transparency and accountability for 11 September 2025

Transparency and Accountability are core principles of good governance. They ensure that government functions remain open to public scrutiny and that decision-makers are held responsible for their actions. By incorporating trust, curbing corruption, and improving administrative efficiency, these principles strengthen the democratic process.

Transparency and Accountability in Governance

In a democracy, Transparency and Accountability form the foundation of fair and effective governance. Transparency ensures that citizens have access to information about government decisions and actions, while accountability makes public officials answerable for their conduct. Together, they strengthen trust between the state and the people, curb corruption, and enhance the efficiency of governance.

Transparency and Accountability Mechanisms

The table discusses the Transparency and Accountability Mechanisms which are adopted along with their purpose, establishment and core features providing an overview how these instruments function to make the government answerable to citizens and promote efficient, corruption-free administration.

Transparency and Accountability Mechanisms
Mechanism	Year/Establishment	Purpose	Key Features
Parliamentary Oversight	-	Ensure executive accountability and financial propriety	Question Hour, Cut Motions, Committees, Auditing of government expenditures
Central Vigilance Commission (CVC)	1964	Apex vigilance body to monitor government institutions	Advises on vigilance matters; lacks punitive authority; set up following Santhanam Committee recommendations
Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)	-	Audit government expenditures and safeguard public resources	Audits alignment with approved purposes; exposed major scams like 2G Spectrum and Commonwealth Games
Social Audits	After 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act	Assess impact of government initiatives on communities	Community participation, fund utilization monitoring, strengthening grassroots democracy
E-Governance	-	Enhance transparency and efficiency in service delivery	Digital platforms like Bhoomi (Karnataka), E-Mitra (Rajasthan), Lokvani (UP); online access to public services; reduces bureaucratic inefficiencies

Transparency and Accountability Operationalisation

The effectiveness of Transparency and Accountability mechanisms depends on how well they are implemented in practice. Several initiatives highlight their operational success:

• Right to Information (RTI): Empowers citizens to access information from public authorities, promoting transparency at all levels. RTI has been instrumental in ensuring accountability in programs such as MGNREGA.
• Lokayuktas: Independent anti-corruption institutions, such as the Karnataka Lokayukta, have successfully exposed systemic corruption in sectors like mining and public works.
• Voluntary Organisations: Civil society groups, including Parivartan in Delhi, have leveraged RTI to address citizen grievances, monitor government programs, and enhance service delivery.

Transparency and Accountability Challenges

Despite notable progress, implementing Transparency and Accountability mechanisms faces several challenges:

• Political Will: Effective reforms require sustained commitment from leadership, which is sometimes lacking.
• Administrative Resistance: Bureaucratic inertia and reluctance can undermine the enforcement of transparency measures.
• Citizen Awareness: Limited understanding of tools like RTI and social audits reduces their impact and accessibility.
• Technological Gaps: Uneven digital infrastructure and connectivity hinder the full potential of e-governance initiatives.

Suggested Measures for Strengthening Transparency and Accountability

To overcome these challenges and strengthen governance, several measures can be implemented:

• Information Dissemination: Follow the 3R principle, Regular, Reliable, and Relevant dissemination of information to empower citizens with timely and accurate knowledge.
• Community Mobilization: Involve Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) and NGOs to encourage grassroots participation in governance and accountability initiatives.
• Capacity Building: Train public officials and citizens on the importance and 
• functioning of accountability tools such as Gram Sabhas and the RTI Act.
• Grievance Redressal: Establish efficient and timely mechanisms for addressing citizen complaints, promoting trust in governance systems.
• Feedback Mechanisms: Institutionalize processes to gather and act upon feedback, ensuring continuous evaluation and improvement of governance practices.

Role of Civil Society and Media in Governance

Civil society and the media are pivotal in advancing transparency and accountability:

• Civil Society Movements: Initiatives like Anna Hazare’s Lokpal movement demonstrate the power of collective action in pushing for accountability reforms and policy changes.
• Media’s Role: Acting as a watchdog, the media ensures the free flow of information, exposes corruption, and fosters public debate, holding authorities accountable for their actions.

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