Current Affairs of 6 July 2026

by Vajiram & Ravi - 6 July 2026

Vajiram and Ravi provide Current Affairs of 6 July 2026 for UPSC aspirants. We cover all relevant news and important events crucial for the exam, helping you stay updated and well prepared.

Qatar

July 6, 2026
Qatar

Qatar Latest News

Recently, India’s External Affairs Minister met Qatar’s Prime Minister and reviewed several areas of bilateral cooperation.

About Qatar

  • Location: It is located on the west coast of the Persian Gulf. 
  • Bordering Countries: It shares a sole land border with Saudi Arabia to the south and is surrounded by the Persian Gulf on all other sides.
  • Capital City: Doha

Geographical Features of Qatar

  • It occupies the Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula.
  • Terrain: The landscape of Qatar is primarily flat and barren desert. Sand dunes dominate the southern part of the country.
  • Highest Point: The highest point in the country is Qurain Abu al-Bawl.
  • Salt Flats: One of the most distinct geographical features of Qatar is its salt flats or sabkhas.
  • Water Bodies: Qatar has wadis, which are valleys that remain dry except during the rainy season when they can briefly turn into rivers.
  • Natural Resources: It has large reserves of oil and natural gas.

Source: TH

Qatar FAQs

Q1: What is the Capital city of Qatar?

Ans: Doha

Q2: Where is Qatar located & which country shares its only land border?

Ans: Northeastern coast of Arabian Peninsula; Saudi Arabia is the only land border, surrounded by Persian Gulf on other sides

National Parks in Haryana, Map, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Ramsar Sites

July 6, 2026
National Parks in Haryana

There are two National Parks in Haryana covering a combined area of 4,824.84 hectares. These parks represent wetland and Shivalik forest ecosystems and hold high ecological significance. Sultanpur National Park is a globally important wetland for migratory birds, while Kalesar National Park preserves dense Sal forests and Himalayan foothill biodiversity. These parks are legally notified under Section 35 of the Wildlife Protection Act, ensuring strict protection of habitats, wildlife species, and ecological processes.

Protected Areas in Haryana

Haryana has a structured network of protected areas conserving forests, wetlands, wildlife corridors, and biodiversity-rich ecosystems across diverse geographical zones.

  1. National Parks: Highest protection status conserving ecosystems with strict restrictions.
  2. Wildlife Sanctuaries: Areas protecting wildlife with regulated human activities.
  3. Conservation Reserves: Buffer zones linking protected forests and wildlife corridors.
  4. Community Reserves: Community-managed areas conserving local biodiversity.
  5. Wetlands: Critical water ecosystems supporting migratory birds and aquatic life.
  6. Breeding Centres: Specialized facilities for endangered species conservation.

National Parks in Haryana

National Parks in Haryana and other protected areas are legally notified regions created to conserve wildlife, forests, wetlands, and ecological systems. They restrict human activities like hunting, mining, and deforestation to protect biodiversity. In India, these areas are notified under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972. Protected areas include National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Conservation Reserves, and Community Reserves. They safeguard endangered species, regulate ecosystems, support climate balance, and preserve natural heritage for scientific research, education, and sustainable eco-tourism.

Sultanpur National Park

Sultanpur National Park, located in Gurugram district, is a globally significant wetland bird habitat spread over 142.52 hectares and declared a National Park in India in 1991.

  1. Location: Situated 15 kilometers from Gurugram on Gurugram-Farukhnagar road.
  2. Legal Status: Declared National Park on 5 July 1991 under Wildlife Act.
  3. Bird Diversity: Records around 250 bird species annually.
  4. Migratory Birds: Hosts birds from Europe, Siberia, and Central Asia.
  5. Wetland Area: Expanded to 1.42 square kilometers from original sanctuary.
  6. Global Recognition: Identified by IUCN in 1969 for wetland importance.
  7. Ramsar Status: Recognized as Ramsar wetland in August 2021.

Kalesar National Park

Kalesar National Park lies in Yamunanagar district within Shivalik foothills, covering 4,682.32 hectares and declared a National Park on 8 December 2003.

  1. Geographic Location: Situated between Yamuna River and Shivalik ranges.
  2. Forest Type: Dominated by Sal, Khair, and mixed deciduous forests.
  3. Faunal Diversity: Supports leopard, sambar, chital, goral, python, and king cobra.
  4. Connectivity: Shares ecological corridor with Rajaji National Park.
  5. Ecological Role: Prevents soil erosion and flash floods in plains.
  6. Mammal Records: Hosts around 20 to 22 leopards.
  7. Visitor Facility: Jeep safari permitted under forest department regulation.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Haryana

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Haryana form the backbone of the state’s biodiversity conservation framework. Spread across plains, wetlands, Shivalik foothills, and semi-arid regions, these sanctuaries protect birds, mammals, reptiles, and plant species. Haryana has officially notified wildlife sanctuaries covering a total area of 23,441.17 hectares. These sanctuaries support migratory birds, grassland species, wetland fauna, and forest-dwelling animals while maintaining ecological balance and providing habitats critical for endangered species survival.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Haryana List

Haryana has multiple wildlife sanctuaries protecting wetlands, forests, grasslands, and wildlife corridors critical for biodiversity conservation and ecological stability.

  1. Kalesar Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in Yamunanagar, covering 5,435.72 hectares, protecting Shivalik forests, medicinal plants, leopards, sambar, chital, goral, and serving as buffer for Kalesar National Park.
  2. Bir Shikargah Wildlife Sanctuary: Spread across 767.30 hectares in Panchkula, supporting wild boar, nilgai, langur, peafowl, and acting as an important forest refuge near urban areas.
  3. Chhilchhila Wildlife Sanctuary: A 28.92-hectare wetland near Kurukshetra, supporting waterbirds, peafowl, and migratory species, crucial for regional bird diversity and wetland conservation.
  4. Nahar Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in Rewari district with 211.35 hectares, protecting grassland fauna like nilgai, jackal, langur, and providing habitat connectivity in southern Haryana.
  5. Abubshahar Wildlife Sanctuary: Haryana’s largest sanctuary at 11,530.56 hectares in Sirsa, preserving semi-arid forests, desert wildlife, and acting as an ecological shield near Rajasthan border.
  6. Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary: Spread over 411.55 hectares in Jhajjar, Haryana’s largest wetland, supporting over 250 bird species and multiple globally threatened avian species.
  7. Khaparwas Wildlife Sanctuary: A 82.70-hectare wetland near Jhajjar, functioning as an important bird habitat and hydrological support system for surrounding agricultural areas.
  8. Khol Hi-Raitan Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in Panchkula with over 2,226 hectares, conserving Shivalik forests, wildlife corridors, and diverse avifauna near Morni hills.

Ramsar Site in Haryana

Haryana has two internationally recognized Ramsar wetlands supporting migratory birds, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable wetland ecosystems. Both sites were added under Ramsar Convention signed in 1971. They maintain water regulation, flood control, and bird migration routes. 

  1. Sultanpur National Park: Ramsar-listed in 2021, supporting over 220 bird species, including globally endangered migratory waterfowl during winter migration cycles.
  2. Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary: Ramsar-listed in 2021, Haryana’s largest wetland, hosting more than 250 bird species and over 10 globally threatened birds.
Also Check
National Parks in Uttar Pradesh National Parks in Bihar
National Parks in Assam National Parks in Uttarakhand
National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Haryana FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Haryana?

Ans: Haryana has two National Parks, Sultanpur National Park and Kalesar National Park.

Q2: Which is the largest National Park in Haryana?

Ans: Kalesar National Park is the largest National Park in Haryana, covering 4,682.32 hectares.

Q3: Which National Park in Haryana is famous for migratory birds?

Ans: Sultanpur National Park is famous for hosting around 250 resident and migratory bird species.

Q4: How many Ramsar sites are there in Haryana?

Ans: Haryana has two Ramsar sites, Sultanpur National Park and Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary.

Q5: Under which law are National Parks in Haryana protected?

Ans: National Parks in Haryana are protected under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.

National Parks in Uttarakhand, Tiger Reserves, Wildlife Sanctuaries

July 6, 2026
National Parks in Uttarakhand

National Parks are legally protected natural areas notified under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972, to conserve ecosystems, wildlife, and biodiversity without human exploitation. Other protected areas include Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, Tiger Reserves, Conservation Reserves, and Ramsar Wetlands, each serving specific conservation goals. The National Parks in India as well as other protected areas protect endangered species, maintain ecological balance, conserve water sources, preserve genetic diversity, and support climate stability. Human activities like hunting, mining, and deforestation are strictly regulated or prohibited within such notified regions.

Protected Areas in Uttarakhand

The Protected Areas in Uttarakhand conserve Himalayan biodiversity through legally notified parks, sanctuaries, reserves, and wetlands.

  1. National Parks: Six parks protecting alpine, forest, and river ecosystems.
  2. Wildlife Sanctuaries: Safeguard endangered mammals, birds, and flora.
  3. Tiger Reserves: Maintain breeding populations and dispersal corridors.
  4. Ramsar Wetlands: Protect migratory bird habitats and aquatic biodiversity.

National Parks in Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand hosts six notified National Parks located across the Himalayas and Terai regions, representing alpine, sub-alpine, temperate, and tropical ecosystems. These parks conserve glaciers, rivers, forests, grasslands, and high-altitude meadows. They protect globally important species such as Bengal tiger, snow leopard, Asian elephant, musk deer, and endemic alpine flora. Many parks are part of UNESCO-recognized landscapes and transboundary ecological corridors, playing a critical role in Himalayan biodiversity conservation.

[my_image src="https://vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/wp/current-affairs/2025/12/National-Parks-in-Uttarakhand-1.webp?v=2" size="full" align="none" width="auto" height="500px" alt="National Parks in Uttarakhand Map" title="National Parks in Uttarakhand"]

Jim Corbett National Park

India’s first National Park, established in 1936, Jim Corbett National Park lies in Nainital district and forms the core of Corbett Tiger Reserve, protecting rich Terai ecosystems and high tiger densities.

  1. Establishment Purpose: Created to protect Bengal tigers under early wildlife conservation efforts.
  2. Rivers System: Ramganga, Sonanadi, and Kosi rivers sustain wetlands and grasslands.
  3. Vegetation Type: Moist deciduous forests, grasslands, chaurs, and riverine habitats.
  4. Key Fauna: Bengal tiger, Asian elephant, leopard, goral, sloth bear, gharial.
  5. Conservation Role: Part of WWF-supported Terai Arc Landscape ecological corridor.
  6. Special Success: Captive breeding revived gharial and mugger crocodile populations.

Nanda Devi National Park

Located in Chamoli district, Nanda Devi National Park surrounds the 7,816-meter Nanda Devi peak and forms the core of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve.

  1. Global Status: UNESCO World Heritage Site under Man and Biosphere Programme.
  2. Landscape Feature: Glacial basin encircled by high Himalayan peaks.
  3. Flora Diversity: Fir, birch, juniper, rhododendron dominate alpine forests.
  4. Key Fauna: Musk deer, Himalayan tahr, serow, black bear.
  5. Ecological Value: Preserves fragile alpine ecosystems with minimal human access.

Rajaji National Park

Rajaji National Park spans Haridwar, Dehradun, and Pauri Garhwal districts, covering Shivalik hills and Indo-Gangetic plains with diverse forest types.

  1. Formation Year: Created in 1983 by merging three wildlife sanctuaries.
  2. River System: Ganga and Song rivers traverse the park.
  3. Habitat Range: Semi-evergreen, deciduous forests, grasslands, and riverine belts.
  4. Key Species: Asian elephant, Bengal tiger, sloth bear, porcupine.
  5. Human Interface: Seasonal habitat of nomadic Van Gujjar community.

Gangotri National Park

Gangotri National Park lies in Uttarkashi district, covering the upper catchment of the Bhagirathi River and India-China international boundary.

  1. Glacial Source: Gaumukh glacier marks origin of the River Ganga.
  2. Mountain Peaks: Chaukhamba I-III, Satopanth, Kedarnath dominate terrain.
  3. Vegetation Zones: Conifer forests, alpine meadows, and glacial zones.
  4. Key Fauna: Snow leopard, brown bear, blue sheep, Himalayan tahr.
  5. Ecological Link: Forms continuity with Govind National Park and Kedarnath Sanctuary.

Govind National Park

Govind Pashu Vihar National Park is located in Uttarkashi district and named after freedom fighter Govind Ballabh Pant.

  1. Conservation Focus: Managed under India’s Snow Leopard Project.
  2. Forest Types: Broadleaf forests, conifers, alpine meadows, shrubs.
  3. Floral Richness: Oak, maple, walnut, rhododendron, cedar species.
  4. Major Fauna: Snow leopard, musk deer, Himalayan tahr, bearded vulture.
  5. Altitude Range: Supports diverse species across steep elevational gradients.

Valley of Flowers National Park

Valley of Flowers National Park is a high-altitude alpine valley in Chamoli district, globally famous for endemic flowering plants.

  1. UNESCO Status: Declared World Heritage Site in 2005.
  2. Ecological Zone: Transition region between Zanskar and Greater Himalayas.
  3. Floral Diversity: Orchids, poppies, marigolds, daisies, rhododendrons.
  4. Faunal Presence: Snow leopard, brown bear, musk deer, red fox.
  5. Biosphere Role: Forms core of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve.

Tiger Reserves in Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand has two designated Tiger Reserves supporting India’s highest-quality tiger habitats. These reserves play a significant role in protecting high-density tiger habitats, maintaining Terai-Shivalik wildlife corridors, and supporting elephant movement, biodiversity conservation, and long-term ecological stability. The two tiger reserves are:

  1. Corbett Tiger Reserve: India’s oldest and most tiger-dense reserve.
  2. Rajaji Tiger Reserve: Northwestern limit of tiger and elephant distribution.

Corbett Tiger Reserve

It is located in Himalayan foothills and spans Terai and Shivalik regions across three districts. Jim Corbett National Park is the core of the Corbett Tiger Reserve with the launch of Project Tiger in 1973.

  1. Total Area: 1,288.31 square kilometers including core and buffer.
  2. Tiger Status: Highest tiger density nationally with rising population trend.
  3. Habitat Type: Sal forests, chaurs, grasslands, riverine belts.
  4. Monitoring Tools: M-STrIPES, camera traps, electronic surveillance systems.

Rajaji Tiger Reserve

It was declared India’s 48th Tiger Reserve in 2015, Rajaji Tiger Reserve lies along Shivalik foothills.

  1. Forest Types: Sal-dominated deciduous, grasslands, pine forests.
  2. Faunal Diversity: Over 50 mammal species including elephants and tigers.
  3. River Network: Ganga and Song rivers enhance habitat productivity.
  4. Conservation Issue: Infrastructure pressures in buffer zones monitored legally.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Uttarakhand

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Uttarakhand protect species-rich habitats across Kumaon, Garhwal, Terai, and Shivalik landscapes. These sanctuaries conserve musk deer, elephants, snow leopards, migratory birds, and endemic flora. They safeguard river catchments, alpine meadows, temperate forests, and wildlife corridors connecting India and Nepal. Many sanctuaries support threatened species listed as Endangered, Vulnerable, or Critically Endangered, playing a vital role in national biodiversity conservation strategies.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Uttarakhand List

Uttarakhand hosts several ecologically important wildlife sanctuaries spread across diverse Himalayan landscapes. There are 6 officially recognised Wildlife Sanctuaries in Uttarakhand as mentioned below:

  1. Askot Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in Pithoragarh district, this sanctuary conserves endangered musk deer within western Kumaon Himalayas, features alpine forests, river valleys, rich birdlife, and is notified as an Eco-Sensitive Zone for ecological protection.
  2. Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary: Spread across Rudraprayag and Chamoli districts, it protects musk deer habitats from Gaurikund to Kedarnath, covering Mandakini river catchment, alpine meadows, glaciers, and high Himalayan peaks like Chaukhamba and Kedarnath.
  3. Nandhaur Wildlife Sanctuary: Situated in Terai Arc Landscape, it forms part of Shivalik Elephant Reserve, linking Corbett and Nepal forests, supporting elephants, tigers, leopards, and serving as a crucial transboundary wildlife corridor.
  4. Sonanadi Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in Nainital district, this sanctuary acts as buffer to Jim Corbett Tiger Reserve, supporting tiger dispersal, riverine forests, grasslands, and maintaining habitat continuity within the Terai ecosystem.
  5. Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in Kumaon region, this sanctuary protects oak-rhododendron forests, Himalayan bird species, and historic landscapes, once serving as summer capital of Chand rulers, offering panoramic views of Himalayan peaks.
  6. Mussoorie Wildlife Sanctuary: Also known as Benog Wildlife Sanctuary, it lies near Mussoorie town, forms part of Rajaji landscape, supports diverse birds, mammals, and riverine ecology of Aglar river, a Yamuna tributary.
  7. Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary: It is located in Uttarkashi protects alpine forests and meadows, supports snow leopard conservation under national projects, and preserves rich Himalayan flora, raptors, and high-altitude wildlife habitats.

Ramsar Sites in Uttarakhand

As of now, Uttarakhand has only one Ramsar Site. Asan Conservation Reserve is Uttarakhand’s first Ramsar site, formed by Asan Barrage in Dehradun district. The key features of this region are:

  1. Wetland Type: Reservoir at Asan-Yamuna river confluence.
  2. Bird Diversity: Supports over 330 bird species annually.
  3. Threatened Avifauna: Hosts critically endangered vultures and Baer’s pochard.
  4. Flyway Importance: Strategic wintering site under Central Asian Flyway.
  5. Ecological Role: Fish spawning, migration, feeding ground supporting wetland biodiversity.
Also Check
National Parks in Uttar Pradesh National Parks in Bihar
National Parks in Assam National Parks in Uttarakhand
National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Uttarakhand FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Uttarakhand?

Ans: Uttarakhand has six national parks protecting Himalayan, Terai, alpine, forest, and river ecosystems.

Q2: Which is the oldest National Park in Uttarakhand?

Ans: Jim Corbett National Park is the oldest, established in 1936 as India’s first national park.

Q3: Which National Parks in Uttarakhand are UNESCO World Heritage Sites?

Ans: Nanda Devi National Park and Valley of Flowers National Park are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Q4: Which National Parks in Uttarakhand is the source of the River Ganga?

Ans: Gangotri National Park contains the Gaumukh Glacier, the origin of the River Ganga.

Q5: Which major animals are protected in Uttarakhand’s National Parks?

Ans: Key species include Bengal tiger, snow leopard, Asian elephant, musk deer, and Himalayan black bear.

National Parks in Kerala, Map, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Ramsar Sites

July 6, 2026
National Parks in Kerala

National Parks in Kerala are officially designated regions created to conserve ecosystems, wildlife, and ecological processes over the long term. In Kerala, these areas safeguard Western Ghats biodiversity, river catchments, endemic species, and tribal habitats. Protected areas are managed through legal frameworks to restrict destructive activities, maintain ecological balance, support scientific research, enable regulated tourism, and preserve ecosystem services such as water security, climate regulation, and soil conservation for present and future generations.

Protected Areas in Kerala

Kerala’s protected area network evolved to conserve shrinking forests, biodiversity hotspots, endemic species, and ecological connectivity across the Western Ghats.

  1. Wildlife Sanctuaries: Managed habitats protecting species through zonation and controlled human activity.
  2. National Parks: Strictly protected ecosystems preserving natural ecological processes.
  3. Tiger Reserves: Landscapes secured for tiger conservation under Project Tiger.
  4. Community Reserves: Biodiversity conserved through people’s participation and shared governance.
  5. Biosphere Reserves: Large ecological landscapes integrating conservation with sustainable use.
  6. Elephant Reserves: Migratory corridors and habitats managed under Project Elephant.

National Parks in Kerala

Kerala has five National Parks, all located within the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot. These parks protect high-altitude grasslands, tropical evergreen forests, shola ecosystems, and critical river origins. Kerala has 6 National Parks in India that play a crucial role in conserving endangered species like the Nilgiri tahr and lion-tailed macaque, maintaining river systems such as Periyar and Bharathapuzha, and preserving ecological contiguity across mountain landscapes. Activities inside parks are strictly regulated, allowing only research, monitoring, and limited ecotourism.

Silent Valley National Park

Silent Valley National Park preserves one of India’s last undisturbed tropical rainforests within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.

  1. Location: Located in Nilgiri Hills across Malappuram and Nilgiris districts.
  2. Rivers Origin: Source region for Bhavani, Kunthipuzha, and Kadalundi rivers.
  3. Vegetation: Tropical moist evergreen rainforest and shola forest ecosystems.
  4. Flagship Species: Largest global population of endangered lion-tailed macaque.
  5. Avifauna: Habitat for Nilgiri wood-pigeon and Malabar grey hornbill.
  6. Indigenous Communities: Home to Irulas, Kurumbas, Mudugas, and Kattunaikkars.
  7. Conservation Significance: Landmark people-led movement halted destructive hydel project.

Eravikulam National Park

Eravikulam National Park protects montane grasslands and shola forests in the southern Western Ghats.

  1. Location: Situated in Kannan Devan Hills of Idukki district.
  2. Anamudi Peak: Encloses highest peak in peninsular India at 2695 metres.
  3. Vegetation: Dominated by rolling grasslands interspersed with shola forests.
  4. Unique Flora: Famous for Neelakurinji flowering once every twelve years.
  5. Fauna: Stronghold of endangered Nilgiri tahr and Nilgiri langur.
  6. Hydrological Role: Catchment for east- and west-flowing rivers including Periyar.

Anamudi Shola National Park

Anamudi Shola National Park conserves high-altitude shola forests surrounding Anamudi massif.

  1. Location: Located along Western Ghats within Munnar Wildlife Division.
  2. Surrounding Areas: Bounded by Eravikulam, Pampadum Shola, and Mathikettan Shola parks.
  3. Vegetation: Tropical evergreen, montane shola, moist deciduous forests.
  4. Unique Ecology: Dense stunted trees with abundant lichens and mosses.
  5. Fauna: Habitat for Nilgiri tahr, lion-tailed macaque, Nilgiri marten.
  6. Threats: Tourism pressure, invasive species, and plantation expansion.

Pampadum Shola National Park

Pampadum Shola National Park protects eastern shola forests of the southern Western Ghats.

  1. Location: Part of Palani Hills spanning Kerala-Tamil Nadu border.
  2. River System: Tributaries of Pambar River originate within park landscape.
  3. Hydrological Link: Pambar flows into Amaravati River joining Cauvery basin.
  4. Vegetation: Shola forests with montane grassland interfaces.
  5. Ecological Role: Maintains eastern Western Ghats watershed integrity.

Mathikettan Shola National Park

Mathikettan Shola National Park preserves remnants of Cardamom Hill Reserve forests.

  1. Location: Situated in Idukki district along southern Western Ghats.
  2. Ecological Importance: Last surviving natural forest of Cardamom Hills.
  3. Connectivity: Lies between Eravikulam and Pampadum Shola parks.
  4. Inter-State Boundary: Shares border with Tamil Nadu forest landscapes.
  5. Conservation Concern: Region affected by developmental pressures nearby.

Periyar National Park

Periyar National Park forms the ecological core of the Periyar Tiger Reserve landscape.

  1. Location: Spread across Idukki and Pathanamthitta districts.
  2. Periyar Lake: Surrounds reservoir formed by Mullaperiyar Dam in 1895.
  3. River Systems: Watershed for Periyar and Pamba rivers.
  4. Vegetation: Evergreen, semi-evergreen, moist deciduous forests and wetlands.
  5. Fauna: Supports Nilgiri tahr, lion-tailed macaque, Nilgiri marten.
  6. Avifauna: Habitat for Malabar grey hornbill and Nilgiri flycatcher.
  7. Tribal Presence: Home to Mannans and Palians communities.

Tiger Reserve in Kerala

Kerala has two Tiger Reserves, established under Project Tiger to protect dwindling tiger populations and prey bases. These reserves ensure habitat connectivity, regulate tourism, manage buffer zones, and support coexistence with indigenous communities. The Wildlife Protection Act amendments strengthened reserve governance through NTCA oversight. Kerala’s tiger reserves also function as elephant habitats, watershed protectors, and biodiversity reservoirs within the Western Ghats landscape.

Periyar Tiger Reserve

Periyar Tiger Reserve is Kerala’s oldest and largest tiger conservation landscape.

  1. Core Area: Covers 881 square kilometres including Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary.
  2. Buffer Zone: Includes tourism zones, pilgrimage areas, and human settlements.
  3. Notification: Declared tiger reserve in 2007 under Project Tiger.
  4. Ecological Role: Major elephant reserve and river watershed.

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve protects the Anamalai-Nelliampathy forest continuum.

  1. Core Area: Spans 390.89 square kilometres across Palakkad and Thrissur.
  2. UNESCO Status: Part of Western Ghats World Heritage Site.
  3. Indigenous Tribes: Home to Kadar, Malasar, Muduvar, Mala Malasar.
  4. Vegetation: Evergreen, moist deciduous forests and sholas.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Kerala

Wildlife sanctuaries in Kerala are legally protected habitats divided into core, buffer, and tourism zones. These sanctuaries conserve species, forests, wetlands, and river basins while allowing regulated human activities. Kerala has 18 wildlife sanctuaries, covering over 2156 square kilometres, forming corridors for elephants and tigers, supporting endemic flora, and maintaining ecological stability across the Western Ghats and coastal ecosystems.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Kerala List

There are 18 Wildlife Sanctuaries in Kerala as listed below:

  1. Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary: Largest sanctuary protecting elephant, tiger, lake ecosystems.
  2. Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary: River basin sanctuary within Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve.
  3. Peechi-Vazhani Sanctuary: Second oldest sanctuary safeguarding Palappilli forests.
  4. Parambikulam Sanctuary: Precursor to tiger reserve within Anamalai landscape.
  5. Wayanad Sanctuary: Critical elephant corridor linking Bandipur and Nagarhole.
  6. Idukki Sanctuary: Encloses major dams within Periyar river system.
  7. Peppara Sanctuary: Catchment of Karamana River and Peppara Dam.
  8. Thattekad Bird Sanctuary: Kerala’s first bird sanctuary along Periyar River.
  9. Shendurney Sanctuary: Reservoir-based sanctuary under Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve.
  10. Chinnar Sanctuary: Dry thorn forest habitat with rare albino gaur.
  11. Chimmony Sanctuary: Watershed forests surrounding Chimmony Dam.
  12. Aralam Sanctuary: Only Dipterocarpus evergreen forest sanctuary in Kerala.
  13. Mangalavanam Sanctuary: Urban mangrove ecosystem, green lung of Kochi.
  14. Kurinjimala Sanctuary: Core habitat of Neelakurinji flowering shrub.
  15. Choolannur Peafowl Sanctuary: Kerala’s only dedicated peafowl sanctuary.
  16. Malabar Sanctuary: Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve forest and elephant reserve.
  17. Kottiyoor Sanctuary: Bavali River forests linking Karnataka sanctuaries.
  18. Karimpuzha Sanctuary: Large protected forest notified in 2019.

Ramsar Sites in Kerala

Kerala has globally important wetlands recognised under the Ramsar Convention for biodiversity, hydrology, and livelihoods.

  1. Ashtamudi Wetland: Second-largest estuarine ecosystem, National Waterway-3 route.
  2. Sasthamkotta Lake: Kerala’s largest freshwater lake with exceptional water purity.
  3. Vembanad-Kol Wetland: India’s longest lake and second-largest Ramsar site.
Also Check
National Parks in Uttar Pradesh National Parks in Bihar
National Parks in Assam National Parks in Uttarakhand
National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Kerala FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Kerala?

Ans: Kerala has five National Parks, all located in the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot.

Q2: Which is the most famous National Park in Kerala?

Ans: Silent Valley National Park is the most famous due to its pristine rainforest ecosystem and conservation history.

Q3: Which National Park in Kerala has the highest peak?

Ans: Eravikulam National Park contains Anamudi Peak, the highest point in peninsular India.

Q4: How many Tiger Reserves are present in Kerala?

Ans: Kerala has two Tiger Reserves: Periyar Tiger Reserve and Parambikulam Tiger Reserve.

Q5: Why are National Parks important for Kerala?

Ans: They protect rivers, endemic species, forest ecosystems, and maintain ecological balance in the Western Ghats.

Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Biography, Political Career, Ideologies

July 6, 2026
Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee

Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee was a nationalist leader, educationist, barrister, and politician who played a crucial role in shaping India’s political discourse after independence. He is best known as the founder of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, the predecessor of today’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). A strong critic of the Nehruvian policies, Mukherjee emphasized cultural nationalism, national integration, and the importance of self-reliance.

Who was Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee?

Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee was the youngest Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University (1934-38), where he worked to expand higher education in India. Entering politics during the pre-independence era, he initially worked with the Indian National Congress but later emerged as a strong leader within the Hindu Mahasabha. After independence, he became India’s first Industry and Supply Minister (1947-50) under Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. However, ideological differences led him to resign and eventually form the Bharatiya Jana Sangh in 1951.

Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Biography

Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, also known as Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee was born on 6 July 1901 in Calcutta (Kolkata), hailed from a distinguished family of academicians and lawyers. This overview shows his personal information and contribution as both an intellectual and a political leader who laid the foundation of a nationalist alternative in Indian politics.

Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Biography
Aspects Details

Full Name

Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee (Syama Prasad Mookerjee)

Born

6 July 1901, Calcutta (West Bengal)

Education

Barrister from Lincoln’s Inn, London

Profession

Politician, Educationist, Lawyer

Major Positions

Vice-Chancellor, Calcutta University (1934-38); Industry and Supply Minister (1947-50)

Contribution

Founder of Bharatiya Jana Sangh (1951)

Died

23 June 1953, Srinagar (Kashmir)

Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee’s Early Life and Education

Mukherjee was born into an Educated Family. His father, Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee, was a renowned judge and educationist. Completing his BA and MA in English, Mukherjee pursued law and went on to study at Lincoln’s Inn in London, qualifying as a barrister in 1927. His academic excellence and leadership qualities soon brought him recognition, and by 1934, he was appointed as the youngest Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University, at just 33 years of age.

Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee’s Political Career

Mukherjee’s political journey began in the Bengal Legislative Council as an independent candidate in 1929. Later, he joined the Indian National Congress but distanced himself due to ideological differences. He became associated with the Hindu Mahasabha during the 1930s and opposed policies that he believed undermined Hindu interests.

After independence, he was inducted into Nehru’s cabinet as the first Industry and Supply Minister. He played a key role in laying the foundation of India’s industrial development by supporting small-scale industries, industrialization plans, and self-reliance. However, his disagreements with Nehru on issues such as Kashmir, Pakistan, and secularism led him to resign in 1950.

Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Bharatiya Jana Sangh

In 1951, Syama Prasad Mookerjee founded the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, which later evolved into the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). The Jana Sangh was built on the principles of cultural nationalism, economic self-reliance, and strong national unity. Under his leadership, the party emerged as an important opposition force, giving shape to a new direction in Indian politics. His vision provided the foundation for future political debates on nationalism, identity, and governance.

Shyama Prasad Mukherjee and Article 370

Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee strongly opposed Article 370 and considered it harmful for India’s unity, constitutional integration and national identity.

  • Opposition to Separate Constitutional System: Mukherjee criticised the special constitutional arrangement of Jammu and Kashmir, arguing that a separate constitution and administrative structure weakened the idea of a united Indian nation and encouraged political division within the country.
  • Criticism of the Permit System in Kashmir: He opposed the rule requiring Indian citizens to obtain permits and carry identification cards for entering Jammu and Kashmir, considering it inconsistent with the principles of equal citizenship and free movement within India.
  • “Ek Desh Mein Do Vidhan” Slogan: Mukherjee popularised the slogan “Ek desh mein do Vidhan, do Pradhan aur do Nishan nahi chalenge,” expressing his belief that one nation should function under one constitution, one leadership system and one national symbol.
  • Satyagraha Against Special Status: Bharatiya Jana Sangh, along with Jammu Praja Parishad and Hindu Mahasabha, organised a large scale Satyagraha movement under Mukherjee’s leadership demanding removal of the special provisions granted to Jammu and Kashmir.

Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Contributions

Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee contributed significantly to education, politics, nationalism, social reform and constitutional debates in post independence India.

  • Promotion of Indian Languages in Education: During his tenure at Calcutta University, Mukherjee encouraged the use of Indian vernacular languages in higher education and supported greater academic recognition for regional linguistic and cultural studies.
  • Support for Bengali Language in Academia: He played an important role in allowing Bengali to gain prominence in university academic activities, including convocation addresses, helping strengthen Indian linguistic identity within educational institutions.
  • Leadership in University Administration: Mukherjee introduced administrative and academic reforms at Calcutta University that enhanced institutional functioning and strengthened its reputation as one of India’s major centres of higher learning.
  • Contribution to Academic Recognition and Research: As an influential educationist, he promoted intellectual advancement, academic excellence and scholarly recognition through his active involvement with university bodies and educational organisations across India.
  • Role in Relief Activities During Crisis: After resigning from the Bengal government in 1942, Mukherjee supported relief operations for flood affected people with the assistance of organisations such as Ramakrishna Mission and Mahabodhi Society.
  • Participation in Constitution Making Process: Mukherjee became a member of the Constituent Assembly of India, contributing to debates and discussions during the crucial phase of framing the constitutional foundation of independent India.
  • Advocacy for Minority Protection in East Bengal: He strongly raised concerns regarding the condition of Hindus in East Bengal and criticised policies that, according to him, failed to provide adequate security and rehabilitation measures.
  • Contribution to Opposition Politics in Parliament: Mukherjee helped strengthen parliamentary opposition by creating the National Democratic Party group in Parliament, providing an organised political alternative during the early post independence years.
  • Contribution to Buddhist Cultural Heritage: As president of the Mahabodhi Society, Mukherjee participated in the return and preservation of sacred Buddhist relics brought back to India and later placed inside the Sanchi Stupa.
  • Advocacy for Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement: Mukherjee supported the movement demanding Partition of Bengal to safeguard Hindu majority regions and played a leading role in shaping the political demand for the creation of West Bengal within India.
  • Public Service During Bengal Political Crisis: While serving in Bengal politics, Mukherjee criticised administrative restrictions, raised public concerns regarding governance and remained active in legislative affairs during politically turbulent periods before independence.

Challenges Faced by Shyama Prasad Mukherjee

Despite his contributions, Syama Prasad Mookerjee faced several challenges:

  • Ideological conflicts with the ruling Congress Party.
  • Limited organizational strength of the newly formed Jana Sangh.
  • Resistance from political rivals regarding his stance on Kashmir and Hindu nationalism.
  • Lack of resources and grassroots support compared to the Congress.

Way Forward: Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee’s vision still holds relevance in contemporary Indian politics. His emphasis on national unity, cultural identity, and self-reliance continues to guide political thought.

Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Legacy

Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee remains one of India’s most significant nationalist leaders, whose ideas shaped post-independence politics. His opposition to Article 370, emphasis on self-reliance, and foundation of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh continue to influence Indian politics.

Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee’s Ideologies

Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee’s ideologies centered around cultural nationalism, economic self-reliance, and strong national unity. He believed that India’s progress depended on connecting its governance with cultural identity. He opposed excessive appeasement in politics and advocated for equal rights for all citizens. His vision of economic policy emphasized small-scale industries, indigenous enterprise, and reducing foreign dependence. His ideological foundation later shaped the Bharatiya Jana Sangh and continues to influence modern Indian politics through the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).

Shyama Prasad Mukherjee’s Death

Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee's life came to a sudden end on 23 June 1953 in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. He had entered Kashmir without a permit to protest against Article 370 and was arrested by state authorities. While in custody, his health deteriorated, and he died under controversial circumstances. Many of his supporters believed negligence and political conspiracy were behind his death. His passing created a strong wave of protest across India and turned him into a martyr for the cause of national unity.

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Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee FAQs

Q1: Who was Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee?

Ans: He was a nationalist leader, educationist, barrister, and founder of Bharatiya Jana Sangh.

Q2: When and where was Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee born?

Ans: He was born on 6 July 1901 in Calcutta (now Kolkata), West Bengal.

Q3: What was Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee’s role in Indian politics?

Ans: He was India’s first Industry Minister and founder of Bharatiya Jana Sangh.

Q4: Why did Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee oppose Article 370?

Ans: He believed Article 370 weakened India’s unity by giving Jammu and Kashmir special status.

Q5: When did Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee die?

Ans: He died on 23 June 1953 in Srinagar under controversial circumstances.

National Parks in Tamil Nadu, Map, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Ramsar Sites

July 6, 2026
National Parks in Tamil Nadu Map

National Parks in Tamil Nadu are legally notified areas under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, created to conserve ecosystems, species, and landscapes of high ecological value. No human activity is allowed except those permitted by the Chief Wildlife Warden. Wildlife Sanctuaries allow limited human activities under regulation, while Biosphere Reserves focus on conservation, research, and sustainable use. There are a total 107 National Parks in India covering 44,402.95 km² and 574 Wildlife Sanctuaries covering 127,241.24 km², ensuring long term protection of biodiversity.

Protected Areas in Tamil Nadu

Protected areas conserve forests, wildlife, wetlands, and coastal ecosystems across varied landscapes of Tamil Nadu.

  • National Parks: Five parks covering 307.84 km² protect flagship ecosystems.
  • Wildlife Sanctuaries: Thirty four sanctuaries conserve terrestrial and wetland biodiversity.
  • Biosphere Reserves: Three reserves promote conservation, research, and sustainable livelihoods.
  • Tiger Reserves: Five reserves strengthen tiger conservation under Project Tiger.
  • Elephant Reserves: Five landscapes ensure long term elephant movement corridors.

National Parks in Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu has five National Parks covering 307.84 km², representing urban forests, marine ecosystems, montane grasslands, and tropical deciduous forests. These parks safeguard endemic species like Nilgiri tahr and marine species like dugong. Established between 1976 and 1990, they form the core conservation network of the state. Strict protection, minimal human interference, and scientific management make these parks critical for biodiversity conservation and ecological stability in southern India.

Guindy National Park

Guindy National Park is one of India’s smallest and rare urban National Parks, located in Chennai city.

  • Location: Situated around Raj Bhavan within Chennai metropolitan area.
  • Area: Covers 2.82 km², established in 1976.
  • Vegetation: Tropical dry evergreen, scrub, and thorn forests.
  • Flagship Species: Blackbuck represents grassland conservation.
  • Fauna: Supports chital, jackal, snakes, reptiles, and birds.
  • Importance: Demonstrates biodiversity conservation within dense urban landscape.

Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park

Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park protects India’s richest marine biodiversity zone.

  • Location: Ramanathapuram coast along southeast Tamil Nadu.
  • Area: Covers 6.23 km², notified in 1980.
  • Islands: Comprises 21 coral islands with surrounding reefs.
  • Ecosystems: Coral reefs, seagrass meadows, mangroves, salt marshes.
  • Flagship Species: Dugong, a vulnerable marine mammal.
  • Threats: Coral mining, illegal fishing, mechanized trawling, tourism pressure.

Indira Gandhi (Annamalai) National Park

Indira Gandhi National Park lies in the Anaimalai Hills of Western Ghats.

  • Location: Coimbatore and Tiruppur districts.
  • Area: Covers 117.1 km², established in 1989.
  • Vegetation: Wet evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests, shola grasslands.
  • Fauna: Tiger, elephant, leopard, Nilgiri tahr, lion tailed macaque.
  • Status: Forms core of Anamalai Tiger Reserve.
  • Threats: Plantation expansion and tourism pressure.

Mudumalai National Park

Mudumalai National Park is a key conservation unit in Nilgiri landscape.

  • Location: Nilgiri district bordering Karnataka and Kerala.
  • Area: Covers 103.24 km², declared in 1990.
  • Vegetation: Tropical moist deciduous, dry deciduous, thorn forests.
  • Fauna: Tiger, elephant, leopard, sloth bear, giant squirrel.
  • Birds: Hosts critically endangered Indian vultures.
  • Threats: Tourism pressure and invasive lantana species.

Mukurthi National Park

Mukurthi National Park conserves montane ecosystems of Nilgiris.

  • Location: Nilgiri district within Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.
  • Area: Covers 78.46 km², established in 1982.
  • Vegetation: Montane grasslands with shola forest patches.
  • Keystone Species: Nilgiri tahr, an endangered mountain ungulate.
  • Fauna: Tiger, elephant, Nilgiri marten, Nilgiri langur.
  • Threats: Invasive wattle and eucalyptus plantations.

Tiger Reserves in Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu has five Tiger Reserves strengthening southern tiger landscapes.

  1. Anamalai Tiger Reserve: Western Ghats landscape supporting tiger elephant coexistence.
  2. Kalakad Mundanthurai: Part of Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve with high endemism.
  3. Mudumalai Tiger Reserve: Crucial Nilgiri corridor linking Bandipur and Wayanad.
  4. Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve: Eastern Ghats corridor connecting Western and Eastern Ghats.
  5. Srivilliputhur Megamalai Tiger Reserve (SMTR): It is the recently added reserve, incorporating the Grizzled Giant Squirrel Sanctuary.

Elephant Reserves in Tamil Nadu

There are five Elephant Reserves in Tamil Nadu to ensure genetic connectivity and long term elephant survival.

  1. Agasthyamalai Elephant Reserve: Southern Western Ghats corridor supporting migratory herds.
  2. Anamalai Elephant Reserve: Links Kerala forests with Tamil Nadu landscapes.
  3. Coimbatore Elephant Reserve: Protects fragmented elephant habitats around urban edges.
  4. Nilgiris Elephant Reserve: India’s largest elephant landscape with transboundary corridors.
  5. Srivilliputhur Elephant Reserve: Secures elephant movement near southern Western Ghats.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu has thirty four Wildlife Sanctuaries (including Bird Sanctuaries) conserving diverse habitats.

  1. Cauvery North Sanctuary: Riverine forests linking Karnataka wildlife corridors.
  2. Cauvery South Sanctuary: Supports grizzled squirrel and river dependent species.
  3. Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary: Wetland supporting pelicans and storks.
  4. Gangaikondan Sanctuary: Major spotted deer habitat outside Western Ghats.
  5. Indira Gandhi Sanctuary: Large Western Ghats forest protecting elephants and tigers.
  6. Kadavur Slender Loris Sanctuary: India’s first sanctuary for slender loris.
  7. Kalakad Sanctuary: Forms core of Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve.
  8. Kanyakumari Sanctuary: Southernmost forest supporting tiger movement.
  9. Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary: Breeding ground for painted storks.
  10. Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary: Riverine wetland along Kollidam River.
  11. Karikili Bird Sanctuary: Wetland near Palar Cheyyar river confluence.
  12. Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary: Large brackish wetland supporting migratory birds.
  13. Kodaikanal Sanctuary: Palani Hills forest protecting montane biodiversity.
  14. Koonthankulam Kadankulam Sanctuary: Community managed wetland bird habitat.
  15. Meghamalai Sanctuary: Buffer forest for Periyar Tiger Reserve.
  16. Melaselvanur Keelaselvanur Sanctuary: Seasonal wetland supporting waterbirds.
  17. Mudumalai Sanctuary: Oldest sanctuary forming Nilgiri landscape core.
  18. Mundanthurai Sanctuary: River catchment forest sustaining perennial streams.
  19. Nanjarayan Tank Sanctuary: Urban wetland supporting migratory birds.
  20. Nellai Sanctuary: Dry deciduous forest conserving southern fauna.
  21. Oussudu Lake Sanctuary: Transboundary wetland shared with Puducherry.
  22. Point Calimere Sanctuary: Dry evergreen forest conserving blackbuck.
  23. Point Calimere Block A and B: Extended coastal wetland habitat.
  24. Pulicat Lake Sanctuary: Largest brackish lagoon supporting flamingos.
  25. Sakkarakottai Sanctuary: Small irrigation tank supporting waterbirds.
  26. Sathyamangalam Sanctuary: Eastern Ghats forest and wildlife corridor.
  27. Srivilliputhur Sanctuary: Protects grizzled giant squirrel habitat.
  28. Therthangal Sanctuary: Seasonal wetland in Ramanathapuram district.
  29. Udayamarthandapuram Sanctuary: Floodwater storage wetland supporting birds.
  30. Vaduvoor Sanctuary: Large irrigation tank attracting migratory birds.
  31. Vallanadu Blackbuck Sanctuary: Grassland conserving blackbuck populations.
  32. Vedanthangal Sanctuary: Oldest bird sanctuary protected by communities.
  33. Vellode Sanctuary: Wetland supporting threatened river terns.
  34. Vettangudi Sanctuary: Small wetland critical for nesting waterbirds.

Ramsar Sites in Tamil Nadu

Ramsar Sites are internationally recognized wetlands under the Ramsar Convention for ecological importance. There are 20 officially designated Ramsar Sites in Tamil Nadu as discussed below:

  1. Point Calimere: Dry evergreen forest and migratory bird hotspot.
  2. Gulf of Mannar: South Asia’s first marine biosphere reserve.
  3. Vembannur Wetland: Ancient irrigation tank supporting threatened birds.
  4. Vellode Sanctuary: Important habitat for river terns and storks.
  5. Udhayamarthandapuram: Monsoon floodwater wetland sustaining birds.
  6. Vedanthangal: Community protected wetland improving agriculture productivity.
  7. Koonthankulam: Human made wetland managed by local villagers.
  8. Karikili: Inland wetland paired with Vedanthangal IBA.
  9. Pallikaranai Marsh: Chennai’s last natural coastal freshwater marsh.
  10. Pichavaram Mangrove: Mangrove forest buffering cyclones and tides.
  11. Kanjirankulam: Breeding site for painted storks and darters.
  12. Chitrangudi: Pelican and stork nesting wetland.
  13. Suchindram Theroor: Southern flyway wetland for migratory birds.
  14. Vaduvur: Large irrigation tank sheltering winter migrants.
  15. Karaivetti: River fed wetland supporting large bird congregations.
  16. Longwood Shola: Montane forest wetland conserving endemic flora.
  17. Kazhuveli: Brackish lagoon supporting coastal biodiversity.
  18. Nanjarayan: Urban wetland conserving migratory waterbirds.
  19. Sakkarakottai: Small tank supporting seasonal bird populations.
  20. Therthangal: Minor wetland contributing to regional waterbird networks.
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National Parks in Tamil Nadu FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Tamil Nadu?

Ans: Tamil Nadu has five National Parks covering about 307.84 square kilometres.

Q2: Which is the smallest National Park in Tamil Nadu?

Ans: Guindy National Park is the smallest, spread over just 2.82 square kilometres.

Q3: Which National Park protects marine biodiversity in Tamil Nadu?

Ans: Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park protects coral reefs, seagrass, and marine species.

Q4: Which National Park is important for Nilgiri tahr conservation?

Ans: Mukurthi National Park was created mainly to protect the endangered Nilgiri tahr.

Q5: Are human activities allowed inside National Parks?

Ans: No regular human activities are allowed, except those permitted by the Chief Wildlife Warden under WPA 1972.

National Parks in Andhra Pradesh, Sanctuaries, Tiger Reserves

July 6, 2026
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh

National Parks in Andhra Pradesh are the regions established to conserve wildlife, forests, landscapes and ecological systems. In India, they are governed under the Wild Life Protection Act 1972. These areas restrict human activities to protect endangered species, fragile habitats, and biodiversity hotspots. National Parks in India offer the highest protection level, while sanctuaries allow limited human use. Protected areas also support climate regulation, water security, ecological balance, scientific research, and long-term conservation of flora and fauna.

Protected Areas in Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh hosts diverse protected ecosystems across Eastern Ghats, coastal wetlands, riverine forests, and dry deciduous landscapes.

  • National Parks: Strictly protected ecosystems conserving core biodiversity and endangered species.
  • Tiger Reserves: Large landscapes managed under Project Tiger for Bengal tiger conservation.
  • Wildlife Sanctuaries: Protected habitats allowing regulated human activities for conservation.
  • Ramsar Sites: Internationally important wetlands conserving migratory birds and freshwater ecosystems.

National Parks in Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh has three National Parks representing hill forests, river valleys, and dry deciduous ecosystems. These parks are located in Eastern Ghats and central plains, protecting rare flora, large mammals, reptiles, birds, and endemic species. They play a critical role in conserving fragile hill ecosystems, wildlife corridors, riverine biodiversity, and endemic plant species. The National Parks include Papikonda National Park, Sri Venkateswara National Park, and Rajiv Gandhi National Park, each unique in geography, biodiversity, and ecological importance.

[my_image src="https://vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/wp/current-affairs/2025/12/National-Parks-in-Andhra-Pradesh-1.webp?v=2" size="full" align="none" width="auto" height="513px" alt="National Parks in Andhra Pradesh Map" title="National Parks in Andhra Pradesh"]

Papikonda National Park

Papikonda National Park lies in the northern Eastern Ghats along the Godavari River, covering rugged hills, valleys, and rich forest ecosystems with high biodiversity significance.

  1. Location and Area: Situated in East and West Godavari districts, covering 1,012.86 square kilometres.
  2. Elevation Gradient: Altitude ranges from 20 to 850 metres, creating diverse micro-habitats.
  3. River System: Godavari River bisects the park, acting as a major biogeographic divider.
  4. Climate Conditions: Annual rainfall averages 1,168 mm with temperatures rising to 47°C in summer.
  5. Forest Types: Southern tropical moist deciduous, semi-evergreen, and dry deciduous forests dominate.
  6. Floral Diversity: Home to 31 red-listed plant species and 96 wild crop relatives.
  7. Unique Fauna: Hosts the rare dwarf goat breed locally known as “kanchu mekha”.
  8. Mammals: Supports tiger, leopard, hyena, gaur, sambar, chital, barking deer, and chowsingha.
  9. Avifauna: Records 92 bird species including peacock and red jungle fowl.
  10. Reptiles: Includes king cobra, Indian python, freshwater crocodile, and golden gecko.

Rajiv Gandhi National Park

Rajiv Gandhi National Park, also called Rameswaram National Park, is a small urban-proximate protected forest located in Kadapa district.

  1. Geographic Location: Located within Proddatur town amidst Veligonda and Yerramala hill extensions.
  2. Area Coverage: Spreads across only 2.3 square kilometres, making it Andhra Pradesh’s smallest park.
  3. Forest Type: Dominated by tropical dry deciduous vegetation with sandy soils.
  4. Plant Diversity: Contains over 25 plant species including Dalbergia sissoo and Gymnema sylvestre.
  5. Invertebrates: Rich insect life including scorpions, spiders, butterflies, and grasshoppers.
  6. Amphibians: Supports bullfrogs and common Indian toads.
  7. Reptiles: Includes Russell’s viper, earth boa, and common skink.
  8. Birds: Over 50 species like peacocks, parakeets, and little egrets.
  9. Mammals: Hosts spotted deer, common mongoose, and black-naped hare.

Sri Venkateswara National Park

Sri Venkateswara National Park protects ancient Eastern Ghats hill ecosystems and is Andhra Pradesh’s first declared National Park.

  1. Location: Spread across Seshachalam and Tirumala hills in Kadapa and Chittoor districts.
  2. Area Extent: Covers 353.62 square kilometres carved from a larger wildlife sanctuary.
  3. Declaration Status: Notified as National Park in 1989 after sanctuary declaration in 1985.
  4. Geological Importance: Features Nagari Quartzite and ancient Cuddapah rock formations.
  5. Rainfall Pattern: Receives average rainfall of 1,190 mm annually.
  6. Forest Types: Includes dry deciduous, moist deciduous, and red sanders-bearing forests.
  7. Endemic Flora: Supports red sanders, sandalwood, Cycas beddomei, and Terminalia pallida.
  8. Mammals: Inhabited by tiger, leopard, wolf, sloth bear, chinkara, and four-horned antelope.
  9. Rare Species: Golden gecko rediscovered here after nearly 100 years.
  10. Avifauna: Over 150 bird species recorded across valleys and hill ranges.

Tiger Reserves in Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh has one notified Tiger Reserve conserving large forest landscapes of Eastern Ghats under Project Tiger. Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve is the only tiger reserve in the state. It is dominated by dry deciduous forests, deep valleys, gorges, and plateaus and Krishna River flows through the reserve supporting aquatic biodiversity. It plays a major role in protecting Bengal tigers and prey species.

Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve

This tiger reserve is among India’s largest, spread across Eastern Ghats hill ranges of Nallamalais.

  1. Total Area: Covers 5,937 square kilometres including core and buffer zones.
  2. Core Habitat: Critical tiger habitat spans 3,721 square kilometres.
  3. Biodiversity Richness: Hosts over 80 mammals, 303 birds, and 54 reptiles.
  4. Tiger Population: Estimated between 53 and 67 tigers during 2010 assessment.
  5. Flora Diversity: Records 1,581 plant taxa including several endemic medicinal species.
  6. Conservation Measures: Uses camera traps, M-STrIPES patrolling, and tribal participation.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Andhra Pradesh

Wildlife sanctuaries in Andhra Pradesh protect diverse ecosystems including mangroves, lakes, forests, grasslands, and river deltas. These sanctuaries conserve migratory birds, endangered mammals, reptiles, and plant species while allowing regulated human use. Spread across coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, and Eastern Ghats, they play a vital role in wetland conservation, coastal protection, forest regeneration, and biodiversity preservation under national conservation laws.

List of Major Wildlife Sanctuaries in Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh hosts multiple wildlife sanctuaries covering wetlands, mangroves, dry forests, and hill ecosystems.

  • Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary: Mangrove ecosystem in East Godavari protecting estuarine birds and crocodiles.
  • Gundla Brahmeswaram Sanctuary: Largest sanctuary conserving Eastern Ghats dry deciduous forests.
  • Kambalakonda Sanctuary: Urban forest near Visakhapatnam protecting hill ecosystems and wildlife.
  • Koundinya Sanctuary: Only Asian elephant habitat in Andhra Pradesh located in Chittoor.
  • Kolleru Sanctuary: Freshwater wetland supporting millions of resident and migratory birds.
  • Krishna Sanctuary: Deltaic wetland conserving mangroves and riverine biodiversity.
  • Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Sanctuary: Part of tiger reserve protecting large mammals.
  • Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary: Critical pelican breeding ground near Tirupati.
  • Pulicat Lake Sanctuary: Coastal lagoon supporting migratory waterbirds.
  • Rollapadu Sanctuary: Grassland habitat conserving blackbuck populations.
  • Sri Lankamalleswara Sanctuary: Hill forest supporting endemic plant species.
  • Sri Penusila Narasimha Sanctuary: Large forest area preserving Eastern Ghats biodiversity.
  • Sri Venkateswara Sanctuary: Buffer ecosystem supporting National Park wildlife.

Ramsar Site in Andhra Pradesh

Kolleru Lake is a globally significant freshwater wetland located between Krishna and Godavari deltas. It is the only Ramsar Site present in Andhra Pradesh. 

  1. Ramsar Status: Designated Ramsar Site in 2002 for international wetland importance.
  2. Lake Area: Covers 245 square kilometres with Ramsar wetland area of 302 square kilometres.
  3. Bird Habitat: Supports nearly 20 million migratory and resident birds seasonally.
  4. Migratory Species: Hosts Siberian cranes, painted storks, pelicans, flamingos, and ibises.
  5. Hydrology: Fed by Budameru and Tammileru streams and irrigation canals.
  6. Conservation Issues: Impacted by aquaculture encroachment and pollution.
  7. Restoration Efforts: Addressed through Operation Kolleru and Operation Kolleru-2.0 initiatives.
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National Parks in Uttar Pradesh National Parks in Bihar
National Parks in Assam National Parks in Uttarakhand
National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Andhra Pradesh FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Andhra Pradesh?

Ans: Andhra Pradesh has three National Parks: Papikonda National Park, Sri Venkateswara National Park, and Rajiv Gandhi National Park.

Q2: Which is the largest National Park in Andhra Pradesh?

Ans: Papikonda National Park is the largest, covering 1,012.86 square kilometres across the Eastern Ghats along the Godavari River.

Q3: Which was the first National Park of Andhra Pradesh?

Ans: Sri Venkateswara National Park was the first National Park of Andhra Pradesh, officially notified in 1989.

Q4: Which National Parks in Andhra Pradesh are located in an urban area?

Ans: Rajiv Gandhi National Park is located within Proddatur town in Kadapa district and is the smallest National Park in the state.

Q5: Why are National Parks important in Andhra Pradesh?

Ans: National Parks in Andhra Pradesh conserve Eastern Ghats biodiversity, protect endangered species, preserve river ecosystems, and support ecological balance and climate regulation.

National Parks in Sikkim, Map, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Ramsar Site

July 6, 2026
National Parks in Sikkim

National Parks in Sikkim are legally notified regions established to conserve ecologically important landscapes, wildlife populations, plant diversity, and natural geological features. Under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972, State Governments can declare areas of significant ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, natural, or zoological value as protected zones. National Parks in India offer the highest protection, prohibiting human activities except those permitted for conservation purposes, while Wildlife Sanctuaries allow limited regulated activities. As of 2025, India currently has 107 National Parks covering 44,402.95 square kilometres and 574 Wildlife Sanctuaries spanning 127,241.24 square kilometres, ensuring long-term biodiversity security.

Protected Areas in Sikkim

Sikkim has a dense protected area network covering ecologically sensitive Himalayan landscapes with strict legal protection.

  • Protected Area Network: Nine protected areas collectively cover 30.77% of Sikkim’s total geographical area.
  • National Park Coverage: One National Park alone protects 1,784 square kilometres of alpine ecosystems.
  • Wildlife Sanctuaries: Seven sanctuaries safeguard forests, wetlands, alpine meadows, and bird habitats.
  • Conservation Reserve: One orchid-focused conservation reserve protects rare endemic plant species.
  • Biosphere Integration: Protected areas integrate with Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve for landscape level conservation.

National Parks in Sikkim

There is only one National Park in Sikkim, but it is among India’s most ecologically significant and globally recognised conservation landscapes. Khangchendzonga National Park spans 1,784 square kilometres across North and West Sikkim and protects altitudes ranging from 1,400 metres to 8,585 metres, including Mount Kangchenjunga, the world’s third-highest peak. Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2016, it is India’s first “Mixed Heritage Site,” recognised for both natural and cultural values. The park forms the core of the Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve and plays a critical role in Himalayan biodiversity conservation.

Khangchendzonga National Park

Khangchendzonga National Park is Sikkim’s largest protected ecosystem, preserving pristine Himalayan wilderness. The key features of the Khangchendzonga National Park has been highlighted below:

  • Geographical Extent: Covers 1,784 square kilometres across North and West Sikkim districts.
  • Altitude Range: Elevation varies from 1,400 metres to 8,585 metres at Kangchenjunga peak.
  • Global Recognition: Declared UNESCO World Heritage Site on 17 July 2016.
  • Heritage Status: India’s first Mixed Heritage Site recognising natural and cultural values.
  • Biosphere Core: Forms the core zone of Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve.
  • Vegetation Zones: Supports temperate broadleaf, mixed forests, subalpine and alpine vegetation.
  • Key Mammals: Home to snow leopard, red panda, Himalayan black bear, and musk deer.
  • High-Altitude Fauna: Supports Himalayan blue sheep, takin, serow, goral, and Tibetan wild ass.
  • Natural Boundaries: Bounded by Zemu Glacier, Lamaongden ridge, Mount Pandim, and Nepal Peak.
  • Ecological Integrity: Remains largely untouched due to formidable natural geographical barriers.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Sikkim

Sikkim’s seven Wildlife Sanctuaries protect diverse Himalayan ecosystems ranging from lowland forests to alpine zones. These sanctuaries collectively cover 399.10 square kilometres and support rare rhododendron species, migratory birds, alpine fauna, and critical wildlife corridors connecting protected landscapes across India, Nepal, and West Bengal. Declared under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972, these sanctuaries allow limited human activities while ensuring habitat protection, species conservation, and ecological stability across varying altitudinal gradients.

List of Wildlife Sanctuaries in Sikkim

The list of seven officially recognised Wildlife Sanctuaries in Sikkim has been given below:

  1. Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary: Located in Singalila Range, protects vast rhododendron forests bordering Nepal and West Bengal.
  2. Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary: Situated near Gangtok, conserves subtropical forests contiguous with Khangchendzonga National Park.
  3. Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary: East Sikkim sanctuary protecting alpine meadows between 3,292 and 4,116 metres altitude.
  4. Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary: South Sikkim sanctuary preserving temperate forests and critical wildlife corridors.
  5. Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary: Eastern Sikkim sanctuary connected to Neora Valley National Park of West Bengal.
  6. Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary: North Sikkim sanctuary famous for high-altitude rhododendron species diversity.
  7. Kitam Bird Sanctuary: South Sikkim’s low-altitude bird sanctuary supporting migratory and resident avifauna.

Ramsar Site in Sikkim (Khachoedpalri Wetland)

Khachoedpalri Wetland is Sikkim’s first Ramsar Site, recognised for high-altitude wetland conservation. The key features of this site are given below:

  • Ramsar Recognition: Declared Ramsar Site in 2024.
  • Wetland Area: Covers 1.72 square kilometres of high-altitude Himalayan wetland ecosystem.
  • Ecological Importance: Supports peatlands, temperate forests, and over 680 plant species.
  • Key Wildlife: Habitat for endangered red panda and vulnerable Himalayan black bear.
  • Cultural Significance: Sacred pilgrimage site with major ecological and tourism value in Sikkim.
Also Check
National Parks in Uttar Pradesh National Parks in Bihar
National Parks in Assam National Parks in Uttarakhand
National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Sikkim FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Sikkim?

Ans: Sikkim has only one National Park, Khangchendzonga National Park, covering 1,784 square kilometres.

Q2: Why is Khangchendzonga National Park globally important?

Ans: It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and India’s first Mixed Heritage Site with natural and cultural value.

Q3: How much of the area in Sikkim is under protected areas?

Ans: About 30.77% of Sikkim’s total geographical area is under protected areas.

Q4: How many Wildlife Sanctuaries exist in Sikkim?

Ans: There are seven Wildlife Sanctuaries protecting forests, alpine zones, birds, and rare plant species.

Q5: How many Ramsar Sites are there in Sikkim?

Ans: Khachoedpalri Wetland is the only Ramsar Site in Sikkim that has been designated in 2024.

UNICEF Foundation Day 2025, History, Significance, Theme

July 6, 2026
UNICEF Foundation Day 2025

UNICEF Foundation Day is observed on 11th December every year, 2025 being the 79th anniversary year of the United Nations Children Fund. UNICEF has been known to be the global organisation, always in the front protecting the rights of children worldwide. The organisation has made various contributions for reducing child mortality, improving education and supporting underprivileged communities. This article will look into the remarkable contributions of UNICEF Organisation, its functions and significance. 

UNICEF Foundation Day 2025

UNICEF Foundation Day 2025 spreads awareness on the importance of supporting unprivileged communities and children. 

UNICEF Foundation Day 2025 Overview

Organisation

United Nations Children’s Fund

Previous Name

United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund

Date

December 11, 2025

Anniversary

79th Anniversary

Headquarters

New York City, USA

Tagline

For every child

Primary Functions

Promoting child health, supporting education, providing vaccinations, and protecting children from abuse and exploitation.

Key Campaigns

Fair Start, Champions for Children, Early Moments Matter

UNICEF Full Form

UNICEF Full Form is the United Nations International Children Emergency Fund. The name was changed to United Nations Children’s Fund in 1953. 

What is UNICEF?

UNICEF is an organisation established by the United Nations in 1946 which works on humanitarian grounds to provide emergency assistance to children belonging to underprivileged communities. Currently, UNICEF is working in over 190 countries around the globe and focusing of the following areas and issues: 

  • Focus on Children Health: Includes healthcare facilities, nutrition programmes and proper immunisation resources. 
  • Education: Ensuring Gender Equality along with universal education.
  • Child protection: protection of children against child labor, exploitation and trafficking. 
  • Emergency relief fund: UNICEF provides resources to areas that get affected by natural disasters. 

UNICEF History

The UN General Assembly established UNICEF on 11th December 1946. It started its operation as an agency who was providing food, clothing and healthcare to people in Europe affected by World War II. 

Over the years, UNICEF has been collaborating with governments, NGOs and private institutions to work on child welfare programmes. In 1953, UNICEF was declared a permanent organisation of the UN system and in 1956 it gained the Nobel Peace Prize for working for children worldwide. 

UNICEF Headquarters 

UNICEF Headquarters are set in New York City, United States. All the activities ongoing in over 190 countries are coordinated from the central office in New York. Following are the main headquarters of UNICEF Office around the globe: 

  • Global Shared Services Centre, Budapest, Hungary
  • Private Fundraising and Partnerships, Geneva, Switzerland
  • Supply Division, Copenhagen, Denmark
  • Office of Research – Innocenti, Florence, Italy
  • Brussels Office, Belgium
  • Office for Japan, Tokyo, Japan
  • Seoul Office, Republic of Korea 

Functions of UNICEF

UNICEF has a very broad role in ensuring the right care and resources are reached to children. Their responsibilities include: 

  • Eradicating diseases like Polio and Measles by conducting immunisation programs. 
  • Promoting education equality by building schools, providing books and human resources
  • Supporting feeding programs by tackling malnutrition. 
  • Ensure drinking water facility and clean sanitation. 
  • Providing support and supplies to the countries impacted from natural disasters and pandemics.

Importance of UNICEF

UNICEF has always played a very important role in improving the living conditions of children around the globe: 

  • Improving the living conditions of girl childs and their health.
  • Providing aid to natural disasters and calamities stuck countries.
  • Providing education to all 
  • Immunisation and vaccination programmes.

UNICEF Foundation Day 2025 FAQs

Q1: What is the theme for UNICEF Foundation Day 2025?

Ans: The theme for 2025 is "My Day, My Rights".

Q2: What is the 75 years of UNICEF?

Ans: UNICEF celebrated its 75th anniversary in December 2021, marking its legacy of serving children's rights and welfare globally.

Q3: Where is the headquarter of UNICEF?

Ans: UNICEF's headquarters is located in New York City, USA.

Q4: Who declared Universal Children's Day?

Ans: Universal Children's Day was declared by the United Nations General Assembly in 1954.

Q5: Who is the founder of UNICEF?

Ans: UNICEF was founded by Ludwik Rajchman in 1946 to address the needs of children in countries affected by World War II.

Bhutan-India Bilateral Relation

July 6, 2026
Indian-Bhutan Relations

What’s in Today’s Article?

  • Why in the News?
  • India – Bhutan Bilateral Relationship
  • Trade & Economic Ties
  • Cultural & Buddhist Links
  • Hydropower Cooperation
  • New Areas of Cooperation
  • Indians Working in Bhutan
  • Educational, Cultural Cooperation and People-to-People Exchanges

Why in the News?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi on March 22, 2024, arrived in Paro, Bhutan for a 24-hour State visit.

India – Bhutan Bilateral Relationship

  • India and Bhutan share unique and exemplary bilateral relations, which are based on mutual trust, goodwill and understanding.
  • Formal diplomatic relations between India and Bhutan were established in 1968.
  • The basic framework of India-Bhutan relations is the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation signed in 1949 between the two countries, which was renewed in 2007.

Trade & Economic Ties

  • The India-Bhutan Agreement on Trade, Commerce and Transit – was first signed in 1972.
  • The agreement establishes a free trade regime between the two countries.
  • India is Bhutan’s top trade partner both as an import source and as an export destination.
  • Since 2014, India’s merchandise trade with Bhutan has almost tripled from USD 484 million in 2014-15 to USD 1422 million in 2021-22.
    • It accounting for about 80% of Bhutan’s overall trade, with the balance of trade in India’s favour.

Cultural & Buddhist Links

  • A number of Bhutanese pilgrims travel to Bodh Gaya, Rajgir, Nalanda, Sikkim, Udayagiri, and other Buddhist sites in India.
  • As a part of the 50th anniversary celebration of diplomatic relations, GOI sponsored a visit by 18 Lam Netens (Buddhist monks) and representative of the Central Monastic Body of Bhutan to India.

Hydropower Cooperation

  • Mutually beneficial hydro-power cooperation with Bhutan is a key pillar of bilateral economic cooperation.
  • For Bhutan, hydro-power development continues to be a vital catalyst for socio-economic development.
  • Revenues from Hydropower constitutes a significant portion of the total revenues of the Royal Government of Bhutan.
  • The ongoing cooperation between India and Bhutan in hydro-power sector is covered under the 2006 bilateral agreement for cooperation and its Protocol signed in 2009.
  • Four hydro-electric projects (HEPs) totalling 2136 MW are already operational in Bhutan and are supplying electricity to India.
  • The 720 MW Mangdechhu was commissioned in August 2019 and handed over to Bhutan in December 2022.

New Areas of Cooperation

  • Apart from hydro-power cooperation and development partnership has moved into new and emerging areas with full interoperability of the flagship digital project RuPay, which has been successfully completed.
  • Bhutan became the second country to launch the BHIM app, further deepening the financial linkages between our two countries.
  • Space cooperation is a new and promising area of bilateral cooperation.
  • The India-Bhutan SAT was launched into space in November 2022 by ISRO's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV).
  • Inauguration of Ground Earth Station during visit of Chairman, ISRO also took place in March 2023.

Indians Working in Bhutan

  • About 50,000 Indian citizens are working in Bhutan, mainly in the construction sector, education and technical consultants involved in infrastructure projects.
  • Some Indian daily-workers also enter and exit Bhutan every day in the border towns, as a sign of the close economic interdependence between both countries.

Educational, Cultural Cooperation and People-to-People Exchanges

  • There is close bilateral cooperation in the educational and cultural fields between India and Bhutan.
  • Over 950 scholarships are being provided annually by GoI for Bhutanese students to study in India in a wide range of disciplines including medicine, engineering, etc.
  • It is estimated that approximately 4,000 Bhutanese are studying in undergraduate courses in Indian Universities on self-finance basis.
  • Under the Nehru Wangchuck Scholarship Scheme since its inception in 2010, 8 slots are annually allotted to students and scholars from Bhutan.
  • 20 slots are provided every year to students from Bhutan under the ICCR Scholarship.

PM Modi's State Visit to Bhutan

  • Prime Minister Narendra Modi on March 22, 2024, arrived in Paro, Bhutan for a 24-hour State visit.
  • PM Modi will receive Bhutan’s highest civilian award, the Order of the Druk Gyalpo.
  • This is PM Modi’s first visit since the award was announced in 2021, which will be presented Bhutan’s King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, in appreciation for his efforts towards strengthening India-Bhutan ties.

Q1) What do you mean by Chicken’s Neck in terms of India’s geographical area?

The Siliguri Corridor, also known as the Chicken's Neck, is a stretch of land around the city of Siliguri in West Bengal, India. 20–22 kilometers (12–14 mi) at the narrowest section, this geo-political and geo-economic corridor connects the seven states of northeast India to the rest of the country.

Q2) Where is Doklam located?

Doklam is an area with a plateau and a valley which lies on the Bhutan-China border, near India.

Source: PM Modi arrives in Paro, to receive Bhutan’s highest civilian award | MEA

Daily Editorial Analysis 6 July 2026

July 6, 2026
Daily-Editorial-Analysis

The Right to Belong Beyond Official Documentation

Context

  • The meaning of citizenship in India has come under renewed scrutiny following a June 24, 2026 statement by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) describing the Indian passport as a travel document rather than a citizenship document.
  • Since passports are ordinarily issued only to Indian citizens, this clarification raises important constitutional concerns about what constitutes valid proof of citizenship.
  • Against the backdrop of recent legal and administrative developments, the debate extends beyond documentation to the principles of equality, secularism, and constitutional democracy.

Citizenship under scrutiny

  • Administrative and Judicial Developments
    • Recent developments have significantly reshaped the discourse on citizenship.
    • The Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls by the Election Commission of India (ECI), recent Supreme Court judgments, and the implementation of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, operationalised in 2024, have expanded official scrutiny over citizenship while increasing the responsibility of individuals to establish their legal status.
  • Passport as Evidence of Citizenship
    • Although a passport primarily facilitates international travel, it is issued almost exclusively to Indian citizens, except in exceptional cases permitted in the public interest.
    • Consequently, it serves as strong evidence of citizenship. Treating it merely as a travel document creates uncertainty regarding the documentary standards required to prove citizenship.

The foundations of citizenship

  • Constitutional Vision
    • The Constitution addressed citizenship through Articles 5–11, primarily to resolve issues arising from Partition.
    • While Article 11 empowers Parliament to legislate on citizenship, this authority is guided by the Constitution's foundational values of secularism, equality, and non-discrimination.
  • Constituent Assembly Debates
    • The Constituent Assembly rejected S. Deshmukh's proposal to grant citizenship exclusively to Hindus and Sikhs.
    • Jawaharlal Nehru and Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar argued that a secular republic could not distinguish citizens on religious grounds, resulting in the adoption of R. Ambedkar's religion-neutral citizenship framework.
  • Evolution of Citizenship Law
    • India initially followed the principle of jus soli, granting citizenship primarily through birth and residence.
    • However, subsequent amendments altered this approach. The introduction of Section 6A under the Assam Accord and the 2003 amendment, which denied citizenship by birth where one parent was an illegal migrant, reflected a gradual shift towards more restrictive citizenship norms.
  • Judicial Interpretation
    • The Supreme Court upheld Section 6A in 2024, interpreting Parliament's powers under Article 11 broadly and recognising concerns over external aggression arising from migration into Assam.
    • In Association for Democratic Reforms v. Union of India (2026), the Court further upheld the ECI's authority to examine citizenship for electoral purposes and refer doubtful cases to the competent authority under the Citizenship Act.
  • Burden of Proof
    • Experiences from Assam demonstrate that individuals identified as doubtful voters may remain trapped in prolonged proceedings before Foreigners' Tribunals, leaving their rights in suspension.
    • Simultaneously, the burden of proof has shifted from the State to individuals.
    • Aadhaar is treated as proof of residence, Voter ID as evidence of electoral registration, and passports merely as travel documents, making it increasingly difficult to establish citizenship conclusively.

The primacy of personhood

  • Constitutional Protection
    • The Constitution places personhood before citizenship. Article 14 guarantees equality before the law to every person, while Article 21 protects the right to life and personal liberty.
    • Citizenship supplements these guarantees through Article 19, conferring freedoms such as speech, peaceful assembly, occupation, and the statutory right to vote.
  • Citizenship and Democratic Rights
    • Political philosopher Hannah Arendt described citizenship as the right to have rights.
    • Uncertainty over citizenship threatens meaningful participation in democracy and access to constitutional protections.
    • Citizenship must therefore rest not solely on documentation but on human dignity, equal protection, and the Constitution's commitment to justice and inclusion.

Conclusion

  • The evolving framework of citizenship in India reflects a growing tension between administrative verification and constitutional values.
  • While the State has the authority to regulate citizenship and prevent misuse, such powers must remain consistent with the principles of justice, equality, secularism, and human dignity.
  • A constitutional democracy cannot reduce citizenship to an endless documentary exercise; it must preserve the rights and equal status of every individual within the framework of the Constitution.

The Right to Belong Beyond Official Documentation FAQs

Q1. Why did the MEA's statement on the Indian passport create controversy?

Ans. The statement created controversy because it described the passport as only a travel document rather than proof of citizenship.

Q2. What constitutional principles guide India's citizenship framework?

Ans. India's citizenship framework is guided by the principles of equality, secularism, and non-discrimination.

Q3. How has the burden of proving citizenship changed?

Ans. The burden of proving citizenship has increasingly shifted from the State to individual citizens.

Q4. Which constitutional rights are available to every person in India?

Ans. Article 14 guarantees equality before the law, and Article 21 protects the right to life and personal liberty for every person.

Q5. Why is citizenship important in a democracy?

Ans. Citizenship is important because it enables people to exercise political rights, including the right to vote and participate in democratic governance.

Source: The Hindu

India Needs a Second Home for Asiatic Lions

Context

  • India's Asiatic lion conservation story is often praised as a success. Their population has grown from just a few dozen in the early 20th century to about 891 today.
  • But there is a hidden problem behind this success. All these lions live in just one place — the Gir forest landscape in Gujarat.
  • Scientists, government bodies, and even the Supreme Court have repeatedly warned that this makes the species dangerously vulnerable. A single disease outbreak or disaster could wipe out the entire population in one go.
  • This article highlights the ecological risks of confining the world's entire Asiatic lion population to the Gir landscape in Gujarat despite remarkable conservation success.
  • It examines the scientific, legal and governance arguments for establishing a second free-ranging population, the delay in implementing the Supreme Court's 2013 translocation order, and why long-term species survival depends on resilience through habitat diversification rather than population growth alone.

Why a Second Home Is Needed

  • The Wildlife Institute of India has studied this issue since the 1980s. Its reports have consistently said the same thing: keeping an entire species in one location is risky.
  • Threats like epidemics, forest fires, or other disasters could destroy the whole population if it stays concentrated in a single area.
  • This concern was formally accepted by the Supreme Court in a landmark judgment on April 15, 2013.
  • The Court ordered that Asiatic lions be moved from Gir (Gujarat) to Kuno National Park in Madhya Pradesh.
  • It said conservation decisions must be based on ecological science, not regional politics.
  • The judgment clearly stated that a second population was necessary for the species to survive long-term.

Why the Translocation Never Happened

  • Despite this clear court order, nothing has moved forward for over a decade.
  • Gujarat has resisted sending its lions to another state. It argues that it has done a good job conserving the species, and questions whether Kuno's habitat is even suitable for lions.
  • Interestingly, Kuno National Park was actually prepared for this move. Villages were relocated and habitat restoration work was done there.
  • Yet, no lions have ever been introduced to Kuno. This shows a clear gap between scientific recommendations, judicial orders, and political will at the state level.

The Growing Risk

  • While this delay continues, the danger to the lions has only grown. Since the entire global population of Asiatic lions lives in one place, they are extremely vulnerable to disease.
  • This danger became real in 2018, when a Canine Distemper Virus outbreak killed several lions and infected many more.
  • Diseases spread faster in populations that live close together and have low genetic diversity — exactly the situation with Gir's lions today.
  • Conservation science recommends what is called a "metapopulation approach." This means spreading a species across multiple habitats, so a single disaster cannot destroy the whole population at once.

Attempts at a Solution

  • The government launched Project Lion in 2020 to revive this discussion. One proposal was to develop Barda Wildlife Sanctuary, also in Gujarat, as an alternative lion habitat.
  • However, experts point out a key flaw: Barda is too close to Gir. A second home needs to be far enough away that a single disease or disaster cannot affect both populations together. Being close by defeats the very purpose of having a second home.

 A Bigger Governance Question

  • This delay reflects a larger tension in India's environmental governance. Wildlife is constitutionally a shared responsibility between the Centre and states.
  • But in practice, it often gets tangled in state pride and political interests. The Supreme Court has been clear that Asiatic lions are a national heritage — not the property of one state alone. Yet, this principle remains only partly implemented on the ground.

From Success to Security

  • The bigger question India faces is whether it can move beyond just counting numbers, to actually securing the species' future.
  • Right now, the situation is a paradox: a lion population that looks thriving on paper, but remains ecologically fragile in reality.
  • As the article stresses, mere numbers do not guarantee survival — resilience does.
  • Without a second home, decades of conservation work remain at risk of being undone by a single unfortunate event.

Conclusion

  • Asiatic lions symbolise conservation triumph, yet remain trapped in a single landscape's vulnerability.
  • True success demands resilience, not just rising numbers. Establishing a second home isn't optional — it's an ecological necessity.
  • Continued delay risks converting India's proudest wildlife achievement into an entirely preventable tragedy.

India Needs a Second Home for Asiatic Lions FAQs

Q1. Why is establishing a second home for Asiatic lions considered essential?

Ans: A second habitat reduces the risk of extinction from disease outbreaks, natural disasters or other catastrophic events affecting the entire Gir lion population.

Q2. What did the Supreme Court direct regarding Asiatic lion conservation?

Ans: In 2013, the Supreme Court ordered the translocation of Asiatic lions to Kuno National Park, stressing that conservation decisions should be guided by ecological science.

Q3. Why has the lion translocation project remained stalled?

Ans: Gujarat has opposed relocating lions, citing successful conservation efforts and questioning Kuno's suitability, resulting in prolonged delays despite judicial directions.

Q4. What is the metapopulation approach in wildlife conservation?

Ans: The metapopulation approach distributes a species across multiple connected habitats, improving genetic diversity and reducing extinction risk from localized catastrophes.

Q5. Why is Barda Wildlife Sanctuary not considered an ideal second home?

Ans: Barda is geographically too close to Gir, meaning a disease outbreak or disaster could threaten both lion populations simultaneously, defeating conservation objectives.

Source: TH

Daily Editorial Analysis 2026 FAQs

Q1: What is editorial analysis?

Ans: Editorial analysis is the critical examination and interpretation of newspaper editorials to extract key insights, arguments, and perspectives relevant to UPSC preparation.

Q2: What is an editorial analyst?

Ans: An editorial analyst is someone who studies and breaks down editorials to highlight their relevance, structure, and usefulness for competitive exams like the UPSC.

Q3: What is an editorial for UPSC?

Ans: For UPSC, an editorial refers to opinion-based articles in reputed newspapers that provide analysis on current affairs, governance, policy, and socio-economic issues.

Q4: What are the sources of UPSC Editorial Analysis?

Ans: Key sources include editorials from The Hindu and Indian Express.

Q5: Can Editorial Analysis help in Mains Answer Writing?

Ans: Yes, editorial analysis enhances content quality, analytical depth, and structure in Mains answer writing.

Kalesar National Park, Location, Wildlife, Flora & Significance

July 6, 2026
Kalesar National Park

Kalesar National Park is a protected natural area located in the foothills of the Shivalik Hills in northern India. It is known for its rich greenery, peaceful environment, and diverse wildlife. The park includes forests, grasslands, and riverine areas, which provide a suitable habitat for many plant and animal species. It plays an important role in biodiversity conservation and maintaining ecological balance in the region.

Kalesar National Park Location

  • Kalesar National Park is located in the Yamunanagar district of Haryana, in the foothills of the Shivalik ranges, which are the outermost part of the Himalayas and known for their rich biodiversity.
  • The park lies at a strategic junction where Haryana meets Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Uttar Pradesh, making it an important ecological transition zone and wildlife movement corridor.
  • The Yamuna River forms the eastern boundary, providing water resources and influencing the vegetation and wildlife distribution in the region.
  • It covers an area of about 11,570 acres and is connected with the nearby Kalesar Wildlife Sanctuary, forming a larger continuous protected ecosystem.
  • The park’s location near forested hills, river systems, and plains makes it highly suitable for diverse flora and fauna.
  • It also serves as an important buffer zone that protects surrounding agricultural lands and settlements from environmental disturbances.
  • The connectivity with nearby forests helps maintain genetic flow and migration of wildlife species, which is essential for long-term conservation.

Also Read : National Parks in India 2026

Kalesar National Park Historical Background

  • The park is named after the Kalesar Mahadev Temple, which is located inside the forest and holds religious importance for local people.
  • Initially declared as a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1996, the area received greater protection when it was upgraded to a National Park in 2003.
  • The decision to upgrade its status reflects its growing ecological importance and rich biodiversity.
  • The region has been traditionally valued for its forest resources and has long supported local communities through natural resources.
  • Over time, conservation efforts have increased to protect wildlife and reduce human interference.
  • The park is now also promoted as a site for eco-tourism and environmental awareness, attracting nature lovers and researchers.
  • The temple inside the park also adds a cultural and spiritual dimension to the natural landscape.

Also Read : Wildlife Sanctuaries of India

Kalesar National Park Landscape and Ecological Features

  • The park lies in the geologically young Shivalik hills, which are made of loose sedimentary rocks like sandstone and clay, making the region highly fragile and erosion-prone.
  • Heavy rainfall during the monsoon season leads to rapid surface runoff, causing soil erosion, landslides, and formation of seasonal streams.
  • The area is characterized by uneven terrain, rocky slopes, valleys, and seasonal water channels, creating varied habitats for wildlife.
  • During monsoons, fast-flowing streams carry debris and stones, which can result in flash floods in nearby plains.
  • Kalesar plays a crucial role in controlling these natural hazards by stabilizing soil and regulating water flow.
  • The vegetation cover helps in reducing the impact of heavy rainfall and maintains the overall ecological balance of the region.
  • The landscape diversity supports different ecosystems within a relatively small area, making it ecologically rich.

Kalesar National Park Vegetation (Flora)

  • The park consists of a mix of dense forests, open forests, and scrublands, each supporting different plant and animal communities.
  • The dominant vegetation is Sal forest, which is dense and provides shelter to many species, along with Khair and Shisham trees commonly found in the region.
  • Other important trees include Amla, Semul, Amaltas, Bahera, Tun, and Sain, adding to the botanical diversity of the park.
  • Grasslands and open patches are also present, which are important for grazing animals and maintaining ecological balance.
  • The forest is rich in medicinal plants, making it significant for traditional medicine and biodiversity conservation.
  • These forests form part of the larger Doon Valley forest system, which is known for its ancient and diverse vegetation.
  • The variation in vegetation types supports a wide range of species by providing food, shelter, and breeding grounds.

Kalesar National Park Wildlife (Fauna)

  • Kalesar National Park supports a wide variety of wildlife, including herbivores, carnivores, reptiles, birds, and primates, reflecting its rich biodiversity.
  • Among herbivores, species like Sambar, Chital, Barking Deer, and Nilgai are commonly found, especially in forest clearings and grasslands where food is available.
  • The Goral, adapted to rocky terrain, is found on higher slopes, while wild boars are widespread and sometimes enter nearby farmlands.
  • The Leopard is the main carnivore in the park and plays an important role in maintaining ecological balance by controlling prey populations. Other carnivores include jackals, jungle cats, and civets.
  • The park is also home to reptiles such as Python, King Cobra, and Monitor Lizard, which indicate a healthy and functioning ecosystem.
  • Primates like Rhesus macaque and Grey langur are commonly seen, although the high population of macaques sometimes creates challenges like crop raiding and disturbance to birds.
  • The park is also rich in birdlife and is known for species like the Red Jungle Fowl, making it a popular destination for bird watchers.
  • Occasionally, tigers and elephants visit from Rajaji National Park, using forest corridors, but they do not stay permanently due to limited resources.
  • With improved habitat conditions, such as better water availability and prey base, the park has the potential to support long-term presence of large animals like elephants and tigers.

Kalesar National Park Ecological Significance

  • Kalesar National Park plays a vital role in maintaining ecological stability in the Shivalik region, especially by reducing soil erosion and protecting fragile hill slopes.
  • It helps in preventing flash floods by controlling water flow during heavy rainfall and protecting nearby agricultural lands.
  • The park acts as a biodiversity hotspot, supporting numerous plant and animal species, including several endangered ones.
  • It serves as an important wildlife corridor, allowing movement of animals between different forest regions.
  • The park is also significant for climate regulation, as forests help in carbon absorption and maintaining local weather patterns.
  • Being the only national park in Haryana with rich forest cover, it has a unique role in the state’s conservation strategy.
  • It contributes to maintaining the balance between humans and nature in the surrounding region.

Human Interaction and Surroundings

  • The park is surrounded by several villages and agricultural lands, leading to regular interaction between humans and wildlife, especially in boundary areas.
  • Animals like wild boars and monkeys often raid crops, creating challenges for local farmers and requiring proper management strategies.
  • Conservation efforts aim to balance livelihood needs of local people with wildlife protection, ensuring sustainable coexistence.
  • It promotes eco-tourism, which helps in spreading awareness about wildlife conservation and environmental protection.
  • Local communities also benefit from tourism-related activities, which can improve their economic conditions.
  • Proper awareness and management are necessary to reduce conflicts and ensure long-term conservation success.

Kalesar National Park Significance

  • Kalesar National Park is a unique combination of natural beauty, biodiversity, and ecological importance, making it a valuable natural resource.
  • It has strong potential to develop into a major wildlife habitat, especially for large mammals like elephants and tigers, if conservation efforts are strengthened.
  • The park is important for education, research, and scientific studies, helping us understand ecosystems and wildlife behavior.
  • It also plays a role in promoting sustainable tourism, attracting nature lovers and wildlife enthusiasts.
  • The presence of religious sites adds a cultural dimension, making it significant for both nature and spirituality.
  • Overall, it is a key area for maintaining environmental balance and biodiversity conservation in northern India.
  • With proper management and awareness, it can serve as a model for successful conservation and sustainable development.

Kalesar National Park FAQs

Q1: Where is Kalesar National Park located?

Ans: Kalesar National Park is located in the Yamunanagar district of Haryana, in the foothills of the Shivalik Hills in northern India, near the borders of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Uttar Pradesh.

Q2: Why is Kalesar National Park important?

Ans: The park is important for biodiversity conservation, ecological balance, and flood control, and it also serves as a wildlife corridor for animal movement.

Q3: What type of vegetation is found in Kalesar National Park?

Ans: The park mainly has Sal forests, Khair forests, grasslands, and scrublands, along with many medicinal plants.

Q4: Which animals are found in Kalesar National Park?

Ans: Common animals include Leopard, Sambar, Chital, Nilgai, Goral, wild boar, and reptiles like Python and King Cobra, along with many bird species.

Q5: What type of terrain is found in Kalesar National Park?

Ans: The park has forested hills, valleys, rocky slopes, and riverine areas, formed mainly of sedimentary rocks like sandstone and clay.

Panchagnaga River

July 6, 2026
Panchagnaga River

Panchganga River Latest News

Due to intense rainfall in its catchment areas, the Panchganga River, which flows through Kolhapur city, breached its banks, submerging 28 barrages in the basin.

About Panchganga River

  • It is a major tributary of the Krishna River, flowing through Maharashtra.
  • Course: 
    • It originates in the Sahyadri mountain ranges and is formed by the confluence of five rivers—Kasari, Kumbhi, Tulsi, Bhogawati, and Saraswati—at Prayag Sangam near Kolhapur.  
    • The confluence point is considered sacred, and it attracts a large number of devotees during the winter. 
    • From there, the river flows approximately 80 km before eventually joining the Krishna River at Kurundvad, Maharashtra.
  • The Panchganga River holds immense spiritual significance. The banks of the river are adorned with numerous temples and shrines.
  • The valley of the Panchaganga River is very fertile, and its sloping banks yield rich crops during the winter season.
  • The waters of all the streams which join to form the Panchaganga are much used for growing sugarcane.
  • Dams:
    • Radhanagari Dam
    • Kalammawadi Dam
    • Kode Budruk Dam
    • Tulashi Dam
  • Since the last decade, its pollution level has been increasing fast. The pollution of the Panchaganga River is due to the disposal of untreated municipal sewage from the Kolhapur town.

News: TOI

Panchganga River FAQs

Q1: Through which Indian state does the Panchganga River flow?

Ans: Maharashtra.

Q2: Which major river does the Panchganga River join?

Ans: The Krishna River.

Q3: Where does the Panchganga River originate?

Ans: In the Sahyadri mountain ranges.

Q4: How is the Panchganga River formed?

Ans: By the confluence of five rivers—Kasari, Kumbhi, Tulsi, Bhogawati, and Saraswati.

Q5: Approximately how long does the Panchganga River flow before joining the Krishna River?

Ans: About 80 kilometres.

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