2025 for January 1970

The Supreme Court of India has recently ruled that secretly recorded conversations between spouses are admissible as evidence in matrimonial disputes, including divorce proceedings.

Spousal privilege, codified under Section 122 of the Indian Evidence Act, protects private communications between spouses during their marriage.
This provision states that one spouse cannot be compelled, or permitted, to disclose any communication made by the other during the marriage, unless the communicating party consents or the case is between the married individuals themselves.
Historically, this privilege has been upheld to preserve the sanctity of marriage and shield spouses from being forced to testify against each other, particularly in criminal cases.

Unlike criminal proceedings, divorce cases present unique legal challenges. When one spouse levels allegations such as cruelty, adultery, or mental harassment, they are permitted to present corroborative evidence, including letters, testimonies, and photographs.
In recent years, evidence in matrimonial cases has expanded to include electronic forms, like text messages, emails, and recorded conversations.
However, many High Courts have hesitated to admit secret recordings due to concerns over privacy and coercion, as well as the legality of how such material is obtained.

Setting aside a 2021 Punjab and Haryana High Court verdict, the apex court ruled that secret recordings between spouses are legally admissible in matrimonial disputes.
The Court justified this by relying on an earlier 1973 case involving police-recorded evidence in a bribery case.
It noted that as long as evidence is relevant, verifiable, and falls under statutory exceptions, it can be admitted even if it was secretly obtained.
The Court interpreted that a recording device merely functions as a “digital eavesdropper”, akin to a third-party witness who overhears and testifies to a private conversation.

This ruling raises fundamental questions about the right to privacy, which the Supreme Court recognised as a fundamental right in 2017.
While critics argue that secret recordings infringe on individual privacy, the Court held that this right must be balanced against the right to a fair trial, particularly in cases of matrimonial disputes where truth and justice are paramount.
The judges observed that if a marriage has reached a stage where spouses are snooping on each other, it indicates an already eroded trust and a fractured relationship.

A significant concern arising from this ruling is the digital gender divide. According to the 2025 Mobile Gender Gap Report, women in India are 39% less likely than men to own smartphones.
In a scenario where evidence is increasingly collected through digital means, such disparity could disadvantage women litigants who may lack the tools or technical means to present their case effectively.
This uneven access to surveillance technologies may tilt the balance of fairness in matrimonial litigation, unintentionally reinforcing societal and technological inequalities.

The ruling redefines how courts can interpret Section 122 of the Indian Evidence Act, clarifying that the provision is rooted in protecting marital sanctity, not privacy within marriage.
With evolving societal norms and the emergence of digital evidence, the judgment reflects the judiciary’s effort to adapt outdated laws to modern realities.
While this decision promotes judicial truth-seeking, it also calls for future legislative clarity to define permissible boundaries of surveillance within domestic relationships, ensuring that justice does not come at the cost of consent and dignity.

The Supreme Court's ruling on the admissibility of secretly recorded spousal conversations marks a turning point in Indian matrimonial jurisprudence.
It reorients the principle of spousal privilege in light of technological realities and competing constitutional rights.
While it strengthens the evidentiary tools available in divorce cases, it also underscores the need to address privacy concerns, gender disparities, and digital ethics in the courtroom.

Source: IE

Spousal Privilege FAQs

Q1: What is spousal privilege under Indian law?

Ans: Spousal privilege prohibits compelled disclosure of private communications between spouses, as per Section 122 of the Indian Evidence Act.

Q2: Is secretly recorded audio between spouses admissible in court?

Ans: Yes, the Supreme Court has ruled that such recordings can be used as evidence in matrimonial disputes if they are relevant and verifiable.

Q3: Does this ruling violate the right to privacy?

Ans: The Court held that the right to privacy must be balanced with the right to a fair trial, especially in divorce cases.

Q4: Why were High Courts earlier hesitant to allow such evidence?

Ans: High Courts often cited concerns over coercion, legality of the recording method, and the sanctity of marital privacy.

Q5: What concerns have been raised regarding this ruling?

Ans: Critics point to a gender gap in digital access, which could disadvantage women in presenting or countering such evidence.