UPSC Prelims Current Affairs for 13 October 2026

by Vajiram & Ravi - 13 October 2026

Vajiram & Ravi provides Daily UPSC Prelims Current Affairs for 13 October 2026, tailored for aspirants. We cover all relevant news and events crucial for the exam, ensuring you stay updated & well-prepared.

Bharat Tulip

October 13, 2026
Bharat Tulip

Bharat Tulip Latest News

Recently, the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment has introduced BHARAT TULIP at the Mysuru Dasara Exhibition Grounds at Mysuru in Karnataka.

About Bharat Tulip

  • Bharat Tulip (Traditional Artisans’ Upliftment Livelihood Programme) was launched in 2024.
  • It is an initiative by the National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation (NBCFDC) under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
  • It is a transformative platform designed to empower marginalized artisans by integrating them into the global digital economy.
  • Objectives
    • Empower artisans with access to digital marketplaces.                      
    • Enable artisans to participate in domestic/global trade fairs, exhibitions, and fashion shows.                     

Functions of Tulip

  • E-Commerce Integration: Tulip collaborates with leading e-commerce platforms to expand artisans' reach and boost sales opportunities.                     
    Facilitating Sales: It enables artisans to sell high-quality products through digital marketplaces.
  • Quality Assurance: Ensuring rigorous quality checks so that only premium products are delivered directly to customers.                      
  • Skill Development: Providing essential training to artisans to improve craftsmanship and market readiness.                      
  • Global Outreach: Expanding artisans' presence on international B2C platforms to tap into global markets.                      
  • Participation in Fair: Offering artisans opportunities to showcase and sell their products at national and international fairs, opening new revenue streams.

Source: PIB

Bharat Tulip FAQs

Q1: Which organisation initiated Bharat Tulip?

Ans: It is an initiative by the National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation.

Q2: What is the purpose of Bharat Tulip?

Ans: It is a transformative platform designed to empower marginalized artisans by integrating them into the global digital economy.

Namdapha Tiger Reserve

October 13, 2026
Namdapha Tiger Reserve

Namdapha Tiger Reserve Latest News

Recently, employees of Namdapha National Park and Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh engaged under the Centre's Project Tiger have raised wage issues. 

About Namdapha Tiger Reserve

  • Location: It is located in the state of Arunachal Pradesh.
  • It is named after the river Namdapha originating from Daphabum, the highest mountain peak in the Reserve.
  • This area was originally Reserved Forests and was declared as Wildlife Sanctuary in 1972
  • It was declared as a Tiger Reserve in 1983 under Project Tiger scheme.  
  • Topography: It has a dense cover of vegetation with high hills, and numerous rivers and seasonal streams.
  • Vegetation: The vegetation of the reserve is mainly tropical evergreen rainforest, with very dense and multi-layered forest structure.
  • Flora: The forests include thick growth of bamboo, cane, wild banana, and other undergrowth, making them almost impenetrable in some areas.
  • Fauna: It is home to four big cats viz. tiger, leopard, clouded leopard and snow leopard
    • Other animals like Hoolock Gibbon, Golden Cat, Marbled Cat, Mishmi Takin, Red Panda, Namdapha Flying Squirrels are found here.

Source: IT

Namdapha Tiger Reserve FAQs

Q1: Where is Namdapha Tiger Reserve located?

Ans: Arunachal Pradesh

Q2: What type of vegetation is found in Namdapha Tiger Reserve?

Ans: It mainly consists of tropical evergreen rainforest

Exercise IBSAMAR IX

October 13, 2026
Exercise IBSAMAR IX

Exercise IBSAMAR IX Latest News

Indian Naval Ship (INS) Tarkash deployed in South Africa to participate in the ninth edition of the India-Brazil-South Africa Maritime (IBSAMAR) Exercise 2026. 

About Exercise IBSAMAR IX

  • It is a joint multinational maritime exercise conducted between Indian, Brazilian, and South African Navy.
  • IBSAMAR has been conducted biennially since 2008 under the India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) framework.
  • Theme: The theme of IBSAMAR IX is Stronger Together Towards a Shared Future in the Maritime Domain.
  • It aims to promote collective maritime security and preparedness to address maritime challenges.
  • Participating Warships and Aircraft: The Indian Navy is participating with INS Tarkash, accompanied by an integral Chetak helicopter.
  • The exercise will cover a broad spectrum of maritime operations, including surface warfare, anti-air warfare, anti-submarine warfare, naval air operations, maritime interdiction, Visit Board Search and Seizure (VBSS), anti-piracy operations, search and rescue, damage control and firefighting.

Key facts about INS Tarkash

  • It is a frontline guided-missile stealth frigate of the Indian Navy.
  • It is the second of three Talwar-class guided missile frigates. 
  • It is designed and built in Russia, the Talwar-class guided missile frigates are modified versions of the Krivak III-class frigate. 
  • It was built by the Yantar shipyard in Kaliningrad, Russia.
  • It was commissioned into Indian Navy service on 9 November 2012 at Kaliningrad.
  • Speed: With maximum speed in excess of 30 knots, a range of 4,500 miles or 30 days.

Source: PIB

Exercise IBSAMAR IX FAQ's

Q1: Exercise IBSAMAR IX conducted between which countries?

Ans: Indian, Brazilian, and South African Navy.

Q2: What is the theme of Exercise IBSAMAR IX?

Ans: The theme of IBSAMAR IX is Stronger Together Towards a Shared Future in the Maritime Domain.

TRISHNA Satellite

October 13, 2026
TRISHNA Satellite

TRISHNA Satellite Latest News

Recently, the project head of the Indo-French satellite TRISHNA informed us that it will be launched in the next 12-16 months. 

About TRISHNA Satellite

  • The TRISHNA (Thermal Infra-Red Imaging Satellite for High-resolution Natural Resource Assessment) is a collaborative endeavor between the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the French Space Agency Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES).
  • It is the third satellite that India and France are developing after Megha-Tropiques and SARAL (Satellite with ARGOS and ALTIKA) satellites.
  • Objectives
    • Detailed monitoring of the energy and water budgets of the continental biosphere for quantifying terrestrial water stress and water use.
    • High-resolution observation of water quality and dynamics in coastal and inland waters.
    • A comprehensive assessment of urban heat islands detection of thermal anomalies linked to volcanic activity and geothermal resources.
    • Precise monitoring of snow-melt runoff and glacier dynamics. 
    • Provide valuable data on aerosol optical depth, atmospheric water vapor, and cloud cover. 
  • Payloads
    • The Thermal Infra-Red (TIR) Payload: It is provided by CNES and features a four-channel long-wave infrared imaging sensor capable of high-resolution surface temperature and emissivity mapping.
    • The Visible – Near Infra-Red – ShortWave Infra-Red (VNIR-SWIR) payload: It is developed by ISRO, includes seven spectral bands designed for detailed mapping of surface reflectance of VSWIR bands for generating important biophysical and radiation budget variables.
  • Function: It is engineered to deliver high spatial and high temporal resolution monitoring of the earth’s surface temperature, emissivity, and biophysical and radiation variables for surface energy budgeting at regional to global scale.

Source: TH

TRISHNA Satellite FAQs

Q1: TRISHNA Satellite is jointly developed by which organisation?

Ans: It is a collaboratively developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the French Space Agency Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES).

Q2: What is the objective of TRISHNA Satellite?

Ans: Detailed monitoring of the energy and water budgets of the continental biosphere for quantifying terrestrial water stress and water use.

Coronary Thrombosis

October 13, 2026
Coronary Thrombosis

Coronary Thrombosis Latest News

The recent death of a famous Indian actor has drawn attention to coronary thrombosis. 

About Coronary Thrombosis

  • It occurs when a blood clot forms in one of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle.
    • These arteries carry oxygen and nutrients that the heart needs to function.
    • When a clot partly or completely blocks an artery, less blood reaches the heart muscle.
    • If the blood supply is cut off for too long, the heart muscle can become damaged, leading to a heart attack.
    • This form of thrombosis is often associated with atherosclerosis, in which fatty deposits, cholesterol and other substances build up in the artery walls.
  • Causes
    • Smoking is a major risk factor for coronary thrombosis as it can damage the blood vessels and promote the formation of blood clots.
    • High cholesterol levels can lead to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, increasing the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary thrombosis.
    • Hypertension can cause the arteries to become narrowed and damaged.
    • Obesity and a sedentary lifestyle are associated with an increased risk of coronary thrombosis.
  • Symptoms: Chest pain or discomfort, breathlessness, sweating, nausea, dizziness and unusual fatigue may also occur.
  • Treatment: It may include medications like blood thinners, clot-busting drugs, and antiplatelet agents. Procedures such as angioplasty with stent placement or coronary artery bypass surgery may be necessary to restore blood flow to the heart.

Source: TH

Coronary Thrombosis FAQs

Q1: What does Coronary Thrombosis occur?

Ans: It occurs when a blood clot forms in one of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle.

Q2: What are the treatments available for Coronary Thrombosis?

Ans: It may include medications like blood thinners, clot-busting drugs.

Mount Mukut

October 13, 2026
Mount Mukut

Mount Mukut Latest News

Recently, a 17-member Indian Coast Guard (ICG) mountaineering team has successfully scaled Mount Mukut (7,045-metre).

About Mount Mukut

  • Location: It is a high-altitude peak located in the Garhwal Himalaya of Uttarakhand, India, in the Zaskar Range near Mount Kamet.
  • It is part of the Gangotri Group of peaks and lies in the western Garhwal Himalayas, within the Nanda Devi Sanctuary. 
  • The peak is notable for its distinctive crown-like shape, which gives it the name “Mukut,” meaning crown in Hindi.
  • It occupies a transition zone between the greener, monsoon-influenced valleys of Garhwal and the dry, elevated landscape of the Tibetan Plateau.
  • The peak was first climbed in 1951 by a team from New Zealand which included Edmund Hillary and George Lowe. 
  • Topography: Its upper slopes consist almost entirely of exposed rock, permanent snow, glacier ice, and wind-scoured ridges.

Key Facts about Garhwal Himalaya

  • The Garhwal Himalaya forms the western part of the Central Himalayas and lies mainly in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand.
  • It stretches from the Tons River in the west to the Kali River in the east.
  • The region shares its northern boundary with Tibet (China) and the southern boundary with the Shivalik Hills.
  • Rivers: It has numerous rivers including the Bhagirathi, Alaknanda, Mandakini, and Yamuna.
  • Flora: Dense forests of pine, oak, deodar, fir, and rhododendron.

Source: PIB

Mount Mukut FAQs

Q1: Where is Mount Mukut located?

Ans: Uttarakhand

Q2: Who climbed this Mount Mukut first?

Ans: The peak was first climbed in 1951 by a team from New Zealand which included Edmund Hillary and George Lowe. 

Research Development and Innovation Fund

October 13, 2026
Research Development and Innovation Fund

Research Development and Innovation Fund Latest News

Recently, the Research, Development and Innovation Fund (RDIF) has announced the first cohort of 19 Second Level Fund Managers (SLFMs). 

About Research Development and Innovation Fund

  • It is a flagship initiative of the Government of India.
  • It aims to provide long-term financing or refinancing with long tenors at low or nil interest rates to spur private sector investment in Research Development and Innovation.
  • Nodal Department: The Department of Science & Technology (DST).
  • Governance: The Governing Board of Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF), chaired by the Prime Minister, will provide overarching strategic direction to the RDI Scheme. 

Key Objectives of the Research Development and Innovation Fund

  • Encourage the private sector to scale up research, development, and innovation (RDI) in sunrise domains and in other sectors relevant for economic security, strategic purpose, and self-reliance;
  • Finance transformative projects at higher levels of Technology Readiness Levels (TRL)
  • Support acquisition of technologies which are critical or of high strategic importance;
  • Facilitate setting up of a Deep-Tech Fund of Funds.

Funding Mechanism of Research Development and Innovation Fund

  • Total Budget: ₹1 Lakh crore
  • Implementation Structure
    • Special Purpose Fund (SPF): It will be established within the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF), which will serve as the custodian of the ₹1 lakh crore corpus. (Fund will not directly invest in industries and startups but will channel capital to Second-level fund managers)
    • Second-level fund managers: Who can be Alternative Investment Funds (AIF), Development Finance Institutions (DFI), Non-banking Finance Companies (NBFCs).
  • Modes of Financing
    • Long-term loan at low or nil interest rates.
    • Financing in the form of equity may also be done, especially in case of startups.

Source: PIB

Research Development and Innovation Fund FAQs

Q1: What is Research Development and Innovation Fund?

Ans: It is a flagship initiative of the Government of India.

Q2: What is the aim of Research Development and Innovation Fund?

Ans: It aims to provide long-term financing or refinancing with long tenors at low or nil interest rates to spur private sector investment in Research Development and Innovation.

World Economic Outlook Report

October 13, 2026
World Economic Outlook Report

World Economic Outlook Report Latest News

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) raised India’s economic growth forecast to 7 per cent for 2026 in its World Economic Outlook (WEO) report. 

About World Economic Outlook Report

  • It is a comprehensive report published twice a year by the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
  • The WEO is usually published in April and October, followed by the less comprehensive WEO updates in July and January.
  • It includes the IMF’s estimates and forecasts for global output growth and inflation as well as for real gross domestic product (GDP) growth, consumer prices, current account balances, and unemployment in the IMF’s member countries,
  • The data is drawn from IMF representatives’ consultations with member countries, and is included in the WEO database.

Key Highlights of World Economic Outlook Report 2026

  • Growth: The IMF projected India’s growth at 7.4 per cent in 2026 and 7 per cent in 2027.
  • Inflation: On inflation, the IMF projected India’s consumer prices to rise by 5 per cent in 2026, compared with 2 per cent in 2025.
  • Current Account Deficit: The country’s current account deficit is expected to widen to 1.5 per cent of GDP in 2026.
  • Globally, economic growth is forecast at 3.1 per cent in 2026 and 3.4 per cent in 2027, while emerging and developing Asia is expected to grow by 5.1 per cent in 2026.
  • The Middle East and Central Asia region is projected to contract by 0.3 per cent in 2026.

Source: TH

World Economic Outlook Report FAQs

Q1: Which organisation publishes World Economic Outlook Report?

Ans: International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Q2: What all information World Economic Outlook Report provides?

Ans: It includes the IMF’s estimates and forecasts for global output growth and inflation as well as for real gross domestic product (GDP) growth

Taiwan Strait

October 13, 2026
Taiwan Strait

Taiwan Strait Latest News

China's military recently said its forces had followed and warned a Canadian and an Australian warship, which were sailing through the sensitive Taiwan Strait, in a move it criticised as a provocation.

About Taiwan Strait

  • Taiwan Strait, also called Formosa Strait, separates continental Asia and the island of Taiwan.
  • It extends from the South China Sea in the southwest to the East China Sea in the northeast.
  • It runs between the coast of the Fujian (Fukien) Province and the island of Taiwan.
  • It has an average width of 180 km, while its narrowest part is 130 km wide.
  • It sits on Asia’s continental shelf that runs along the entire stretch of the strait. 
  • It is relatively shallow. It has an average depth of about 490 ft and a minimum depth of 82 ft.
  • Ports: The chief ports are Amoy in mainland China and Kao-hsiung in Taiwan. 
  • Rivers: Several rivers, including the Jiulong and Min rivers from China’s Fujian Province, drain into the Taiwan Strait. 
  • Islands: 
    • Kinmen and Matsu are two of the largest and most significant islands in the strait located off the Fujian coast of China. 
    • The biggest islands along the Taiwan side include Penghu (or Pescadores), Xiamen, and Pingtan.
    • The Xiamen and Pingtan Islands are administered by the People’s Republic of China, while the other three islands: Penghu (or Pescadores), Kinmen, and Matsu are under the administration of the Republic of China (Taiwan).
    • Penghu (or Pescadores) Island is the largest and most populous island in the Taiwan Strait.
  • It serves as a busy navigational waterway, on which millions of tons of cargo are ferried annually.
  • The strait is also one of the most important fishing grounds in China, and more than a hundred economically important fish species are found here.

Source: REUT

Taiwan Strait FAQs

Q1: The Taiwan Strait connects which two seas?

Ans: East China Sea and South China Sea

Q2: The Taiwan Strait separates Taiwan from which country?

Ans: China

Q3: What is the average width of the Taiwan Strait?

Ans: 180 km

Q4: Which rivers drain into the Taiwan Strait?

Ans: Several rivers, including the Jiulong and Min rivers from China’s Fujian Province, drain into the Taiwan Strait.

Telecom Regulatory Authority of India

October 13, 2026
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India

Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Latest News

The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has released the Draft Telecom Consumer Protection (Thirteenth Amendment) Regulation, 2026.

About Telecom Regulatory Authority of India

  • It was established under the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997, passed by Parliament.
  • Mandate: To regulate telecom services in India, including tariff fixation/revision, this was earlier the domain of the Central Government.
  • TRAI's mission is to create and nurture conditions for growth of telecommunications in the country in a manner and at a pace which will enable India to play a leading role in emerging global information society.
  • Functions of TRAI
    • Scope of regulation: Covers areas like tariffs, quality of service, interconnection, spectrum management, and consumer protection in the telecom sector.
    • Policy role: Issues regulations, recommendations, and orders that guide telecom policy-making and market practices.
  • Composition of TRAI
    • Chairman: It consists of a Chairperson, a maximum of two full-time members, and two part-time members.
    • Tenure: Members serve for three years or until the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
    • Appointments are made by the Central Government.
  • The TRAI Act was amended by an ordinance, effective from 24 January 2000 and established a Telecommunications Dispute Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT).
    • TDSAT was set up to adjudicate any dispute between a licensor and a licensee, between two or more service providers, between a service provider and a group of consumers, and to hear and dispose of appeals against any direction, decision or order of TRAI.

Source: News On Air

Telecom Regulatory Authority of India FAQs

Q1: What is the primary objective of the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)?

Ans: To regulate telecom services and ensure fair competition

Q2: When was TRAI established?

Ans: 1997

Sarus Crane

October 13, 2026
Sarus Crane

Sarus Crane Latest News

Recently, the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) has announced a nationwide survey to estimate the population of Sarus Cranes.

About Sarus Crane

  • It is the tallest flying bird in the world.
  • Habitat: They live mainly found in wetlands, marshes, shallow water bodies, grasslands and agricultural landscapes.
  • Distribution: They live in Southeast Asia, northern India, and northern Australia.
  • In India, most sarus cranes are distributed along the Gangetic plain and in eastern Rajasthan in the northern states of India. Population densities decrease going to the south.
  • This species is not known to be migratory.
  • It is a vital indicator of healthy wetlands and agricultural ecosystems.
  • Features of Sarus Crane
    • It has a predominantly grey plumage with a naked red head and upper neck and pale red legs.
    • They are regarded as the least social crane species, found mostly in pairs or small groups of three or four. 
    • They are monogamous birds and mate for life.
    • Lifespan: It has been estimated that cranes in general can live 30 to 40 years.
  • Threats: Degradation of wetlands, changes in agricultural land use, usage of pesticides and agricultural chemicals, collision and electrocution in powerlines, human disturbance,

Conservation Status of Sarus Crane

Source: DTE

Sarus Crane FAQs

Q1: Where do we find Sarus Crane ?

Ans: They live mainly found in wetlands, marshes, shallow water bodies, grasslands and agricultural landscapes.

Q2: What is the IUCN Red list status of Sarus Crane?

Ans: Vulnerable

MY Bharat Platform

October 13, 2026
MY Bharat

MY Bharat Platform Latest News

Recently, MY Bharat organized neighbourhood youth parliaments and Yuva Melas Across 1,469 locations as part of the Nasha Mukt Yuva for Viksit Bharat Abhiyan.

About MY Bharat Platform

  • It is an autonomous body that has been set up by the Department of Youth Affairs, Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sport.
  • It has been set up by the Government of India and registered as a society under Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860.
  • MY Bharat’s digital platform provides equitable access to opportunities for youth to actualize their aspirations and build Viksit Bharat.

Features of MY Bharat Platform

  • It is designed to cater to the needs of the dynamic youth demographic, aged between 15 and 29 years.
  • It provides an over-arching institutional mechanism powered by technology for youth development and youth-led development.
  • The platform connects youth with programs and learning opportunities in Businesses, Government Departments and Non-Profit Organisations. 
  • MY Bharat platform will create such an eco-system and empower young individuals to become catalysts for community transformation. 
  • The platform allows youth to generate their individual profiles listing their skill-sets and activities.
  • The platform would allow youth to network with each other and also potential mentors.
  • This platform offers a wealth of resources, mentorship programs, experiential learning opportunities, networks, and invaluable industry connections.

Source: PIB

MY Bharat Platform FAQs

Q1: What is MY Bharat Platform?

Ans: It is an autonomous body that has been set up by the Department of Youth Affairs, Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sport.

Q2: What are the function of MY Bharat Platform?

Ans: It is designed to cater to the needs of the dynamic youth demographic, aged between 15 and 29 years.

What is Article 371?

October 13, 2026
What is Article 371?

About Article 371

  • Article 371, under part XXI of the Indian Constitution, grants some temporary, transitional and special powers for certain States.
  • It has been part of the Constitution since 26 January, 1950.
  • However, Articles 371(A-J) was brought in via amendments through Article 368.
  • Article 371
    • It deals with the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat. As per the provision, the Governor of Maharashtra has a special responsibility to establish separate development boards for Vidarbha, Marathwada, and the rest of the State.
    • The Governor of Gujarat has a similar responsibility towards Saurashtra, Kutch and the rest of Gujarat.
  • Article 371A
    • Under the provision, no Act of Parliament about the religious or social practices of the Nagas, their customary law and procedure, including civil and criminal justice matters, and ownership or transfer of land and resources will apply to Nagaland, unless the State’s Legislative Assembly passes a resolution to do so.
    • It further gives the Governor a ‘special responsibility’ regarding law and order in the State.
  • Article 371B
    • It deals with Assam, and was brought in 1969. It allows the President to deal with the Constitution and functioning of a committee of the Legislative Assembly comprising members elected from the tribal.
  • Article 371C
    • It applies to Manipur and was inserted into the Constitution in 1972. It provides for the constitution of a committee of legislators from the Hill Areas of Manipur.
    • It gives the Governor a special responsibility to make an annual report to the President on the administration of the Hill Areas.
  • Articles 371D and E
    • It includes special provisions for Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
    • The President can pass an order to provide equitable opportunities and facilities to people belonging to different parts of Andhra Pradesh in public employment and education.
  • Article 371F
    • It is applicable to Sikkim and it states that the State Legislative Assembly shall consist of at least 30 members.
    • The Governor has a special responsibility for the maintenance of peace and equitable arrangements for ensuring the social and economic advancement of different sections.
  • Article 371G
    • It applies to Mizoram. It includes special provisions to preserve the religious and social practices, customary law, and procedure of Mizos in Mizoram, as well as for the administration of criminal and civil justice, besides ownership and transfer of land.
  • Article 371H
    • It confers a special responsibility on the Governor of Arunachal Pradesh concerning law and order.
  • Article 371I
    • It relates to Goa. It requires the Legislative Assembly of Goa to consist of not less than 30 members.
  • Article 371J
    • It accords special status to the Hyderabad-Karnataka Region (Kalyana Karnataka), and provides for the establishment of a separate development board for the area.

Q1: What is the doctrine of checks and balances?

The doctrine of checks and balances states that each organ of the government shall act on the other organs in such a way as to prevent them from becoming totalitarian and to prompt them towards fulfilling their constitutional obligations.

Source: What is Article 371 and what are the protections it provides? | Explained

Finance Bill

October 13, 2026
Finance Bill

Finance Bill Latest News

Finance Bill Debate in Lok Sabha

About the Finance Bill

  • The Finance Bill is a crucial part of the Union Budget and is introduced every year to:
    • Implement the government’s fiscal proposals.
    • Authorise taxation, expenditure, and revenue adjustments for the upcoming financial year.
  • Article 110(a) of the Constitution mandates that the Finance Bill be presented with the Budget.
  • Accompanied by a Memorandum explaining tax provisions.

Types of Financial Bills

Type

Features

Financial Bill (I) -

Article 117(1)

- Contains provisions similar to a Money Bill, but includes other legislative provisions.
- Can only originate in the Lok Sabha on the President’s recommendation.
- Follows the same procedure as an Ordinary Bill in all respects except introduction.

Financial Bill (II) -

Article 117(3)

- Does not contain Money Bill provisions but affects Consolidated Fund of India expenditure. 

- Can be introduced in either House of Parliament but requires the President's recommendation.

What is a Money Bill?

  • Definition (Article 110): A Bill is a Money Bill if it contains provisions related to:
    • Taxation.
    • Borrowing of money by the government.
    • Expenditure from or receipt to the Consolidated Fund of India.
  • The Speaker of Lok Sabha certifies whether a Bill is a Money Bill.
  • Rajya Sabha cannot amend or reject a Money Bill, only give recommendations, which Lok Sabha may ignore.

Differences Between Money Bill & Finance Bill

Feature

Money Bill

Finance Bill

Definition

Only contains provisions related to taxation, borrowing, and expenditure.

Includes taxation and other financial matters.

Introduction

Only in the Lok Sabha, with the President's recommendation.

Finance Bill (I): Only in Lok Sabha.
Finance Bill (II): Either House.

Rajya Sabha Role

Can only make recommendations, which Lok Sabha may reject.

Can suggest amendments and reject the Bill.

Joint Sitting

Not allowed.

Allowed if there is a deadlock.

Finance Bill FAQs

Q1. What is the Finance Bill?

Ans. The Finance Bill is a crucial piece of legislation introduced in Parliament every year along with the Union Budget. It includes provisions related to taxation, government expenditure, and financial regulations.

Q2. Can the Rajya Sabha reject the Finance Bill?

Ans. No, if the Finance Bill is a Money Bill, Rajya Sabha cannot reject or amend it. It can only recommend changes, which Lok Sabha may accept or reject. However, if it is a Finance Bill Category II, Rajya Sabha has more power.

Q3. What is the constitutional provision for the Finance Bill?

Ans. The Finance Bill is governed by Article 110 (for Money Bills) and Article 117 (for other Finance Bills) of the Indian Constitution.

Q4. What is the significance of the Finance Bill?

Ans. It determines the tax structure, government spending, and economic policies for the financial year. It plays a key role in economic governance and fiscal policy implementation.

Source: TH

What is the Airports Authority of India (AAI)?

October 13, 2026
What is the Airports Authority of India (AAI)?

About Airports Authority of India (AAI)

  • It is a statutory body under the Directorate General of Civil Aviation, Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India.
  • It was constituted by an Act of Parliament and came into being on 1st April, 1995, by merging the erstwhile National Airports Authority and the International Airports Authority of India.
  • The merger brought into existence a single Organization entrusted with the responsibility of creating, upgrading, maintaining, and managing civil aviation infrastructure both on the ground and air space in the country.
  • AAI manages 137 airports, which include 24 International Airports (including 3 International Civil Enclaves), 10 Customs Airports (including 4 Customs Civil Enclaves), 80 Domestic Airports, and 23 Domestic Civil Enclaves at Defence airfields.
  • AAI also provides Air Traffic Management Services (ATMS) over the entire Indian Air Space and adjoining oceanic areas, with ground installations at all airports, and 25 other locations to ensure the safety of aircraft operations.
  • The functions of AAI are as follows:
    • Design, development, operation and maintenance of international and domestic airports and civil enclaves.
    • Control and management of the Indian airspace extending beyond the territorial limits of the country, as accepted by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
    • Construction, modification and management of passenger terminals.
    • Development and Management of cargo terminals at international and domestic airports.
    • Provision of passenger facilities and an information system at the passenger terminals at airports.
    • Expansion and strengthening of the operation area, viz. Runways, Aprons, Taxiway etc.
    • Provision of visual aids.
    • Provision of communication and navigation aids, viz. ILS, DVOR, DME, Radar etc.

Q1) What is the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)?

ICAO is an intergovernmental specialized agency associated with the United Nations (UN). It was established in 1947 by the Convention on International Civil Aviation (1944) known as Chicago Convention.CAO is dedicated to developing safe and efficient international air transport for peaceful purposes and ensuring a reasonable opportunity for every state to operate international airlines. It sets standards and regulations necessary for aviation safety, security and facilitation, efficiency, and economic development of air transport as well as to improve the environmental performance of aviation. It also serves as a clearinghouse for cooperation and discussion on civil aviation issues among its 193 member states.

Source: Supreme Court Agrees To Hear Airports Authority's Curative Petition Against Judgment Upholding GMR's Rights Over Nagpur Airport

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