UPSC Prelims Current Affairs for 9 September 2026

Bhoramdeo Wildlife Sanctuary

September 9, 2026

Bhoramdev Wildlife Sanctuary Latest News

Wildlife and bird monitoring at the renowned Bhoramdev Wildlife Sanctuary in Chhattisgarh is set to receive a technological boost, with the Forest Department preparing to introduce a “bird hearing” technology to track the presence and activities of birds and other wildlife.

About Bhoramdev Wildlife Sanctuary

Bhoramdev Wildlife Sanctuary, also known as Bhoramdeo Wildlife Sanctuary, is located in the Kawardha district of Chhattisgarh.
It is part of the larger Maikal range of the Satpura hills.
It is part of the Kanha-Achanakmar Corridor, which connects Kanha National Park in Madhya Pradesh with Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary in Chhattisgarh.
Named after the famous Bhoramdeo Temple situated nearby, the sanctuary covers an area of approximately 352 sq.km.
- Bhoramdeo Temple, an ancient temple complex dating back to the 7th to 11th centuries, was built by the Nagvanshi dynasty.
- The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and is often referred to as the “Khajuraho of Chhattisgarh,”.
The sanctuary’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills, dense forests, and numerous streams.
The region surrounding Bhoramdev Wildlife Sanctuary is inhabited by various tribal communities, including the Baiga, Gond, and Kanwar tribes.
Rivers: The river Sakari flows through the sanctuary and is the source of drinking water for the wild animals.
Flora: It contains tropical moist and dry deciduous woodland with trees such as saaj, sal, tendu, and eucalyptus.
Fauna: Its habitats support Bengal tiger, leopard, sloth bear, sambar, gaur, wild boar, monitor lizard, and more than 100 bird species.

News: ETVB

Bhoramdev Wildlife Sanctuary FAQs

Q1: Where is Bhoramdev Wildlife Sanctuary located?

Ans: It is located in Kawardha district of Chhattisgarh.

Q2: Which mountain range is Bhoramdev Wildlife Sanctuary part of?

Ans: It is part of the Maikal Range of the Satpura Hills.

Q3: Which tribal communities inhabit the region surrounding Bhoramdev Wildlife Sanctuary?

Ans: The region is inhabited by tribal communities including the Baiga, Gond and Kanwar tribes.

Q4: What type of vegetation is found in Bhoramdev Wildlife Sanctuary?

Ans: The sanctuary contains tropical moist and dry deciduous woodland.

Shivneri Fort

September 9, 2026

Shivneri Fort Latest News

The cultural affairs minister recently directed the authorities to conduct an “objective assessment” of unauthorised constructions and other structures, including graves and dargahs, in and around Shivneri Fort and take appropriate action.

About Shivneri Fort

It is a very old and important hill fort located near the town of Junnar in the Pune district of Maharashtra.
This fort is famous because it is the birthplace of Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.

Shivneri Fort History

The Shivneri Fort was built during the time of Satavahanas.
After the Satavahanas, the Shivneri Fort was occupied by the Shilaharas and the Yadavas.
This fort was very important for protecting an old trading route. This route connected the region of Desh to the port city of Kalyan.
In the 15th century, it came under the Bahmani Sultanate. Later, in the 16th century, it was taken over by the Ahmadnagar Sultanate.
In 1595, a Maratha chief named Maloji Bhosale was honored by the Ahmadnagar Sultan, Bahadur Nizam Shah.
- Maloji Bhosale was the grandfather of Shivaji Maharaj.
- The Sultan gave him control of Shivneri and Chakan forts.
Shivaji Maharaj was born at Shivneri Fort on February 19, 1630. Some records suggest he was born in 1627. He spent his early childhood years growing up within the fort's walls.
An English traveler named Fraze visited the fort in 1673. He wrote that the fort was very strong and could not be easily defeated.

Shivneri Fort Features

It is a triangular-shaped hill fort and has its entrance from the southwest side of the hill.
The fort stretches for about 1 kilometer (1 mile). It has seven winding gates that are very well protected. All around the fort, there are strong mud walls.
Inside the fort, you can find several important buildings. These include a prayer hall, a tomb, and a mosque.
At the very center of the fort, there is a water pond called 'Badami Talav'. To the south of this pond, you can see statues of Jijabai and a young Shivaji.
In the fort there are two water springs, called Ganges and Yamuna, which have water throughout the year.
About 2 kilometers away from Shivneri Fort, there are ancient Buddhist rock-cut caves. These are known as Lenyadri caves.

News: HT

Shivneri Fort FAQs

Q1: Where is Shivneri Fort located?

Ans: Shivneri Fort is located near Junnar town in Pune district, Maharashtra.

Q2: Why is Shivneri Fort famous?

Ans: Shivneri Fort is famous as the birthplace of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.

Q3: During whose period was Shivneri Fort built?

Ans: Shivneri Fort was built during the period of the Satavahanas.

Q4: Why was Shivneri Fort historically important?

Ans: It was important for protecting an old trading route connecting the Desh region with the port city of Kalyan.

Atherosclerosis

September 9, 2026

Atherosclerosis Latest News

A new study in mice and patients shows that atherosclerosis meets the criteria for an autoimmune disease.

About Atherosclerosis

It is a condition in which plaque builds up inside your arteries.
- Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to organs and tissues throughout your body.
- Plaque is a sticky substance made up of cholesterol, fat, blood cells, calcium, and other substances found in the blood.
Over time, plaque hardens and causes your arteries to narrow. That limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your body.
Some people may confuse atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis, but they are not the same thing:
- Arteriosclerosis is hardening of the arteries, which means that the arteries thicken and become less flexible. It can have several different causes.
- Atherosclerosis, which develops from plaque buildup, is a common type of arteriosclerosis.
What causes atherosclerosis?
- Plaque often starts to build up during childhood and gets worse with age.
- The exact cause is unknown, but researchers believe that this buildup happens when there is damage to the arteries. This damage may be caused by unhealthy lifestyle habits, medical conditions, and your genes.
- Recent studies also point that atherosclerosis meets the criteria for an autoimmune disease.
Atherosclerosis can affect most of the arteries in the body. It has different names, based on which arteries are affected:
- Coronary artery disease (CAD) is plaque buildup in the arteries of your heart.
- Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is plaque buildup in the arteries that carry blood away from the heart to other parts of the body. It most often affects the arteries of your legs, but it can also affect the arteries of your arms or pelvis.
- Carotid artery disease is plaque buildup in the neck arteries. It reduces blood flow to the brain.
- Renal artery stenosis is plaque buildup in the arteries that supply blood to your kidneys.
- Vertebral artery disease is plaque buildup in the arteries that supply blood to the back of your brain.
- Mesenteric artery ischemia is plaque buildup in the arteries that supply your intestines with blood.
Symptoms:
- Atherosclerosis symptoms often don’t start until an artery is very narrow or blocked.
- Many people don’t know they have plaque buildup until they have a medical emergency like a heart attack or stroke.
- Symptoms usually depend on the arteries that are affected, and the most common include:
  - chest pain (or angina)
  - feeling confused, as a result of limited blood flow to your brain
  - difficulty breathing
  - feeling very tired (fatigued)
  - pain in any of your limbs, where there may be a blocked artery
  - weak muscles.
- Atherosclerosis can cause other health problems, or complications.
  - For example, if a plaque bursts, a blood clot may form.
  - The clot could block the artery completely or travel to another part of the body.
  - Blockages in different parts of the body can lead to complications such as a heart attack, stroke, vascular dementia, or limb loss.
Treatment: Treating atherosclerosis may include having a heart-healthy lifestyle and taking medicines.

News: NM

Atherosclerosis FAQs

Q1: What is atherosclerosis?

Ans: Atherosclerosis is a condition in which plaque builds up inside the arteries.

Q2: What happens to plaque over time in atherosclerosis?

Ans: Plaque hardens over time and causes the arteries to narrow, limiting the flow of oxygen-rich blood.

Q3: How does atherosclerosis affect blood flow?

Ans: It narrows the arteries and limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the body's organs and tissues.

Q4: How is atherosclerosis related to arteriosclerosis?

Ans: Atherosclerosis, which develops from plaque buildup, is a common type of arteriosclerosis.

Q5: What factors may contribute to damage to the arteries leading to atherosclerosis?

Ans: Unhealthy lifestyle habits, medical conditions and genes may contribute to arterial damage.

Buellia maharajensis

September 9, 2026

Buellia maharajensis Latest News

Researchers have discovered a new species of lichen, Buellia maharajensis, in Mathikettan Shola National Park.

About Buellia maharajensis

It is a new species of lichen.
It is the fourth lichen variety discovered within Mathikettan Shola National Park, Kerala.
Features of Buellia maharajensis
- It is saxicolous lichen that grows directly on rock surfaces and was recorded at an elevation of approximately 1,351 m.

Key Facts about Lichen

A lichen is a symbiosis between different organisms — a fungus and an algae or cyanobacterium.
The basis of their relationship is the mutual benefit that they provide each other.
The photosynthetic algae or cyanobacteria form simple carbohydrates that, when excreted, are absorbed by fungi cells and transformed into a different carbohydrate.
They also produce vitamins that the fungi need.
Fungi contribute to the symbiosis by absorbing water vapour from the air and by providing much-needed shade for the light-sensitive algae beneath.
The composite body of a lichen is called a thallus (plural thalli); the body is anchored to its substrate by hairlike growths called rhizines.
Lichens are found worldwide and occur in a variety of environmental conditions.
Habitat: A diverse group of organisms, they can colonize a wide range of surfaces and are frequently found on tree bark, exposed rock, and as a part of biological soil crust.

Source: THb

Buellia maharajensis FAQs

Q1: What is Buellia maharajensis ?

Ans: Lichen

Q2: Where did Buellia maharajensis was discover?

Ans: Mathikettan Shola National Park, Kerala.

Luxembourg

September 9, 2026

Luxembourg Latest News

Recently, India and Luxembourg have discussed expanding bilateral cooperation in space and exploring new areas of collaboration, including artificial intelligence, quantum technologies, advanced materials and life sciences.

About Luxembourg

Location: It is a small landlocked western European Nation.
Bordering Country: It is bordered by 3 Nations: Germany in the East and Northeast; by France in the south; and by Belgium in the North and West.
It is a founding member of the European Union and NATO.
Capital City: Luxembourg
Geographical Features of Luxembourg
- Climate: It has a continental climate with cold winters and relatively mild-warm summers.
- Highest Point: Luxembourg's highest point, Burgplatz, stands at 1,843 ft. (559m).
- Rivers: Major rivers are Alzette, Eisch, Moselle, Our and Sure.
- Lake: The largest lake of Luxembourg is Lake Sure.
- Natural resources: Its natural resources include oil, natural gas, coal, minerals, and the forest.

Source: DD News

Luxembourg FAQs

Q1: Where is Lake Sure located?

Ans: Luxembourg

Q2: Which countries share border with Luxembourg ?

Ans: Germany, France and Belgium

TRISHNA Mission

September 9, 2026

TRISHNA Mission Latest News

The PSLV is scheduled to launch the Indo-French TRISHNA mission next year which is a collaborative endeavor between ISRO and CNES.

About TRISHNA Mission

The TRISHNA (Thermal Infra-Red Imaging Satellite for High-resolution Natural Resource Assessment) mission, is a collaborative endeavor between the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the French Space Agency Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES).
It is engineered to deliver high spatial and high temporal resolution monitoring of Earth's surface temperature, emissivity, biophysical and radiation variables for surface energy budgeting at regional to global scale.
Objectives:
- Detailed monitoring of the energy and water budgets of the continental biosphere for quantifying terrestrial water stress and water use.
- High-resolution observation of water quality and dynamics in coastal and inland waters.
- A comprehensive assessment of urban heat islands detection of thermal anomalies linked to volcanic activity and geothermal resources.
- Precise monitoring of snow-melt runoff and glacier dynamics.
- Provide valuable data on aerosol optical depth, atmospheric water vapor, and cloud cover.
Payloads: TRISHNA satellite is equipped with two primary payloads.
- The Thermal Infra-Red (TIR) Payload: It is provided by CNES and features a four-channel long-wave infrared imaging sensor capable of high-resolution surface temperature and emissivity mapping.
- The Visible – Near Infra-Red – ShortWave Infra-Red (VNIR-SWIR) payload: It is developed by ISRO, includes seven spectral bands designed for detailed mapping of surface reflectance of VSWIR bands for generating important biophysical and radiation budget variables.
The satellite will operate in a sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 761 km.
This orbit will provide a spatial resolution of 57 meters for land and coastal areas and 1 km for oceanic and polar regions. The mission is designed for a 5-year operational life.
TRISHNA’s data will contribute to several global initiatives, such as GEOGLAM for agricultural monitoring, the UN's Sustainable Development Goals and targets, and the Global Water Watch.
Some of the mission’s outputs will serve as Essential Agricultural Variables (EAVs), and Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) for the global community.

News: TH

TRISHNA Mission FAQs

Q1: What is the TRISHNA mission?

Ans: TRISHNA is a satellite mission designed for high spatial and high temporal resolution monitoring of Earth's surface temperature, emissivity, biophysical variables and radiation variables.

Q2: Which two space agencies are collaborating on the TRISHNA mission?

Ans: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the French Space Agency (CNES).

Q3: What does TRISHNA stand for?

Ans: TRISHNA stands for Thermal Infra-Red Imaging Satellite for High-resolution Natural Resource Assessment.

Q4: How will TRISHNA contribute to the assessment of terrestrial water resources?

Ans: It will help quantify terrestrial water stress and water use.

Financial Intelligence Unit–India

September 9, 2026

Financial Intelligence Unit- India Latest News

Recently, the Director, Financial Intelligence Unit-India (FIU-IND) has issued notices for non-compliance to following fifteen (15) Virtual Digital Assets Service Providers (VDA SPs) under Section 13 of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002(PMLA).

About Financial Intelligence Unit- India

It was set by the Government of India in 2004.
It is the central national agency responsible for receiving, processing, analyzing and disseminating information relating to suspect financial transactions.
FIU-IND is an independent body reporting directly to the Economic Intelligence Council (EIC) headed by the Finance Minister.

Function of Financial Intelligence Unit-India

Collection of Information: It acts as the central reception point for receiving Cash Transaction reports (CTRs), Non-Profit Organisation Transaction Report (NTRs), Cross Border Wire Transfer Reports (CBWTRs) from various reporting entities.
Analysis of Information: Analyze received information in order to uncover patterns of transactions suggesting suspicion of money laundering and related crimes.
Sharing of Information: It shares information with national intelligence/law enforcement agencies, national regulatory authorities and foreign Financial Intelligence Units.
Central Repository: It establishes and maintains a national database on the basis of reports received from reporting entities.
Coordination: It coordinates and strengthens collection and sharing of financial intelligence through an effective national, regional and global network to combat money laundering and related crimes.
Research and Analysis: Monitor and identify strategic key areas on money laundering trends, typologies and developments.

Source: PIB

Financial Intelligence Unit- India FAQs

Q1: What is Financial Intelligence Unit- India?

Ans: It is the central national agency responsible for receiving, processing, analyzing and disseminating information relating to suspect financial transactions.

Q2: What is the function of Financial Intelligence Unit- India?

Ans: It acts as the central reception point for receiving Cash Transaction reports (CTRs), Non-Profit Organisation Transaction Report.

Saqqara

September 9, 2026

Saqqara Latest News

Archaeologists in Egypt recently discovered an ancient tomb belonging to the "keeper of the secrets of royal decrees," they announced following an excavation at Saqqara.

About Saqqara

It is part of the necropolis of the ancient Egyptian city of Memphis.
It lies 24 km southwest of Cairo and west of the modern Arab village of Ṣaqqārah.
The site extends along the edge of the desert plateau for about 8 km, bordering Abū Ṣīr to the north and Dahshūr to the south.
In 1979 the ancient ruins of the Memphis area, including Ṣaqqārah, Abū Ṣīr, Dahshūr, Abū Ruwaysh, and the Pyramids of Giza, were collectively designated a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Saqqara contains numerous pyramids, tombs, mastabas, temples, and other funerary monuments.
A mastaba is an ancient Egyptian rectangular tomb structure with a flat roof and sloping sides.
Saqqara is where the transition from the use of the mastaba as a burial site to the pyramid design that is more popularly known today took place.
Kings and noblemen from the very first two dynasties (c.3040–2686 BC) were buried here, and this is also the location of the Step Pyramid of Djoser (c.2686–2667 BC).
- It is the oldest surviving pyramid in the world.
- Designed by the architect Imhotep, its distinctive six-tiered form marked a crucial stage in the development of pyramid construction and paved the way for the great pyramids that followed.
The pyramids of some of the most important kings of the Old Kingdom Fifth (c.2494–2345 BC) and Sixth (c.2345–2181 BC) Dynasties are located in Saqqara.
One of these, the pyramid of Unas (also known as Wenis; (c.2375–2345 BC), features the oldest pyramid burial chamber decorated with texts.
Among the most important of Saqqara’s monuments is the Serapeum, a series of underground galleries in which the Apis Bulls were buried from the Eighteenth Dynasty (c.1550–1295 BC) to the Ptolemaic Period (332–30 BC).
- The Apis Bull was considered an incarnation of Ptah himself, one of the most important gods of Memphis.

News: LS

Saqqara FAQs

Q1: What is Saqqara?

Ans: Saqqara is part of the necropolis of the ancient Egyptian city of Memphis.

Q2: Which ancient sites were collectively included in the UNESCO World Heritage designation of the Memphis area?

Ans: They include Ṣaqqārah (Saqqara), Abū Ṣīr, Dahshūr, Abū Ruwaysh and the Pyramids of Giza.

Q3: What types of ancient monuments are found at Saqqara?

Ans: Saqqara contains numerous pyramids, tombs, mastabas, temples and other funerary monuments.

Q4: Which famous pyramid is located at Saqqara?

Ans: The Step Pyramid of Djoser is located at Saqqara.

Q5: What is significant about the Step Pyramid of Djoser?

Ans: It is considered the oldest surviving pyramid in the world.