscs that live primarily in marine habitats and are slug-like. 
• They can be found from the shallow intertidal to the deep sea and from the polar regions to the tropics.
• The sea slugs are rapid hunters and feed upon mobile prey such as other shelled and unshelled sea slugs, roundworms, marine worms, and small fishes.
• So far, 18 species have been discovered across the globe.
  • They are distributed in temperate regions of the Indo-Pacific Oceanic realm, but three species are truly tropically distributed, Melanochlamys papillata from the Gulf of Thailand, Melanochlamys bengalensis from West Bengal and Odisha coast and the present species.

Q1) What are invertebrates?

Invertebrate is any animal that lacks a vertebral column, or backbone, in contrast to the cartilaginous or bony vertebrates. More than 90 percent of all living animal species are invertebrates. Worldwide in distribution, they include animals as diverse as sea stars, sea urchins, earthworms, sponges, jellyfish, lobsters, crabs, insects, spiders, snails, clams, and squid. 

Source: Zoologists spot new sea slug species, name it after Prez

About Doomsday Glacier

• Thwaites Glacier, also known as the “Doomsday Glacier,” is located in the remote Amundsen Sea in West Antarctica. 
• It’s a wide and fast-flowing glacier, roughly the size of Florida or Great Britain, and it has been a significant focus of scientific study due to its sensitivity to climate change.
• It is one of the most vulnerable and important glaciers in the world in terms of future global sea-level rise. 
• Satellite measurements have shown that the glacier is losing an enormous amount of ice each year, nearly 50 billion tons annually, contributing to rising global sea levels. The glacier already contributes 4% of global sea level rise.
• If the entire Thwaites Glacier were to melt, it could raise the world’s oceans by about 65 centimeters (over 2 feet).
• It also acts as a buffer, holding back neighboring glaciers that contain around three meters of potential sea level rise.
• A critical concern is that much of Thwaites sits on land that is below sea level, in a configuration known as “marine-based.”
  • This situation means that as the glacier’s grounding line – the point where the glacier’s ice lifts off the land and starts floating on the sea – retreats inland, it can pass over deeper and deeper valleys.
  • This process allows more and more ice to discharge into the sea, which might accelerate the glacier’s melt in a phenomenon known as “marine ice sheet instability.”

Q1) What is a Glacier?

Glaciers are massive bodies of slowly moving ice. Glaciers form on land, and they are made up of fallen snow that gets compressed into ice over many centuries. They move slowly downward from the pull of gravity.Most of the world’s glaciers exist in the polar regions, in areas like Greenland, the Canadian Arctic, and Antarctica. 

Source: Antarctica's 'Doomsday Glacier' has been losing ice since 1940s, and El Nino is to blame: Study

About Very Short-Range Air Defence System (VSHORADS)

• VSHORADS is a fourth-generation Man Portable Air Defence System (MANPAD) specially designed to counter low-altitude aerial threats over short distances. 
• These are short-range, lightweight, and portable surface-to-air missiles that can be fired by individuals or small groups.
• It has been designed and developed indigenously by DRDO's Research Centre Imarat (RCI), Hyderabad, in collaboration with other DRDO laboratories and Indian industry partners.
• Features:
  • It is designed to provide short-range air defence capabilities to protect ground forces and critical assets from aerial threats, including helicopters and low-flying aircraft.
  • It has a range of up to 6-km.
  • The missile incorporates many novel technologies, including a Dual-band IIR Seeker, a miniaturised Reaction Control System, and integrated avionics.
  • It is propelled by a dual-thrust solid motor.
  • The missile and its launcher were designed by the DRDO to be portable, which enables their quick deployment over difficult terrain.

Q1) What is the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)?

It is the R&D wing of the Ministry of Defence, Govt. of India, with a vision to empower India with cutting-edge defense technologies and a mission to achieve self-reliance in critical defence technologies and systems. It is India's largest research organisation. It has a network of laboratories engaged in developing defence technologies covering various fields, like aeronautics, armaments, electronics, land combat engineering, life sciences, materials, missiles, and naval systems.

Source: DRDO completes flight tests of Very Short-Range Air Defence System

About United Nations Human Rights Council

• It is an intergovernmental body within the United Nations whose mission is to promote and protect human rights around the world.
• It was created by the General Assembly on 15 March 2006 by replacing the Commission on Human Rights.
• It has 47 members elected for staggered three-year terms on a regional group basis.
• Tenure of the council: The members of the Council serve for a period of three years and are not eligible for immediate re-election after serving two consecutive terms.
• The members are elected by the majority of members of the General Assembly of the United Nations through direct and secret ballot.
• The General Assembly takes into account the candidate States' contribution to the promotion and protection of human rights, as well as their voluntary pledges and commitments in this regard.
• The Council's Membership is based on equitable geographical distribution.
• Function:
  • It investigates allegations of breaches of human rights in UN member states, and addresses important thematic human rights issues such as freedom of association and assembly, freedom of expression, freedom of belief and religion, women's rights, LGBTI rights, and the rights of racial and ethnic minorities.

Q1) What are Human rights?

These are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status. Human rights include the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and education, and many more.

Source: India hits out at Pakistan for raking up Kashmir issue at UNHRC

About International Big Cat Alliance

• It is an initiative launched by the Prime Minister of India in April 2023 in Mysuru commemorating the 50th anniversary of Project Tiger.
• The objective of the IBCA is to ensure cooperation for the conservation of seven big cats: lion, tiger, leopard, cheetah, snow leopard, jaguar, and puma. Five of these cats, apart from jaguar and puma, are found in India.
• Membership: It is open to 97 'range' countries, which contain the natural habitat of these big cats, as well as other interested nations, international organizations, etc.
• It aims for mutual cooperation among countries for mutual benefit in furthering the conservation agenda.
• It would have a multipronged approach in broad basing and establishing linkages manifold in several areas and help in knowledge sharing, capacity building, networking, advocacy, finance and resources support, research and technical support, education and awareness. 
• Governance Structure:
  • A General Assembly consisting of all member countries.
  • A Council of at least seven but not more than 15 member countries elected by the General Assembly for a term of 5 years, and a Secretariat.
  • Upon the recommendation of the Council, the General Assembly will appoint the IBCA Secretary General for a specific term.
• Funding: It has secured Government of India's initial support of Rs. 150 crore for five years (2023-24 to 2027-28).

Q1) What is Project Tiger?

It is a tiger conservation programme (a Centrally Sponsored Scheme of the MoEF&CC) launched in 1973 by the Government of India and administered by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).

Source: Cabinet approves establishment of International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)

About Juice jacking

• The term “juice jacking” was first coined in 2011 by investigative journalist Brian Krebs.
• It is a form of cyberattack where a public USB charging port is tampered with and infected using hardware and software changes to steal data or install malware on devices connected to it.
• The attack is used by hackers to steal users’ passwords, credit card information, addresses, and other sensitive data stored on the targeted device.
• This type of attack has been a growing concern, with incidents reported in various public spaces such as airports, hotels, and shopping centres.
• RBI emphasised the importance of protecting personal and financial data while using mobile devices.
• How to prevent such attacks?
  • To protect themselves from juice jacking and other cyber threats, mobile phone users have to use their personal chargers and avoid connecting their devices to public USB ports.
  • Additionally, using a virtual private network (VPN) and ensuring that devices have the latest security updates installed can help mitigate the risk of cyberattacks.

 Q1) What is the Chameleon Trojan?

It is a malware that has the ability to disable biometric authentication methods, including fingerprint and face unlock, to sneakily access sensitive information.

Source: Juice jacking: RBI issues warning against charging mobile phones using public ports

About BioTRIG

• It is a new waste management technology based on the pyrolysis system.
• It works by sealing the waste inside an oxygen-free chamber and heating it above 400 degrees Celsius. Useful chemicals are produced in the process.
• In the study, the researchers outlined that three products of pyrolysis — bio-oil, syngas and biochar fertiliser — could help rural Indians live healthier and greener lives.
• Significance
  • The syngas and bio-oil facilitate heat and power the pyrolysis system in future cycles and surplus electricity is utilized to power local homes and businesses.
  • The clean-burning bio-oil to replace dirty cooking fuels in homes and using biochar to store carbon, while improving soil fertility.
  • Computer simulations showed that the BioTRIG system could also be effective in real-world applications.
  • It could help reduce greenhouse gas emissions from communities by nearly 350 kg of CO2-eq per capita per annum.
  • It could help rural Indians cut indoor air pollution, improve soil health, and generate clean power

What is Pyrolysis?

• It is a kind of chemical recycling that turns leftover organic materials into their component molecules.
• It works by sealing the waste inside an oxygen-free chamber and heating it to more than 400 degrees Celsius, producing useful chemicals in the process.

Q1) What is Combustion?

It is a chemical process in which a substance reacts rapidly with oxygen and gives off heat. The original substance is called the fuel, and the source of oxygen is called the oxidizer. The fuel can be a solid, liquid, or gas, although for airplane propulsion the fuel is usually a liquid.

Source: New waste management technology could improve life in rural India, claims study

About Jacaranda Bloom

• It’s also known by its synonym Jacaranda acutifolia.
• It is a deciduous tree, Jacaranda mimosifolia comes from the Bignoniaceae family.
• Blue jacaranda is native of Brazil and North West Argentina.
• These are hardy trees that grow well in tropical climes, well-drained soil and plenty of sun to showcase their lavender touch.
• They are widely grown in warm parts of the world and in greenhouses for their showy blue or violet flowers and attractive, oppositely paired, compound leaves. 
• Uses: In Brazil, its wood is used to make guitars. It has no edible use, its bark and root has medicinal advantages.
• It is also recommended as an alternative wood carving tree species, especially in Kenya.
• Ecological significance: They attract more hummingbirds and bees than many native trees, so a change in flowering could lead to a decrease in these populations.
• Concern: Some jacarandas began blooming in early January, when they normally awaken in spring.

Q1) What are Deciduous Forests?

A deciduous forest is a biome dominated by deciduous trees which lose their leaves seasonally. The Earth has temperate deciduous forests, and tropical and subtropical deciduous forests, also known as dry forests.

Source: Early jacaranda bloom sparks debate about climate change in Mexico