Overview:

Finland has once again claimed the title of the world's happiest country for the seventh consecutive year, according to the annual UN-sponsored World Happiness Report released recently.

About World Happiness Report

• The annual World Happiness Report is a partnership of Gallup, the Oxford Wellbeing Research Centre, the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN), and the World Happiness Report's Editorial Board.
• It is based on global survey data from people based on people's own assessments of their happiness, as well as economic and social data.
• The report considers six key factors: social support, income, health, freedom, generosity, and the absence of corruption.
• It assigns a happiness score based on an average of data over a three-year period.

• Highlights of World Happiness Report 2024
  • The Nordic nations continue to dominate the top rankings. Finland topped the list for the seventh year in a row.
  • The other top 10 countries are Denmark, Iceland, Sweden, Israel, Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, Switzerland, and Australia.
  • Out of the 143 countries surveyed, Afghanistan remained at the bottom of the list.
  • For the first time in over a decade, the United States and Germany have slipped out of the top 20 happiest nations, landing at 23rd and 24th place, respectively. 
  • The report underscores a change wherein the happiest countries no longer include any of the world's most populous nations. Only the Netherlands and Australia, both with populations exceeding 15 million, are present in the top 10.
• Where does India stand?
  • India is ranked 126th on the list, the same as last year, in the happiness index.
  • Older age is associated with higher life satisfaction in India.
  • The report said that older Indian men, particularly those in higher age brackets, presently married, and those with an education, tend to report greater life satisfaction compared to their counterparts.
  • However, older women in India report lower life satisfaction than older men.
  • Satisfaction with living arrangements, perceived discrimination, and self-rated health emerged as the top three predictors of life satisfaction.

Q1) What is the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN)?

It was launched in 2012 under the auspices of the UN Secretary-General. SDSN mobilizes global scientific and technological expertise to promote practical solutions for sustainable development, including the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Climate Agreement. SDSN works closely with United Nations agencies, multilateral financing institutions, the private sector, and civil society.

Source: World's happiest countries 2024: Full list and where India stands

About Brucethoa ISRO

• It is a new species of deep-sea isopod discovered off the Kollam coast, Kerala.
• The tiny fish-parasitic crustacean, belonging to the genus Brucethoa, was recovered from the base of the gill cavity of the Spinyjaw greeneye, a marine fish.
• It is the second species within this genus to be documented in India.
• It has been named Brucethoa ISRO in honour of the Indian space agency’s successful space missions.
• Females of the species tend to be larger than males. Females grow to about 19 mm in length and 6 mm in width, while males are smaller at around half the size. 

What are Isopods?

• Isopods are an order of invertebrates (animals without backbones) that belong to the greater crustacean group of animals, which includes crabs and shrimp.
• Scientists estimate that there are around 10,000 species of isopods (all belonging to the order “Isopoda”). 
• They also live in many different types of habitats, from mountains and deserts to the deep sea, and they are distributed worldwide.
• Features:
  • They are one of the most morphologically diverse of all the crustacean groups, coming in many different shapes and sizes and ranging from micrometers to a half-meter in length.
  • Isopods often do not look alike, but they do have common features. For example, all isopods have two pairs of antennae, compound eyes, and four sets of jaws.
  • The body of all isopods consists of seven segments, each with its own pair of walking legs.
  • Isopods have a short abdominal section composed of six segments, called “pleons,” and one or more of these segments is fused into a tail section.
  • About half of the known species of isopods live in the ocean. Others live in coastal and shelf waters, moving around on the seafloor or living in plants.
  • Most are free-living, but a number of marine species are parasitic on other animals.

Q1) What are crustaceans? 

Crustaceans (make up a very large group of the Arthropods which include the crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, barnacles, brine shrimp, copepods, ostracods and mantis shrimp. They are invertebrates with a hard exoskeleton (carapace), a segmented body that is bilaterally symmetrical, more than four pairs of jointed appendages. Crustaceans are found in a wide range of habitats - most are free-living freshwater or marine animals, but some are terrestrial (e.g. woodlice), some are parasitic (e.g. fish lice) and some do not move (e.g. barnacles)

Source: New species of deep-sea isopod discovered off Kollam named after ISRO

About National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI)

• It was established in 2003 as a not-for-profit organization under the Companies Act 2013.
• NIXI was set up to extend the use of Internet Service Protocols (ISPs) for the purpose of routing domestic traffic within the country instead of taking it all the way abroad, thereby resulting in a better quality of service (reduced latency) and reduced bandwidth charges for ISPs by saving on international bandwidth.
• It is tasked to increase Internet penetration and adoption in India by facilitating the various infrastructure aspects to enable the Internet ecosystem to be managed and used by the masses.
• .IN is India’s Country Code Top Level Domain (ccTLD). The Government of India delegated the operations of INRegistry to NIXI in 2004. The INRegistry operates and manages India’s.IN ccTLD.
• Another activity being carried out by NIXI is that of National Internet Registry (NIR). The NIR is known as the Indian Registry for Internet Names and Numbers (IRINN).
• It offers IXPs towards building Internet Exchange Points.

What is Universal Acceptance (UA) Day?

• Held annually and organized by the community-led Universal Acceptance Steering Group (UASG) and the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), UA Day was established as a means to rally local, regional, and global stakeholders to spread awareness and encourage UA adoption through a mix of virtual, in-person, and hybrid informational and training sessions.
  • UA is a technical requirement that ensures all valid domain names and email addresses, regardless of script, language, or character length, can be equally used by all Internet-enabled applications, devices, and systems.
  • Achieving UA ensures everybody has the ability to experience the full social and economic power of the Internet using their chosen domain name and email address that best align with their interests, business, culture, language, and script.
• The first UA Day was held on 28 March 2023 and marked the first time a diverse set of technical and language communities, companies, governments, and Domain Name System (DNS) industry stakeholders mobilized to champion UA and a multilingual Internet on a global scale.

Q1) What is Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)?

It is the global organization responsible for managing the coordination and administration of the Internet's unique identifiers. It oversees several functions, including the allocation of IP addresses, management of the domain name system (DNS), and the coordination of the assignment of domain names

Source: National Internet Exchange to unveil BhashaNet portal on Universal Acceptance Day

About Earth Hour

• It is a global grassroots movement uniting people to take action on environmental issues and protect the planet.
• It is organized by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF).
• It started in Sydney, Australia, in 2007 as a symbolic lights-out event and has since grown into a global movement involving millions of people in over 190 countries and territories.
• It takes place towards the end of March every year.
• “Earth Hour” encourages people to switch off all lights for an hour, from 8:30 p.m. to 9:30 p.m. local time, to promote awareness of climate change challenges and energy conservation.
• Governments and companies also participate by turning off non-essential lights in their buildings, monuments, and landmarks to raise awareness about the impact of energy consumption on our planet.
• This symbolic act, known as the ‘lights off’ moment, unites people worldwide in a show of support for the planet and serves as a reminder of the environmental issues facing us.

Key Facts about World Wildlife Fund (WWF)

• It is an international non-governmental organization (NGO) founded in 1961 in Morges, Switzerland, to protect endangered species of wildlife and preserve natural habitats.
• Mission: To stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature.
• WWF works with a broad spectrum of partners, including governments, industry, and local communities, to find solutions to the challenges that face our natural world.

Q1) What is World Earth Day?

It is an annual event celebrated on April 22 to raise awareness about environmental issues and promote global efforts to protect the Earth's natural resources. The first World Earth Day was held on April 22, 1970, in the United States. It was organized by a group of environmental activists led by US Senator Gaylord Nelson, who was concerned about the negative impact of industrialization and pollution on the environment. Since then, it has become a global movement that encourages individuals and communities to take action towards protecting our planet.

Source: Switch off non-essential appliances during Earth Hour on Mar 23, urges BSES

About Cocoa

• It is an important plantation crop grown for chocolates around the world.
• It is known as a crop of humid tropics and is native to Amazon basin of South America.
• It is mainly grown in an area of land around the equator between 20 degrees latitude north and south.
• Required climatic conditions
  • It can be grown up to 300 m above mean sea level. 
  • Rainfall: It requires an annual rainfall of 1500-2000 mm. 
  • Temperature: The temperature range of 15°-39°C with optimum of 25°C is considered ideal.
  • Soil: It requires deep and well drained soils. Majority of area under Cocoa cultivation is on clay loam and sandy loam soil. 
  • It grows well in the pH range of 6.5 to 7.0.
• Shade requirement
  • Cocoa was evolved as an under-storey crop in the Amazonian forests. Thus commercial cultivation of cocoa can be taken up in plantations where 50 per cent of light is ideally available. 
• Major producing regions in the world: About 70 percent of the world’s cocoa beans come from four West African countries: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon.
• In India, it is mainly cultivated in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu mainly as intercrop with Arecanut and Coconut.

Q1) What is Humidity?

It is the amount of water vapor in the air. If there is a lot of water vapor in the air, the humidity will be high. The higher the humidity, the wetter it feels outside.

Source: Cocoa beans are in short supply: What this means for farmers, businesses and chocolate lovers

About Subduction Zone

• A subduction zone is a spot where two of the planet's tectonic plates collide and one dives, or subducts, beneath the other.
  • Tectonic plates are pieces of the Earth’s rigid outer layer that slowly move across the planet's surface over millions of years.
  • This is the main tenet of plate tectonics, the theory that portions of Earth's shell glide over the lower mantle, taking continents with them.
  • That outer layer, known as the lithosphere, consists of the Earth’s crust and the upper section of the mantle, a dense, hot layer beneath the crust.
  • When two tectonic plates meet at a subduction zone and one slides underneath the other, this lithosphere material curves down into the hot mantle.
• This tectonic process can produce some of the planet’s most powerful earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes.
• This subduction process frequently occurs because of the two different types of lithospheres that make up tectonic plates: Continental and oceanic.
  • Because oceanic material is denser than continental lithosphere, when the two collide at a subduction zone, the oceanic portion sinks into the mantle beneath the more buoyant continental lithosphere.
• Subduction zones can also occur when both colliding plate sections consist of oceanic material. In these cases, older, denser oceanic lithosphere sinks below younger, more buoyant oceanic lithosphere.
  • A new oceanic lithosphere forms at the spots where plates separate, allowing hot mantle material to rise to the surface. As it moves away from those boundaries, this lithosphere cools and gets denser. Thus, older oceanic lithosphere can more easily sink.
• The sinking plate, or "slab," at a subduction zone tends to bend at an angle of about 30 degrees from Earth's surface, though some angles are flatter or steeper than this.
• Sometimes, subduction can begin spontaneously, without the forces of collision between plates. This happens as the lithosphere becomes unstable and sinks under the force of gravity. The oceanic lithosphere may grow so old and dense that it collapses and spontaneously forms a subduction zone.
• Subduction zones occur in a horseshoe shape around the edge of the Pacific Ocean, offshore of the USA, Canada, Russia, Japan, and Indonesia, and down to New Zealand and the southern edge of South America.
• Called the "Ring of Fire," these subduction zones comprise “the most seismically and volcanically active zone in the world,”, responsible for more than 80% of the world's biggest earthquakes and most of the planet’s active volcanoes.

Q1) What is a Strait?

A strait is a narrow waterway between two pieces of land that connects two large bodies of water. Well-known straits include the Bering Strait, which links the Arctic Ocean with the Bering Sea and separates the continents of Asia and North America at their closest point. The Strait of Gibraltar, located between Spain and Africa, connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean. The Strait of Magellan lies between the southern tip of South America and the islands of Tierra del Fuego and links the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Source: Subduction zone discovered beneath Gibraltar Strait: Concerns raised over future of Atlantic ocean

About Asbestos

• Asbestos is a generic term for a group of six silicate minerals with similar but distinct properties.
• These are generally divided into two sub-groups; serpentine and amphiboles. Serpentine asbestos (chrysotile or white asbestos) was the most commonly used type of asbestos.
• Properties:
  • These are resistant to heat and corrosion.
  • It is non-flammable even at very high temperatures and is extremely flexible and durable.
  • It has good tensile strength.
  • It has low heat conductivity and high resistance to electricity.
• It was once widely used in construction materials, insulation and consumer goods.
• India's asbestos requirement is met through imports from Russia, Kazakhstan, Brazil and China.
• The newly banned chrysotile asbestos in the USA was primarily used by the chlor-alkali industry, which produces chlorine bleach, caustic soda and other chemicals used in water treatment.
• Health impacts:
  • According to the World Health Organization, all varieties of asbestos are associated with conditions such as lung cancer, mesothelioma, laryngeal cancer, ovarian cancer and asbestosis, a lung fibrosis.
  • If products containing asbestos are disturbed, tiny asbestos fibers are released into the air.
  • When asbestos fibers are breathed in, they may get trapped in the lungs and remain there for a long time.

Q1) What is Corrosion?

It is wearing away due to chemical reactions, mainly oxidation.It occurs whenever a gas or liquid chemically attacks an exposed surface, often a metal, and is accelerated by warm temperatures and by acids and salts.

Source: United States bans white asbestos, last of its kind still in use

About Lianas

• Lianas (also known as vines, climbing plants or climbers) are plants with long, flexible, climbing stems that are rooted in the ground, and usually have long dangling branches.
• They particularly thrive in disturbed forest areas — such as those affected by logging, natural treefalls, landslides -- because they can quickly grow towards the forest canopy using trees as support.
• In terms of climate, lianas are more resilient to variations in moisture and temperature, which gives them a competitive advantage over trees.
• Lianas use their climbing ability, resilience to climatic stress, and efficient water and nutrient usage to outcompete trees for sunlight and resources.
• They compete for sunlight in the canopy and suppress trees.
• Their lower carbon sequestering capacity compared to trees further exacerbates the threat to carbon storage.

Impacts on forest ecosystem

• An increase in lianas’s competitive success over trees can significantly affect the forest ecosystem.
• Lianas, being a disturbance-favouring plant form, can impact trees from the understory to the canopy.
• Their prolific growth following heavy disturbance can lead to decreased tree regeneration, growth and survival, altering forest structure and ecosystem function, which, in turn, can affect the subsequent recovery of forest. 
• Its proliferation can alter nutrient cycling within forests and decrease the overall resilience of forests to environmental changes, making ecosystems more susceptible to further disturbances.

Q1) What Is Carbon dioxide?

It is a clear gas composed of one atom of carbon (C) and two atoms of oxygen (O). Carbon dioxide is one of many molecules where carbon is commonly found on the Earth. It does not burn, and in standard temperature and pressure conditions it is stable, inert, and non-toxic.

Source: Lianas threaten Earth’s carbon sinks’

About Project GR00T

• The project GR00T stands for Generalist Robot 00 Technology.
• It is a multimodal AI system that acts as the mind for humanoid robots, allowing them to learn new skills and interact with the real world.
• Robots built on this platform are designed to understand natural language and emulate movements by observing human actions, such as instantly learning coordination, dexterity, and other skills.
• This can help the robots navigate and engage with the real world around them.
• The project aims to empower humanoid robots with human-like understanding and movement using Artificial Intelligence (AI).
• The model has been trained on NVIDIA GPU-accelerated simulation, and enables the humanoids to learn from human demonstrations with imitation learning, and from the robotics platform NVIDIA Isaac Lab for reinforcement learning.
• While imitation learning involves observing an expert performing a task and learning to imitate those actions, reinforcement learning is a machine learning method that trains software to make decisions to achieve the most optimal results.

Q1) What is an example of multimodal AI?

A multimodal model is a ML (machine learning) model that is capable of processing information from different modalities, including images, videos, and text.

Source: What is Nvidia’s Project GR00T, designed to create AI-powered humanoid robots

About World Forest Day

• It is celebrated every year to remind people of the significance of forests and trees in our lives.
• The day aims to respect and promote the value of a wide range of forests. Countries are encouraged to take part in regional, global, and local drives to set up a scope of forest and tree-related campaigns, like planting campaigns.
• The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the United Nations Forum on Forests are the coordinators of the International Day of Forests.
• It is observed on March 21 every year.
• History:
  • In 1971, the General Assembly of the European Confederation of Agriculture proposed that we should celebrate a day dedicated to forests.
  • March 21 was chosen as World Forestry Day by the United Nations as it coincides with Vernal Equinox and Autumn Equinox in northern and southern hemispheres.
• The theme for this year is - Forests and Innovation: New Solutions for a Better World. 

Q1) What is the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)?

It is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger and improve nutrition and food security. Its goal is to achieve food security for all and make sure that people have regular access to enough high-quality food to lead active, healthy lives.