marginal standing facility for 2 December 2025

Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) is an overnight emergency borrowing window created by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to help scheduled commercial banks when they face a sudden shortage of funds. MSF is used only when inter-bank liquidity dries up completely or when banks are unable to borrow through the regular Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) or call money market. 

The MSF was introduced as part of the 2011-12 monetary policy reform, which aimed to strengthen India’s monetary framework and reduce volatility in short-term interest rates.

Under MSF, banks borrow money from the RBI by dipping into their Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) holdings, which is normally not allowed under regular repo operations. The borrowing is always at a penal rate; that is, the interest charged is higher than the repo rate. This higher rate is called the MSF Rate.

Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) Objectives

The Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) aims to reduce volatility in overnight interest rates and ensure smooth monetary transmission in the banking system. It also provides banks with a safety valve for emergency liquidity when other borrowing avenues dry up.

• Stabilise Overnight Interest Rates: Prevent sudden spikes in the call money market.
• Support Monetary Policy Transmission: Maintain a clear and predictable policy rate corridor.
• Provide Emergency Liquidity: Help banks access funds when inter-bank markets face stress.
• Strengthen Financial Stability: Reduce panic during liquidity shortages and maintain system confidence.
• Ensure Smooth Functioning of LAF: Act as the upper ceiling of the RBI’s interest rate corridor.

Difference Between Marginal Standing Facility and Repo Rate

The Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) and Repo Rate are key RBI tools used to manage liquidity in the banking system, but they differ in purpose, interest rate level, and borrowing conditions. The Difference Between Marginal Standing Facility and Repo Rate have been shared below.

Difference Between Marginal Standing Facility and Repo Rate
Category	Marginal Standing Facility (MSF)	Repo Rate
Definition	An overnight emergency borrowing facility for banks from RBI.	The rate at which RBI lends short-term funds to banks against government securities.
Interest Rate Level	Higher than the Repo Rate (penalty rate).	Lower than MSF; primary policy rate.
Borrowing Limit	Up to 1% of Net Demand and Time Liabilities (NDTL).	No strict NDTL limit; depends on collateral and liquidity operations.
Collateral Requirement	Banks can borrow even if they dip into their SLR quota.	Banks must maintain full SLR and borrow by pledging excess government securities.
Impact on Inflation	Indirect; discourages excessive borrowing due to higher cost.	Direct; increase or decrease directly affects lending rates and inflation.
Eligible Institutions	Scheduled commercial banks only.	Banks and financial institutions approved by RBI.
Borrowing Tenure	Overnight.	Overnight to short-term (depending on operations).

Eligibility Criteria for Banks under MSF

Banks must meet specific RBI conditions to access the Marginal Standing Facility, ensuring only financially sound and compliant institutions use this emergency window. The criteria focus on regulatory requirements, asset quality, and operational readiness.

• Only Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) are eligible to borrow under MSF.
• Banks must maintain the mandated Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) before accessing MSF.
• Banks must have valid, unencumbered government securities for collateral.
• The borrowing is allowed only after exhausting normal Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) options.
• Banks must comply with RBI prudential norms, including CRR maintenance and asset quality guidelines.
• The facility can be used only for overnight borrowing.

Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) and Its Role in Controlling Inflation

The Marginal Standing Facility helps the RBI tighten liquidity in the banking system, making borrowing costlier for banks during high-inflation periods.

• Acts as the Upper Limit of the Interest Rate Corridor: When the RBI increases the MSF rate, overnight borrowing becomes expensive, reducing liquidity.
• Discourages Excess Lending: Higher MSF rates force banks to borrow less and lend cautiously, lowering money supply growth.
• Strengthens Monetary Tightening: During an inflation surge, MSF is used alongside repo hikes to reinforce the overall tightening stance.
• Controls Volatility in Money Markets: Stable short-term rates help prevent sudden liquidity surges that can worsen inflation.