peninsular plateau for 4 December 2025

The Peninsular Plateau of India, also known as the Indian Shield, is one of the oldest and most stable landmasses on Earth. It forms the core of the Indian subcontinent and dominates the geographical landscape of central and southern India. 

Its geological antiquity, mineral wealth, diverse physiographic divisions, and ecological significance make it an essential topic for UPSC Prelims, Mains, and optional Geography. The plateau has shaped India’s river systems, agriculture, settlement patterns, industrial development, and biodiversity over millions of years.

Peninsular Plateau of India Features

The Peninsular Plateau stands out due to its unique terrain, geological stability, and mineral-rich composition.

• The plateau covers nearly 16 lakh sq km, representing almost 50% of India’s total landmass.
• It is composed primarily of crystalline, igneous, and metamorphic rocks, dating back to the Archean and Proterozoic ages (over 2.5 billion years old).
• The plateau is roughly triangular in shape, drained by both east-flowing and west-flowing rivers, creating deep valleys, escarpments, and basins.
• The Peninsular Plateau is bounded by the Aravalli Range, Vindhya, Satpura, Barmer, and Rajmahal Hills in the north; the Western Ghats in the west; and the Eastern Ghats in the east.
• It consists of numerous plateaus, uplands, hill ranges, forest belts, and fertile valleys formed by tectonic movements and prolonged erosion.
• The region is rich in minerals such as iron ore, coal, manganese, bauxite, gold, mica, making it India’s “mineral heartland.”

Geological Formation of the Peninsular Plateau

The geological evolution of the Peninsular Plateau is linked to tectonic activity, volcanic events, and the breakup of ancient continents.

• Part of the Gondwana supercontinent, the plateau separated due to continental drift about 135 million years ago.
• The foundation of the plateau is formed by some of the world’s oldest rocks, comparable to those found in Western Australia and South Africa.
• Large igneous eruptions known as Deccan Trap volcanic events (around 60-68 million years ago) formed extensive basaltic layers, especially in Maharashtra.
• Lineaments, faults, and rift valleys such as the Narmada-Son Lineament and Narmada-Tapti Rift Valley are prominent tectonic features.
• Weathering, denudation, and fluvial erosion have shaped its current topography over millions of years.

Major Divisions of Peninsular Plateau of India

The Peninsular Plateau is divided into several physiographic units, each with distinct geological structure, river systems, soil types, ecology, and agricultural patterns. Below are the Major Divisions of the Peninsular Plateau of India

Marwar Upland

The Marwar Upland lies in the northwestern part of the Peninsular Plateau and forms a transitional zone between the Thar Desert and the Aravalli Range. It is characterized by semi-arid climate, rocky terrain, and ancient residual hills.

Location: Western Rajasthan, mainly Jodhpur, Pali, Nagaur, Barmer regions.

Topography:

• Rocky uplands, pediments, and residual hills.
• Elevation ranges between 250-500 m.

Rivers:

• Seasonal rivers such as Luni, Sukri, and Bandi.

Geological Composition:

• Predominantly Aravalli schists, gneisses, quartzite, and granite.

Flora & Fauna:

• Xerophytic vegetation - Khejri, Acacia, Ber, thorn scrub.
• Wildlife: Chinkara, Desert fox, Blackbuck.

Major Crops:

• Bajra, Jowar, Pulses, Mustard, and limited wheat in irrigated areas.

States Covered: Rajasthan.

Central Highlands

The Central Highlands form the northern segment of the Peninsular Plateau, extending from the Aravallis to the eastern part of Madhya Pradesh. They include important plateaus and river basins.

Location: Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, parts of Uttar Pradesh.

Topography:

• Elevation 300-600 m, dissected plateaus.
• Slopes eastward towards the Gangetic plains.

Rivers:

• Chambal, Banas, Sind, Betwa, Ken.

Geological Composition:

• Granite-gneiss, Vindhyan sedimentary rocks (sandstone, shale, limestone).

Flora & Fauna:

• Dry deciduous forest - Teak, Salai, Palash.
• Fauna: Leopard, Nilgai, Sloth bear.

Major Crops:

• Wheat, Soybean, Mustard, Pulses, Cotton (western part).

States Covered: Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh.

Bundelkhand Upland

Bundelkhand Upland is a rugged region between the Yamuna and Narmada river systems known for granite outcrops, uneven terrain, and low water availability.

Location: Southern Uttar Pradesh & Northern Madhya Pradesh (Jhansi, Banda, Chhatarpur).

Topography:

• Highly eroded upland, rocky plateau, inselbergs.
• Average elevation 300-400 m.

Rivers:

• Betwa, Dhasan, Ken, Sonar.

Geological Composition:

• Ancient Bundelkhand granites, gneisses, quartzite.

Flora & Fauna:

• Thorn & dry deciduous vegetation.
• Wildlife includes Nilgai, Wild Boar, Indian Wolf.

Major Crops:

• Gram, Wheat, Bajra, Urad, limited paddy.

States Covered: Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh.

Malwa Plateau

The Malwa Plateau is a fertile volcanic region with black soil, forming an important agricultural zone in central India.

Location: Western Madhya Pradesh & southeastern Rajasthan.

Topography:

• Flat to gently undulating plateau, elevation 500-600 m.
• Northern boundary marked by Chambal ravines.

Rivers:

• Western Drainage (towards the Arabian Sea): Includes Narmada, Tapi, and Mahi, which flow westward and drain into the Arabian Sea.
• Eastern Drainage (towards the Bay of Bengal): Includes Chambal and Betwa, which flow northeast and join the Yamuna, ultimately draining into the Bay of Bengal.

Geological Composition:

• Basaltic lava flows from Deccan volcanism, which formed Black cotton soil.

Flora & Fauna:

• Dry deciduous forest - Teak, Butea, Neem.
• Fauna: Chital, Indian fox, Hyena.

Major Crops:

• Soybean (largest producer), Wheat, Cotton, Sugarcane, Maize.

States Covered: Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and some parts of Gujarat

Baghelkhand Plateau

The Baghelkhand Plateau lies in eastern Madhya Pradesh and is known for rugged topography, dense forest cover, and important mineral reserves.

Location: Eastern Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh & northern Chhattisgarh.

Topography:

• Dissected plateau, steep escarpments, elevation 300-600 m.

Rivers:

• Son, and Mahanadi

Geological Composition:

• Vindhyan & Gondwana sediments, sandstone, limestone, shales.

Flora & Fauna:

• Moist deciduous forests - Sal, Bamboo.
• Animals: Tiger, Leopard, Sambar, Indian Bison.

Major Crops:

• Paddy, Wheat, Pulses, minor millets.

States Covered: Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Praedesh, Chhattisgarh.

Chotanagpur Plateau

The Chotanagpur Plateau is India's mineral heartland, rich in coal, iron ore, mica, bauxite, and copper. It supports major industrial belts.

Location: Jharkhand, northern Odisha, eastern Chhattisgarh, West Bengal border.

Topography:

• Uplands, valleys, and highest peak Parasnath (1365 m).
• Ranchi, Hazaribagh, Palamu uplands.

Rivers:

• Damodar, Subarnarekha, Koel, Sankh.

Geological Composition:

• Archaean granites and Gondwana coalfields.

Flora & Fauna:

• Tropical dry & moist deciduous - Sal, Bamboo, Mahua.
• Fauna: Elephant, Leopard, Sloth Bear.

Major Crops:

• Paddy, Maize, Oilseeds, Pulses.

States Covered: Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal.

Meghalaya Plateau

The Meghalaya Plateau is a detached fragment of the Peninsular block, famous for heavy rainfall, limestone caves, and biodiversity.

Location: Meghalaya (Khasi, Garo, Jaintia Hills).

Topography:

• High hills (avg. 1200-1500 m), deep valleys.
• Receives highest rainfall at Mawsynram & Cherrapunji.

Rivers:

• Umngot, Myntdu, Simsang, seasonal streams.

Geological Composition:

• Gneiss, schist, sandstone, limestone, rich cave systems.

Flora & Fauna:

• Evergreen forests - Orchids, Pine, Bamboo.
• Fauna: Hoolock gibbon, Clouded leopard, Elephants.

Major Crops:

• Jhum crops, Potatoes, Turmeric, Oranges, spices.

States Covered: Meghalaya.

Deccan Plateau

The Deccan Plateau is the largest and most prominent part of the Peninsular Plateau, covering almost the entire southern part of India. It is a volcanic plateau formed primarily during the Cretaceous period due to massive basaltic lava flows, commonly known as the Deccan Traps.

Location

• Bounded by the Western Ghats on the west, Eastern Ghats on the east, and the Satpura and Vindhya ranges in the north.

Topography

• Average elevation ranges from 500 to 1000 meters above sea level.
• Broad, gently sloping plateau surface, mostly towards the east.
• Western Ghats form a steep escarpment with narrow coastal plains; Eastern Ghats are discontinuous and eroded.
• Contains hill ranges like Balaghat, Nilgiri, Anaimalai, and Cardamom Hills.

Geological Composition

• Dominated by basaltic lava flows of the Deccan Traps.
• Some areas with granite, gneiss, schist, and laterite formations.
• Rich in minerals: iron ore, manganese, bauxite, and limestone.

Rivers and Drainage

• East-flowing rivers: Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Tungabhadra, Bhima, Pennar (drain into Bay of Bengal).
• West-flowing rivers: Some short rivers along Western Ghats, e.g., Mandovi, Sharavathi (drain into Arabian Sea).
• Provides hydropower potential at dams like Srisailam, Nagarjuna Sagar, and Tungabhadra.

Soil and Agriculture

• Black soil (Regur): Ideal for cotton cultivation.
• Red and laterite soils: Support millets, pulses, oilseeds.
• Alluvial soils along river valleys: Rice and sugarcane.
• Major crops: Cotton, Jowar, Ragi, Groundnut, Sugarcane, Paddy, Millets.
• Horticulture: Coffee, Rubber, Spices (especially in Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu).

Flora and Fauna

• Dry and moist deciduous forests in plateau areas.
• Western Ghats: Biodiversity hotspot with tropical evergreen forests.
• Wildlife includes Tiger, Leopard, Gaur, Elephant, Nilgiri Tahr, Sloth Bear.

Economic Significance

• Agriculture: Major cotton, sugarcane, and food grain-producing region.
• Minerals: Iron ore (Karnataka, Goa), Manganese (Maharashtra, Karnataka), Bauxite (Karnataka, Odisha).

States Covered: Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Chhattisgarh

Major Hillls of Peninsular Plateau of India

[my_image src="https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Artboard-1.webp" size="full" align="none" width="auto" height="442px" alt="Major Hillls of Peninsular Plateau of India" title="Major Hillls of Peninsular Plateau of India"]

The Peninsular Plateau of India consists of several ancient hill ranges that influence river systems, climate, and biodiversity. These hills include both continuous ranges like the Western Ghats and discontinuous ranges like the Eastern Ghats, along with isolated highlands across central and southern India.

Major Hillls of Peninsular Plateau of India
Hill Range	Location / States	Highest Peak	Significance
Aravalli Hills	Rajasthan, Delhi	Guru Shikhar (1,722 m)	Oldest fold mountains; influence desert ecology
Vindhya Range	Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan	1,100 m	Natural divide between north & south India
Satpura Range	Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh	Dhupgarh (1,350 m)	Source of Narmada river; rich forests
Western Ghats	Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu	Anamudi (2,695 m)	UNESCO Heritage Site; biodiversity hotspot
Eastern Ghats	Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka	Jindhagada or Arma Konda (1,690 m, Araku Valley)	Discontinuous hills; many rivers originate
Nilgiri Hills	Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka	Doddabetta (2,637 m)	Hill station & tourism; rich flora & fauna
Anaimalai Hills	Tamil Nadu, Kerala	Anamudi (2,695 m)	Coffee plantations; wildlife habitats
Cardamom Hills	Kerala	South Cardamom (1,670 m)	Spices cultivation; tropical forests
Meghalaya Hills	Meghalaya (Khasi, Garo, Jaintia Hills)	Shillong Peak (1,965 m)	Wettest region; unique biodiversity

Mineral Resources of the Peninsular Plateau

The Peninsular Plateau is rich in metallic, non-metallic, and fuel minerals due to its ancient geological formations like Archaean rocks, Deccan Traps, and Gondwana sediments. These minerals are crucial for India’s industrial growth, energy production, and infrastructure development.

• Chotanagpur Plateau: Coal, iron, mica, copper.
• Malwa & Bundelkhand Plateaus: Limestone, bauxite, some iron ore.
• Karnataka Plateau: Gold, manganese, bauxite, granite.

Mineral Resources of the Peninsular Plateau
Mineral	Major Producing States
Iron Ore	Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Goa
Manganese	Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka
Copper	Jharkhand (Singhbhum), Rajasthan (Khetri)
Bauxite	Maharashtra, Odisha, Jharkhand, Gujarat
Limestone	Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh
Coal	Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh
Gold	Karnataka (Kolar, Hutti)
Mica	Jharkhand, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh
Graphite	Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu
Granite & Marble	Rajasthan, Karnataka
Diamond	Madhya Pradesh (Panna)
Gemstones	Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka

Economic Significance of the Peninsular Plateau

• Fertile soils like black cotton soil and alluvial soils support cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, millets, and oilseeds.
• Rivers of the plateau provide irrigation through dams and canals, supporting agriculture.
• Rich in iron, manganese, bauxite, copper, coal, mica, limestone, and gold, making it a mineral hub.
• Mineral resources have led to the growth of steel plants, cement factories, and mining-based industries.
• Plateau forests provide timber, medicinal plants, and other forest products.
• Western and Eastern Ghats host biodiversity hotspots, contributing to eco-tourism and research.
• Rivers are suitable for hydroelectric power projects, e.g., Srisailam, Nagarjuna Sagar.
• Coal deposits in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha support thermal power plants.
• Hill stations, rivers, waterfalls, and scenic plateaus attract tourism.

Environmental Issues and Challenges

• Deforestation - India’s forest cover on the plateau is around 21-23%, lower than the national average in some states. Western Ghats and Chotanagpur forests have lost 10-15% of original forest cover in the past two decades due to logging, mining, and urban expansion.
• Soil Erosion - Over 35% of Bundelkhand and Malwa plateau areas are prone to soil erosion due to overgrazing, deforestation, and unsustainable farming.
• Water Scarcity - Western plateau regions like Marwar and parts of Telangana receive less than 500-800 mm annual rainfall, leading to recurrent droughts and low groundwater levels.
• Mining Impacts - Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh account for over 40% of India’s coal production, causing land degradation, deforestation, and siltation in rivers like Damodar.
• Biodiversity Loss - Western Ghats are a UNESCO World Heritage site, yet nearly 150 species are critically endangered, including the lion-tailed macaque and Malabar civet.
• Air and Water Pollution - Industrial regions in Odisha, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh contribute to high levels of suspended particulate matter, and heavy metal contamination in rivers like Brahmani and Mahanadi.
• Climate Change Effects - Plateau areas have recorded temperature rise of 0.6-0.8°C over the last 50 years, impacting agriculture (e.g., reduced yields of millets, pulses) and increasing drought frequency.
• Invasive Species - Plants like Lantana camara have invaded over 20% of degraded forest areas in Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, affecting local flora.
• Landslides and Flooding - Western Ghats and Meghalaya Hills receive annual rainfall exceeding 2,500-11,000 mm, causing frequent landslides and flash floods during monsoon season.

Way Forward

• Afforestation and Forest Management: Increase forest cover in degraded areas; India’s forest cover is 21.7%, lower than the ideal 33%, e.g., Western Ghats restoration projects.
• Soil and Water Conservation: Adopt watershed management and rainwater harvesting; Bundelkhand has implemented Jaiv Krishi practices to reduce erosion.
• Sustainable Mining Practices: Enforce eco-friendly mining and land reclamation, e.g., coal mining in Jharkhand and Odisha is being regulated under the Mine Environment & Safety Act.
• Biodiversity Protection: Strengthen protected areas; the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve conserves endemic species like lion-tailed macaque and Malabar civet.
• Climate Change Adaptation: Promote drought-resistant crops and water-efficient irrigation, e.g., Telangana’s micro-irrigation schemes reduce water stress during erratic monsoons.
• Pollution Control Measures: Implement industrial emission and effluent regulations; e.g., Odisha’s steel belt now follows stricter CPCB standards.

Peninsular Plateau Major Divisions

The Peninsular Plateau can be divided into three major divisions: 

1. Deccan Plateau

• The boundaries of Deccan Plateau are- Western Ghats in the west, Eastern Ghats in the East 
• Satpura, Maikal Range and Mahadeo Hills in the North and extends in the south from the Narmada River. 
• The Deccan plateau is a result of volcanic activity, forming horizontal layers of solidified lava and a distinct trap structure. 
• The plateau is spread across an area of over 5,00,000 sq. km with an average elevation of 600m. 
• The highest point is marked at Doddabetta Peak, Tamil Nadu.
• The major rivers in the Deccan Plateau are Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri flowing west to east. 
• The climate is usually tropical, hot and dry summers, accompanied by mild winters with an average rainfall of 600 mm. 
• Crops grown are usually rice, sorghum, cotton, tobacco and spices. 

2. Central Highlands

• The Central Highlands have an elevation of 700-1,000m having a slope from north to northeast.
  The boundaries are aravalli range in the west, satpura range in the north, rajmahal hills in the east and chotanagpur plateau in the south. 
• The central highlands are wider in the west and narrow in the east and extend towards Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand in the east. 
• The desert extension reaches Jaisalmer, covered by barchans and sand ridges. 
• The presence of metamorphic rocks can be found in the form of rocks like marble, slate and gneiss. 
• The Vindhya and the Kaimur Ranges are a source of Yamuna tributaries and the Banas river is an important tributary of Chambal rising from the Aravallis. 

3. Northeastern Plateau 

• The Northeastern Plateau is formed because of the northeastern drift of the Indian Plate during Himalayan formation, creating the Malda Gap between Rajmahal Hills and Meghalaya Plateau, filled by river deposits. 
• The area extends in Meghalaya, Karbi- Anglong Plateau and North Cachar Hills. 
• The hill ranges include Garo, Khasi and Jaintia Hills from west to east. 
• The Kopili river separates Mikir, Regma and Barail Hills from Meghalaya Plateau. 
• The northeastern plateau receives a heavy southwest monsoon rainfall and is highly eroded on the surface.