Articles on 20 August 2025

by Vajiram & Ravi - 20 August 2025

Vajiram & Ravi provides Daily articles for 20 August 2025, tailored for aspirants. We cover all relevant news and events crucial for the exam, ensuring you stay updated & well-prepared.

Marine Pollution, Definition, Types, Causes, Effects, Sources

August 20, 2025
Marine Pollution

Marine Pollution is a serious environmental threat that endangers biodiversity, disrupts climate regulation and impacts the livelihoods of people who depend on it. With increasing human activity, the amount of pollutants that enter the marine ecosystems have seen rising sharply and affecting the seawater quality along with the estuaries, coral reefs, wetlands, mangroves and other coastal regions. In this article, we are going to cover all about marine pollution, its side effects, sources and control measures. 

Marine Pollution 

Marine Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances or energy into the marine environment by human activities, leading to hazards for marine life, risks to human health and obstruction of marine activities and deterioration of water quality. 

Marine Pollution Types

Marine Pollution has many types impacting marine life and human life both at the same time. Marine Pollution can be sub-divided in the following types: 

  • Oil Spills : Serious leakage of petroleum into oceans, harming marine life and habitats.
  • Plastic Pollution: Huge quantities of plastics enter the seas, choking marine animals and birds.
  • Chemical Pollution: Industrial runoff, pesticides, and heavy metals create toxic conditions and dead zones.
  • Sewage & Waste Disposal:  Nutrient loading causes algal blooms and oxygen depletion.
  • Noise Pollution:  From ships, sonar, and drilling disrupts marine species’ communication.
  • Thermal Pollution:  Industrial discharge alters water temperature, affecting aquatic ecosystems. 

Marine Pollution Sources 

Marine Pollution can be traced from the following sources: 

  • Land-based sources : Urban sewage, industrial effluents, pesticides, and fertilizers carried by rivers into oceans.
  • Maritime activities:  Shipping, fishing, offshore drilling, and oil spills.
  • Atmospheric deposition: Air pollutants like acid rain, heavy metals, and microplastics settling into seas.

Marine Pollution from Organic Waste 

Marine Pollution due to organic waste is caused due to biodegradable accumulations in the ocean. Breakdown of the biodegradables in the ocean consumes oxygen, lowering water quality and forms toxic byproducts like hydrogen sulfide and ammonia. This leads to oxygen depleted “anoxic zones” where only some organisms can survive and make waters foul smelling and biologically unfit. 

Oil Spills and Their Impact

Oil spills are among the most serious marine pollution incidents. Petroleum oil released from tankers, drilling rigs, or offshore platforms can take years to clean up. Being insoluble, oil floats on the surface, blocking sunlight and oxygen exchange.

Impacts include:

  • Death of marine animals and birds due to toxicity.
  • Destruction of coral reefs and fish breeding grounds.
  • Entry of harmful chemicals into the food chain, eventually affecting humans.
  • Reduced tourism and fishing activities in polluted coastal areas.

Marine Pollution Indicators

Marine Pollution can be measured using a number of indicators: 

  • Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): Indicates organic pollution by measuring oxygen consumed by microbes.
  • Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): Measures oxygen needed to oxidize pollutants, showing pollution load.
  • Biological Magnification: Pollutants like DDT concentrate as they move up the food chain.
  • Eutrophication: Excess nutrients like nitrates and phosphates cause algal blooms, depleting oxygen.
  • Dead Zones & Hypoxia: Low-oxygen areas where marine life cannot survive.

Marine Pollution Consequences

Marine Pollution has the following consequences on both human and marine life: 

  • Loss of biodiversity and fish populations.
  • Coral reef destruction and habitat loss.
  • Formation of oxygen-depleted dead zones.
  • Long-term economic damage to fisheries and tourism.
  • Bioaccumulation of toxins in human food chains.

Marine Pollution Control Measures 

In order to control marine pollution, the following measures can be adopted: 

  • Wastewater treatment plants should be upgraded from time to time. 
  • Use of phosphates should be reduced in detergents and fertilizers. 
  • Sustainable agricultural practices should be promoted
  • Oxygen levels should be restored in eutrophic waters. 
  • Removing phosphorus chemically using iron or calcium salts.
  • Encouraging global cooperation for stricter maritime regulations.

Marine Pollution FAQs

Q1: What is marine pollution?

Ans: Marine pollution is the introduction of harmful substances into oceans and seas, negatively affecting marine life and ecosystems.

Q2: What are the five causes of marine pollution?

Ans: Major causes include plastic waste, oil spills, industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and untreated sewage.

Q3: What are the five effects of marine pollution?

Ans: It leads to marine biodiversity loss, coral reef damage, water contamination, disruption of food chains, and health hazards for humans.

Q4: How can marine pollution be controlled?

Ans: Marine pollution can be controlled through waste management, reducing plastic use, treating sewage, regulating industrial discharge, and international cooperation.

Q5: What are the main causes of marine pollution?

Ans: The main causes are plastics, chemicals, oil, sewage, and agricultural pollutants entering oceans.

Cropping Intensity, Meaning, Factors Affecting, Spatial Pattern

August 20, 2025
Cropping Intensity

Cropping Intensity refers to the practice of raising more than one crop on the same plot of land within a single agricultural year. It essentially measures how efficiently a piece of land is being used for cultivation. Higher Cropping Intensity means farmers are producing more from the same field by taking multiple crops in different seasons. This concept is especially useful in assessing how factors like irrigation facilities or short-duration rainfall influence the ability to grow additional crops.

Cropping Intensity

Cropping Intensity simply means growing more than one crop from the same field within a single agricultural year. It is calculated using the formula:

Cropping Intensity = (Gross Cropped Area ÷ Net Sown Area) × 100

Here, the Gross Cropped Area refers to the total land sown with crops during a year, including fields cultivated more than once. For example, if a farmer owns 100 hectares of land and cultivates 90 hectares in the Kharif season, 40 hectares in Rabi, and 20 hectares in Zaid, the gross cropped area becomes 150 hectares. This shows that the farmer has used the land 1.5 times, giving a Cropping Intensity of 150%.

Although India has one of the largest areas under cultivation in the world, there is limited scope to expand cultivable land further. With rising demand for food grains and industrial crops, the only sustainable way to meet this need is by increasing Cropping Intensity.

Factors Affecting Cropping Intensity in India

The level of Cropping Intensity in a region depends on several factors, which can be explained as follows:

  • Use of modern inputs and technology: Areas that adopt advanced tools, fertilizers, irrigation methods, and machinery usually record higher Cropping Intensity.
  • Labour availability: Regions with abundant labour, particularly where farming is labour-intensive, tend to have higher intensity. For instance, West Bengal and Bihar show high cropping intensities because surplus labour finds work in agriculture for livelihood.
  • Subsistence farming practices: In areas dominated by subsistence farming, crop diversity and intensity are both higher. Examples include Northern Bihar, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, and the Malabar coast.
  • Climatic conditions and soil quality: Humid and wet regions often report higher intensity since water availability supports multiple crop cycles. Similarly, fertile alluvial soils in river valleys and deltas promote intensive farming due to reliable soil fertility and water supply.
  • Population and land ratio: Densely populated regions usually have higher Cropping Intensity as more people depend on agriculture. On the other hand, areas with a high land-man ratio tend to show lower intensity.
  • Government policies: Subsidies, irrigation infrastructure, and agricultural support schemes also play a direct role in improving Cropping Intensity across different regions.
Factors Affecting Cropping Intensity in India
State Cropping Intensity

Punjab

196%

Haryana

188%

West Uttar Pradesh

174-175%

Tamil Nadu

174-175%

West Bengal

170%

Bihar

165%

Methods to Increase Cropping Intensity

Several Methods to Increase Cropping Intensity of a region. These include:

  • Improved irrigation facilities: Reliable access to water allows multiple crop cycles within the same year.
  • High-Yielding Varieties (HYV): Short-duration, high-yield crops make it possible to grow more than one crop in a season.
  • Efficient cropping methods: Practices like relay cropping, mixed farming, and strip cropping help in better land use.
  • Use of modern farm inputs: Fertilisers, pesticides, and weedicides increase productivity and reduce crop losses.
  • Farm mechanisation: Machines save time and effort, allowing quicker sowing and harvesting, which supports multiple cropping.
  • Conservation practices: Soil and water conservation measures improve long-term fertility and sustainability of farming.
  • Commercialisation of agriculture: Trade opportunities and capital-intensive farming encourage farmers to increase output.

Spatial Pattern of Cropping Intensity

Region I: This region records the highest Cropping Intensity, covering Punjab, Haryana, and West Bengal. The plains of Punjab and Haryana are sub-humid alluvial tracts with fertile soils and high land capability. Following the Green Revolution, irrigation facilities, modern inputs, and advanced technology transformed agriculture here.

Well-developed rural infrastructure, command area projects, government incentives, mechanisation, and larger landholdings encouraged capital-intensive farming. The region has moved beyond wheat monoculture to a more diversified pattern that now includes rice, cotton, sugarcane, oilseeds, and pulses. Productivity, per-hectare yields, and farm incomes are among the highest in the country.

Region II: This zone also shows high Cropping Intensity, though slightly lower than Region I. It includes Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Assam, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. These areas have humid climates, fertile soils, and fall under land class I, which means land can be cultivated up to three times a year without losing fertility.

Abundant water and annual soil renewal sustain agriculture throughout the year. Partial use of modern technology and mechanisation keeps farming viable, though productivity lags behind Punjab and Tamil Nadu due to social factors like dense population, low land–man ratio, and reliance on subsistence farming. The region grows rice, wheat, pulses, oilseeds, and maize, with greater crop diversity owing to its subsistence-oriented character.

Region III: This region has moderate Cropping Intensity, covering Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh. The climate ranges from sub-humid to semi-arid, and soils have moderate capability. Irrigation improves yields, but the overall carrying capacity of land is limited.

The land-man ratio is relatively high, creating scope for expansion of dryland farming. Major crops include millets, groundnut, tobacco, and oilseeds. In well-irrigated tracts such as the Krishna-Godavari delta, the Kaveri basin, and tube-well irrigated areas of Maharashtra, Cropping Intensity reaches around 190%.

Region IV: This region shows low Cropping Intensity, including Gujarat, Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir, Odisha, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, and most of the North Eastern states. Physiographic and climatic limitations restrict agricultural productivity here.

Frequent hazards like landslides, cloudbursts, excessive rainfall, and tribal subsistence economies further constrain development. Cropping patterns are highly diverse but generally low yielding. Both per-capita agricultural output and farm incomes remain low, with per-hectare yields ranging from moderate to poor.

Cropping Intensity FAQs

Q1: What is Cropping Intensity?

Ans: Cropping Intensity is the ratio of gross cropped area to net sown area, showing how many crops are grown on the same land in one year.

Q2: Why is Cropping Intensity important?

Ans: It indicates agricultural productivity, land use efficiency, and the potential for food security without expanding cultivable land.

Q3: What factors affect Cropping Intensity?

Ans: Key factors include irrigation availability, soil fertility, rainfall, mechanization, crop varieties, and agricultural technology.

Q4: Which regions in India have high Cropping Intensity?

Ans: Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh have the highest Cropping Intensity due to assured irrigation and high-yielding practices.

Q5: How does irrigation impact Cropping Intensity?

Ans: Reliable irrigation enables multiple cropping cycles annually, directly boosting Cropping Intensity.

Asian Palm Civet

August 20, 2025
Asian Palm Civet

Asian Palm Civet Latest News

In a bizarre incident, Kerala High Court’s Chamber 1 proceedings got disrupted recently due to a foul stench caused by Asian Palm Civet.

About Asian Palm Civet

  • The Asian Palm Civet, also known as the Toddy Cat or Common Palm Civet, is a small, nocturnal mammal that is found throughout South and Southeast Asia, including India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and the Philippines. 
  • It is a member of the Viverridae family, which also includes other civet and mongoose species.
  • Scientific Name: Paradoxurus hermaphroditus

Asian Palm Civet Features

  • It has a long, slender body, short legs, and a pointed snout. 
  • It weighs between 2 to 5 kg (4.4 to 11 lbs) and measures around 53 to 71 cm (21 to 28 inches) in length, including the tail.
  • Its fur is brownish-gray with black spots, and it has a white mask-like marking around its eyes. 
  • It is a nocturnal animal and feeds on a variety of prey, including insects, small mammals, and fruits.
  • One of the most distinctive features of Asian palm civets is their ability to digest coffee beans, which makes them an important part of the coffee production process in some countries.
  • They are also known for their strong sense of smell and excellent climbing skills, allowing them to easily climb trees and forage for food. 

Asian Palm Civet Conservation Status

It is classified as 'Least Concern' under the IUCN Red List

Source: N18

Asian Palm Civet FAQs

Q1: What is the scientific name of the Asian Palm Civet?

Ans: Paradoxurus hermaphroditus

Q2: What is the IUCN conservation status of the Asian Palm Civet?

Ans: Least Concern

Q3: In which regions is the Asian Palm Civet naturally found?

Ans: It is found throughout South and Southeast Asia, including India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and the Philippines.

Q4: What is the fur color and markings of the Asian Palm Civet?

Ans: Its fur is brownish-gray with black spots, and it has a white mask-like marking around its eyes.

Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2025

August 20, 2025
Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill

Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2025 Latest News

The Rajya Sabha cleared the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill recently, even as the Opposition members walked out.

About Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2025

  • The bill will amend the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957. 
  • The Bill provides that leaseholders may apply to the state government for adding other minerals to an existing lease. 
    • For inclusion of critical and strategic minerals and other specified minerals, no additional amount needs to be paid.  
    • These include minerals such as lithium, graphite, nickel, cobalt, gold, and silver. 
  • The Act establishes the National Mineral Exploration Trust to fund mineral exploration in the country. The Bill widens the scope of the Trust to also fund the development of mines and minerals. 
  • Under the Act, captive mines are allowed to sell up to 50 percent of minerals produced in a year, after meeting end-use requirements. The Bill removes the limit on the sale of minerals. 
  • The Bill allows for a one-time extension of the area under a mining or composite lease.  
    • This will be applicable for deep-seated minerals. Deep-seated minerals are minerals which occur at a depth of more than 200 metres from the surface of land. 
  • The Bill provides for establishing an authority to register and regulate mineral exchanges.
    • The Bill defines mineral exchange as a registered electronic trading platform or marketplace for trading minerals and metals. 
    • The central government will frame rules regarding mineral exchanges on matters including: 
      • manner of registration
      • levy of fees and other charges
      • prevention of insider trading and market manipulation
      •  grievance redressal.

Source: TH

Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2025 FAQs

Q1: The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2025 amends which existing Act?

Ans: Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957

Q2: What does the National Mineral Exploration Trust fund under the original Act?

Ans: Mineral exploration

Q3: What new function has been added to the National Mineral Exploration Trust under the Bill?

Ans: Fund the development of mines and minerals.

Pamba River

August 20, 2025
Pamba River

Pamba River Latest News

The central government recently initiated steps to include the Pampa River under the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP), a multi-crore initiative aimed at protecting major rivers in the country.

About Pamba River

  • It is the third longest river in the state of Kerala after the Periyar River and the Bharathappuzha River.
  • Also called the 'Dakshina Bhageerathi' or the Ganga of Kerala, the significance of the river is associated with the Sabarimala temple. 
    • Pilgrims visiting Sabarimala take a dip in the river here before and after trekking the hill.
  • Pamba is also called Thriveni Sangam, as it is the meeting point for three rivers-Pamba, Achankovil & Manimala.
  • Course:
    • It rises at an altitude of 1650 m in the Pulachimalai Hill on the Peerumedu plateau of the Western Ghats.
    • After traversing a distance of 176 km, it joins the Arabian Sea branching into a number of channels. 
  • The basin extends over an area of 2235 sq.km. 
  • The entire catchment area lies in Kerala state. 
  • The basin is bounded on the east by the Western Ghats and on the west by the Arabian Sea.
  • The main tributaries of the river are Kakki Ar, Azhuta Ar, Kakkad Ar, Kallar, Manimala, and Achenkovil.

Source: NIE

Pamba River FAQs

Q1: Pamba River is located in which state?

Ans: Kerala

Q2: With which famous temple is the Pamba River most closely associated?

Ans: Sabarimala Temple

Q3: What is the total length of the Pamba River?

Ans: 176 km

Q4: Into which water body does the Pamba River ultimately flow?

Ans: Arabian Sea

Daily Editorial Analysis 20 August 2025

August 20, 2025
Daily Editorial Analysis

A Tribute to M.S. Swaminathan, ‘The Man Who Fed India’

Context

  • The vision of Viksit Bharat, a developed India, rests heavily on building robust scientific capabilities, especially in the rapidly expanding digital economy.
  • Achieving this aspiration will require self-reliance (aatmanirbharta) in key sectors, just as India achieved food self-sufficiency during the Green Revolution of the 1960s.
  • At the heart of that transformative moment stood M.S. Swaminathan, a scientist whose work changed India’s destiny.
  • As Priyambada Jayakumar’s recent biography, M.S. Swaminathan: The Man Who Fed India, highlights, his career offers timeless lessons not only for agriculture but also for the future of scientific advancement in India.

The Central Theme of Swaminathan’s Journey: Science as a Collaborative Endeavour

  • A central insight from Swaminathan’s journey is that science thrives on collaboration, not isolation.
  • The breakthrough that launched the Green Revolution did not come solely from laboratory research but from openness to international exchange of ideas.
  • Swaminathan’s engagement with Norman Borlaug in Mexico, and his willingness to adapt foreign innovations to Indian conditions, exemplify how progress emerges from global scientific networks.
  • However, his struggles with bureaucratic delays in securing Borlaug’s visit to India also expose the pitfalls of excessive administrative control.
  • If the Green Revolution had begun even two years earlier, India could have avoided deeper food crises.
  • The lesson for Viksit Bharat is clear: Indian scientists must have greater freedom to interact internationally, attend conferences, and build personal collaborations without being hampered by red tape.

Factors Contributed to Green Revolution’s Success

  • Political Leadership and Scientific Listening

    • Another crucial factor in the Green Revolution’s success was political leadership that valued scientific expertise.
    • Leaders like Lal Bahadur Shastri and C. Subramaniam created the enabling environment for Swaminathan’s work.
    • Subramaniam, with his own scientific training, recognised the importance of providing resources for field trials when bureaucrats were hesitant.
    • This highlights a broader principle: in complex technical domains, politicians must listen directly to scientists rather than relying solely on bureaucratic intermediaries.
    • Countries such as China, where many ministers are technically trained, illustrate the value of scientifically literate leadership.
    • For India to achieve Viksit Bharat, it must cultivate decision-makers who understand and prioritise science, both at the central and state levels.

  • Balancing Innovation with Scepticism

    • The rollout of the Green Revolution required bold political decisions amidst scepticism.
    • The massive import of 18,000 tonnes of seeds was opposed by the Finance Ministry, the Planning Commission, and ideological critics wary of U.S. influence.
    • Shastri resolved these conflicts not by waiting for consensus but by personally examining the scientific evidence.
    • This underlines the importance of leadership willing to take risks on innovative ideas while ensuring accountability through independent monitoring.
    • The eventual success of the Green Revolution demonstrated how decisive backing of new technologies can yield transformative outcomes.

Sustainability and Future Challenges

  • While the Green Revolution solved India’s food crisis, it also produced unintended consequences, overuse of water, fertilizers, and environmental degradation.
  • Swaminathan himself warned of these risks and advocated for evergreen revolution approaches to make agriculture sustainable.
  • Unfortunately, many of these corrective measures remain unimplemented. Today, the challenge of climate change threatens to reverse gains in agricultural productivity.
  • Science, once again, will be central to solutions, but India lags in agricultural research. While China has eight institutions among the world’s top ten, India has none in the top 200.
  • Inadequate funding, limited institutional autonomy, and weak governance structures undermine India’s research capacity.
  • Bridging these gaps is essential if India is to confront the agricultural challenges of the future.

The Broader Relevance of Swaminathan’s Story: Extending the Lessons Beyond Agriculture

  • Reduced bureaucratic barriers so that scientists can collaborate globally.
  • Scientifically informed leadership that listens to experts and supports research with resources.
  • Courageous decision-making that embraces innovation despite risks, coupled with mechanisms for accountability.
  • Sustainable practices that balance short-term gains with long-term resilience.
  • Strengthening research ecosystems through funding, autonomy, and recognition of merit.

Conclusion

  • S. Swaminathan’s life reminds us that science, politics, and leadership must work hand in hand to achieve national transformation.
  • Just as his vision of food self-sufficiency reshaped India’s destiny in the 1960s, today’s vision of Viksit Bharat will depend on harbouring a culture of scientific excellence, collaboration, and sustainability.
  • Honouring Swaminathan’s legacy means more than celebrating his past achievements, it means applying his lessons to secure India’s future.

A Tribute to M.S. Swaminathan, ‘The Man Who Fed India’ FAQs

Q1. What was the key factor behind the success of the Green Revolution in India?
Ans. The success of the Green Revolution came from scientific collaboration, particularly M.S. Swaminathan’s engagement with Norman Borlaug and the adaptation of Mexican wheat varieties to Indian conditions.

Q2. How did political leadership contribute to the Green Revolution?
Ans. Leaders like Lal Bahadur Shastri and C. Subramaniam supported scientific ideas, provided resources, and made bold decisions despite bureaucratic resistance.

Q3. What lesson does Swaminathan’s experience teach about bureaucracy?
Ans. It shows that excessive bureaucratic control delays progress, and scientists need greater freedom to collaborate internationally.

Q4. What were some negative consequences of the Green Revolution?
Ans. Overuse of water and fertilizers led to environmental problems, highlighting the need for more sustainable farming practices.

Q5. Why is strengthening research institutions important for Viksit Bharat?
Ans. Stronger research institutions with adequate funding and autonomy are essential to develop scientific solutions for future challenges like climate change.

Source: The Hindu

India’s Climate Taxonomy: From Policy to Practice

Context:

  • In May 2025, the Ministry of Finance released India’s draft Climate Finance Taxonomy for consultation.
  • The taxonomy aims to channel climate-aligned investments, reduce greenwashing, and guide investors on which sectors and technologies support mitigation, adaptation, or transition.
  • It positions itself as a “living” framework, meant to evolve with India’s shifting priorities and global obligations.
  • However, its effectiveness as a governance tool will depend on how well this adaptability is translated into practice.
  • In this context, this article explores the need for a review architecture, the substantive aspects of ensuring legal and content clarity and institutional mechanisms for accountability.

Review Architecture for India’s Climate Finance Taxonomy

  • A structured review system is essential for India’s climate finance taxonomy to ensure investor confidence, legal clarity, and global alignment.
  • Drawing inspiration from the Paris Agreement’s Article 6.4 Supervisory Body, the framework should function on two levels.
    • Annual Reviews
      • These would address short-term implementation gaps, evolving obligations, policy changes, and stakeholder feedback.
      • They must follow a predictable process with fixed timelines, documentation standards, and mandatory public consultations.
    • Five-Year Reviews
      • A deeper reassessment every five years would evaluate the taxonomy against global carbon market trends, evolving definitions of climate finance, and India’s sectoral transitions.
      • This aligns with India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) cycle and the global stocktake under the UNFCCC.
    • Together, these periodic and recurring reviews would make the taxonomy both responsive in the short term and resilient in the long run.

Substantive Aspects of Reviewing India’s Climate Taxonomy

  • A meaningful review of India’s climate finance taxonomy must focus on legal coherence and substantive clarity.
  • Legal Coherence
    • The review should ensure alignment with Indian laws like the Energy Conservation Act, SEBI regulations, and the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme, while harmonising with international obligations.
    • It must address enforceability, remove redundancies, clarify overlaps, and synchronise with related fiscal tools such as green bonds, blended finance, and risk disclosures.
  • Content Clarity
    • The taxonomy should remain clear, readable, and technically accurate.
    • Definitions must evolve with market standards and be accessible to both experts and non-experts.
    • Quantitative thresholds like emission reduction targets or efficiency benchmarks should be updated using data and stakeholder feedback.
  • The review should also focus on inclusivity by ensuring accessibility for MSMEs, the informal sector, and vulnerable communities, with simplified entry points, phased compliance, and realistic expectations — particularly in agriculture and small manufacturing — to support India’s net-zero pathway.

Institutionalising Accountability in India’s Climate Taxonomy

  • To ensure effective and transparent reviews, the Ministry of Finance should establish a dedicated unit within the Department of Economic Affairs.
  • Public dashboards can be introduced to collect inputs, record implementation challenges, and publish review reports, ensuring both predictability and transparency.
  • Annual summaries and five-year revision proposals should be made public in a consolidated format to enhance investor confidence and accessibility.
  • This will also enable better alignment with parallel frameworks like India’s carbon market, green bond mechanisms, and disclosure obligations.

Conclusion

  • The taxonomy rollout coincides with key shifts in India’s climate finance ecosystem.
  • This includes - the operationalisation of the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme, mainstreaming of green bonds, and rising demand to align public investments with long-term climate goals.
  • A weak or opaque taxonomy risks undermining these developments.
  • Ultimately, the taxonomy must function as a true “living document” — kept relevant through active review, transparent revision, and structured engagement — if it is to succeed as a credible governance tool for India’s climate finance future.

India’s Climate Taxonomy: From Policy to Practice FAQs

Q1. What is the primary objective of India’s draft Climate Finance Taxonomy?

Ans. The taxonomy aims to channel climate-aligned investments, prevent greenwashing, and guide investors on sectors and technologies supporting mitigation, adaptation, and transition.

Q2. How does the review architecture strengthen India’s climate taxonomy?

Ans. It introduces annual reviews for quick course correction and five-year reviews for deeper reassessment, ensuring both short-term responsiveness and long-term resilience.

Q3. Why is legal coherence important in reviewing the taxonomy?

Ans. Legal coherence ensures alignment with Indian laws, international obligations, and financial tools, avoiding redundancy and improving enforceability for climate finance instruments.

Q4. How does the taxonomy plan to address inclusivity concerns?

Ans. It proposes simplified entry points, staggered compliance timelines, and realistic expectations for MSMEs, the informal sector, and vulnerable communities, especially in agriculture and manufacturing.

Q5. Why is accountability critical for India’s taxonomy to succeed?

Ans. Institutional mechanisms like a standing expert unit and public dashboards ensure transparent reviews, investor confidence, and alignment with carbon markets and green bonds.

Source: TH

Daily Editorial Analysis 20 August 2025 FAQs

Q1: What is editorial analysis?

Ans: Editorial analysis is the critical examination and interpretation of newspaper editorials to extract key insights, arguments, and perspectives relevant to UPSC preparation.

Q2: What is an editorial analyst?

Ans: An editorial analyst is someone who studies and breaks down editorials to highlight their relevance, structure, and usefulness for competitive exams like the UPSC.

Q3: What is an editorial for UPSC?

Ans: For UPSC, an editorial refers to opinion-based articles in reputed newspapers that provide analysis on current affairs, governance, policy, and socio-economic issues.

Q4: What are the sources of UPSC Editorial Analysis?

Ans: Key sources include editorials from The Hindu and Indian Express.

Q5: Can Editorial Analysis help in Mains Answer Writing?

Ans: Yes, editorial analysis enhances content quality, analytical depth, and structure in Mains answer writing.

Thattekad Bird Sanctuary

August 20, 2025
Thattekad Bird Sanctuary

Thattekad Bird Sanctuary Latest News

A comprehensive faunal survey at the Thettekad Bird Sanctuary, Ernakulam, Kerala, has added nine species records to its official biodiversity checklist. 

About Thattekad Bird Sanctuary

  • It is the first bird sanctuary in Kerala, located on the banks of Periyar River.
  • Thattekad bird sanctuary is also known as Dr. Salim Ali bird sanctuary, named after Dr Salim Ali, the best known ornithologist in India.
  • The sanctuary, which spreads across the foot of western Ghats , was notified in 1983 based on previous recommendation by Dr. Salim Ali.
  • Vegetation: It consists of Tropical Evergreen Forests, Tropical Semi-evergreen forests, Moist Decidious forests.
  • It consists of natural habitats which includes Periyar river, lagoons and marshes formed by Bhootattankettu dam reservoir, tropical semi & evergreen forests of the western Ghats.
  • Major peaks in the sanctuary are Thoppimudi and Nyayapillimudi.
  • Flora: Myristica dactyloides, Hopea parviflora, Tetrameles mudiflora, eak, Rosewood, Mahagony
  • Fauna: It is famous for many endemic and rare birds like Ceylon Frogmouth, Black Bazza, Oriental dwarf kingfisher, Bay owl etc. 

Source:  TH

Thattekad Bird Sanctuary FAQs

Q1: Which is the largest bird sanctuary in Kerala?

Ans: Thattekad Bird Sanctuary

Q2: Which river flows through Thattekad Bird Sanctuary?

Ans: Periyar River

National Panchayati Raj Day 2025, Theme, Significance, Evolution

August 20, 2025
National Panchayat Raj Day 2025

National Panchayati Raj Day 2025 is celebrated on 24th April every year all over India. The day is observed to spread awareness about the establishment of Panchayati Raj Institution in India. The day is celebrated by spreading grassroots democracy, strengthening local governance and empowering rural communities. In this article, we are going to cover about the national panchayati raj day, its importance and celebrations. 

National Panchayati Raj Day 2025

National Panchayati Raj Day is celebrated every year on 24th April, embarking the enactment of 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act 1993. The act provides constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj system in India and the government and various other organisations celebrate the day to spread awareness about local governance. 

Overview of National Panchayati Raj Day 2025

Date

24th April 2025

Organized by

Ministry of Panchayati Raj

Theme

Yet to be announced by the Ministry

History

The then PM of India declared this date as the National Panchayati Raj Day in 2010

Significance

Marks the enactment of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act

Awards

National Panchayat Awards

Celebrations

Award ceremonies, workshops, seminars, and interactions between Panchayat members and national leaders.

Panchayati Raj System in India Evolution

The Panchayati Raj System in India has evolved from ancient times to the present times. Here is the chronological order of how the Evolution of Panchayati Raj System in India has taken place:

Period 

Development/Significance

Ancient Times

Village Councils called ‘Panchayats’ used to take care of the local administration

Early British Rule 

The traditional Panchayat system was disrupted and was replaced with a new system of taxation.

1870

Lord Mayo’s Resolution introduced the concept of elected representatives in urban municipalities.

1882

Lord Ripon’s Resolution of 1882 is also known as the “Magna Carta of Local Self-Government” in India. It aimed to transfer some administrative and financial responsibilities from the provincial government to newly formed local bodies.

Post Independence

The first two Five-Year Plans focused more on the development of rural areas.

1957 

The Balwantrai Mehta Committee was constituted, which recommended a three-tier system of rural governance – Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, Zila Parishad.

1959

The first Gram Panchayat was established on 2nd October 1959 at Nagaur, Rajasthan, followed by Andhra Pradesh on 11th October 1959.

1992

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act was enacted, which granted constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions in India.

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act 1992

The 73rd Amendment to the Indian Constitution, enacted in December 1992 and implemented on 24th April 1993, marked a transformative moment in India's democratic journey. It granted constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), laying the foundation for a three-tier system of local self-governance:

  • Gram Panchayat at the village level
     
  • Panchayat Samiti at the block level
     
  • Zila Parishad at the district level
     
  • This landmark amendment introduced key provisions such as:
    Mandatory elections every five years
    Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women
    Establishment of State Election Commissions to oversee fair elections
    Creation of State Finance Commissions for equitable financial devolution

To honour this historic step towards decentralised governance, the Government of India declared 24th April as National Panchayati Raj Day in 2010—celebrating the spirit of democracy empowered from the grassroots.

National Panchayati Raj Day 2025 Significance

National Panchayati Raj Day 2025 is a powerful reminder of India’s commitment to decentralization and democratic participation at the grassroots level. The Panchayati Raj system plays a vital role in empowering rural communities and promoting inclusive governance. Its significance lies in the following key areas:

  • Strengthening Grassroots Democracy:
    Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) enable citizens to engage directly in decisions that affect their daily lives. This bottom-up approach ensures governance is tailored to local needs, cultures, and priorities.
     
  • Fostering Inclusive Participation:
    With mandated reservations for women, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes, PRIs have become one of the largest platforms for inclusive governance. Today, over 1.4 million women representatives actively shape policy and leadership in rural India
     
  • Accelerating Rural Development:
    PRIs act as key implementers of various government schemes related to health, education, sanitation, and rural employment. They serve as a critical link between the state and village, making development more targeted and efficient.
     
  • Enhancing Accountability and Transparency:
    Through mechanisms like Gram Sabhas, social audits, and grievance redressal systems, Panchayats promote transparent governance. These forums ensure local voices are heard, budgets are discussed, and schemes are monitored by the people they’re meant to serve.

As we mark this day, we celebrate the spirit of participatory democracy that lies at the heart of the Panchayati Raj system—empowering India, one village at a time.

National Panchayat Awards 2025

Every year, on the occasion of National Panchayati Raj Day, the Government of India confers the National Panchayat Awards to recognize and celebrate the outstanding contributions of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). These awards acknowledge innovative, sustainable, and impactful initiatives undertaken by Gram Panchayats, Block Panchayats, and Zila Parishads across the country.

Award Categories include:

  • Deen Dayal Upadhyay Panchayat Satat Vikas Puraskar (DDUPSVP)
     
  • Nanaji Deshmukh Sarvottam Panchayat Satat Vikas Puraskar

Special Awards:

  • Gram Urja Swaraj Vishesh Panchayat Puraskar
     
  • Carbon Neutral Vishesh Panchayat Puraskar
     
  • Panchayat Kshamta Nirmaan Sarvottam Sansthan Puraskar

National Panchayat Raj Day 2025 FAQs

Q1: What is the theme of National Panchayati Raj Day 2025?

Ans: The official theme for National Panchayati Raj Day 2025 has not been announced yet.

Q2: Why is 24 April Panchayati Raj Day?

Ans: 24th April marks the enactment of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act in 1993, which granted constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions.

Q3: What is the slogan of Panchayati Raj Day?

Ans: “Strong Panchayats, Empowered India” is often used to reflect the spirit of Panchayati Raj Day.

Q4: What is 73rd Amendment Act in Indian Constitution?

Ans: The 73rd Amendment Act of 1992 provided constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions and established a three-tier system of rural local governance.

Q5: When is Panchayati Raj Day celebrated?

Ans: Panchayati Raj Day is celebrated every year on 24th April.

Vihar Lake

August 20, 2025
Vihar Lake

Vihar Lake Latest News

In the wake of heavy rains in Mumbai over the last few days, Vihar Lake, one of the key sources of potable water for the metropolis, started overflowing.

About Vihar Lake

  • It is a man-made reservoir located near Vihar village on the Mithi River within the grounds of the Borivali National Park, which is also known as Sanjay Gandhi National Park, in North Mumbai, Maharashtra.
  • The lake was built from 1856 to 1860 by the British government to overcome the drinking water woes of the people of southern Mumbai.
  • It gets its water from the Powai-Kanheri hill ranges in the catchment area.
  • It is the largest lake in Mumbai in the Salsette group of islands.
  • It is bordered between the Tulsi Lake and the Powai Lake.
  • It partly meets the drinking water needs of the South Mumbai region. 
  • It supplies 3% of the Mumbai city’s water requirement, after filtration at Bhandup, where the large water filtration plant is located.

Source: BS

Vihar Lake FAQs

Q1: Vihar Lake is located in which state?

Ans: It is located in North Mumbai, Maharashtra.

Q2: Which hill ranges form the catchment area of Vihar Lake?

Ans: Powai-Kanheri hill ranges

Q3: Vihar Lake is the largest lake in Mumbai belonging to which group of islands?

Ans: Salsette group of islands

Q4: Which two lakes border Vihar Lake?

Ans: Tulsi Lake and the Powai Lake

Saltwater Crocodile

August 20, 2025
Saltwater Crocodile

Saltwater Crocodile Latest News

The estimated population of saltwater crocodiles, one of the largest reptiles in the world, has increased in the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve (SBR) from last year, according to a population survey by the State’s Forest Department.

About Saltwater Crocodile

  • It is the largest and heaviest of all living reptiles in the world.
  • Scientific Name: Crocodylus porosus
  • It is also known as the estuarine crocodile, Indo-Pacific crocodile, marine crocodile, sea crocodile,  or informally as saltie.
  • It is an opportunistic hypercarnivorous apex predator.
  • Distribution: It is native to saltwater habitats and brackish wetlands from India's east coast across Southeast Asia and the Sundaic region to northern Australia and Micronesia.

Saltwater Crocodile Features

  • The average male is 5 m in length and weighs around 500 kg, while females are significantly smaller, with the average female saltwater crocodile measuring a little under 3 m in length and weighing less than 100 kg.
  • Their coloration varies, typically featuring a dark, greenish-brown hue with lighter underbellies, which helps them blend into their aquatic surroundings. 
  • They have thick, armored skin made of tough scales that protect them from potential threats.
  • They are solitary creatures, especially when it comes to adult males. 
  • They are highly territorial, with large male saltwater crocodiles often controlling extensive stretches of rivers, estuaries, or coastlines.

Saltwater Crocodile Conservation Status

It is classified as 'Least Concern' under the IUCN Red List.

Source: TH

Saltwater Crocodile FAQs

Q1: What is the largest and heaviest living reptile in the world?

Ans: Saltwater Crocodile

Q2: What type of predator is the Saltwater Crocodile

Ans: Opportunistic hypercarnivorous apex predator

Q3: What is the IUCN conservation status of the Saltwater Crocodile?

Ans: Least Concern

Q4: What is the typical coloration of the Saltwater Crocodile?

Ans: Their coloration varies, typically featuring a dark, greenish-brown hue with lighter underbellies, which helps them blend into their aquatic surroundings.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

August 20, 2025
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Latest News

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has temporarily suspended the process of facilitating the repatriation of Sri Lankan Tamil refugees. 

About United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

  • It is a UN Refugee Agency which protects refugees worldwide and facilitates their return home or resettlement.
  • History: It was established by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1950 in the aftermath of the Second World War to help the millions of people who had lost their homes.
  • It is a global organization dedicated to saving lives, protecting rights and building a better future for people forced to flee their homes because of conflict and persecution.
  • Funding:  It is funded voluntarily, contributed by governments, private donors, and organisations.
  • It was awarded Nobel Peace Prizes in 1954 and 1981.
  • It started the Nansen Refugee Award in 1954 for recognition of outstanding service to the cause of refugees, displaced or stateless people.
  • Governance structure
    • It is governed by the UN General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).
    • The UNHCR Executive Committee approves the agency's biennial programmes and the corresponding budget.
    • These are presented by the High Commissioner, who is appointed by the UN General Assembly.
  • Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland

Source: TH

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees FAQs

Q1: Where is UNHCR headquarters in India?

Ans: New Delhi

Q2: Who is the largest donor to the UNHCR?

Ans: United States

Anna Chakra

August 20, 2025
Anna Chakra

Anna-Chakra  Latest News

Recently, the Union Minister of State for the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution informed about Anna-Chakra.

About Anna-Chakra

  • It is a supply chain optimization tool under the Public Distribution System (PDS).
  • It is developed in collaboration with the World Food Programme (WFP) and Foundation for Innovation and Technology Transfer (FITT), IIT-Delhi.
  • It is spearheaded by the Department of Food Public Distribution.

Working of Anna Chakra

  • The project leverages advanced algorithms to identify optimal routes and ensure seamless movement of food grains across supply chain nodes. 
  • An operation of this magnitude involves a complex supply chain, relying on multiple stakeholders starting from farmers to Fair Price Shops.
  • This exercise has covered 4.37 Lakhs Fair Price Shops and approx. 6700 warehouses involved in PDS supply chain.
  • The interstate route optimization tool has been developed for optimization of the PDS movement between the states and it is integrated with the FOIS (Freight Operations Information System) portal of the Railways through Unified Logistics Interface Platform (ULIP).
  • A significant milestone in this effort is the integration of the optimization tool with the PM Gati Shakti platform which now houses geo -locations of FPSs and warehouses across the states.

Advantages of Anna Chakra

  • It is a unique initiative which helps improve the speed and efficiency of the world’s largest food security program providing food safety net to 81 Crore beneficiaries. 
  • Reduces fuel consumption, time, and logistics costs, it also provides environmental benefits of lower carbon footprint due to reduced transportation-related emissions.

Source:  PIB

Anna-Chakra FAQs

Q1: What is the main objective of the Anna Chakra?

Ans: Its main objective is to ensure food security and reduce hunger by distributing essential commodities at affordable prices.

Q2: What is Anna Darpan?

Ans: The ANNADARPAN SMART is a non-invasive digital image processing technology based system for quality inspection of rice.

NAVYA Initiative

August 20, 2025
NAVYA Initiative

NAVYA Initiative Latest News

Recently, the Minister of State (Independent Charge), Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) informed  the Lok Sabha about the NAVYA Initiative.

About NAVYA Initiative

  • The NAVYA (Nurturing Aspirations through Vocational training for Young Adolescent Girls) aims to empower adolescent girls (AGs) aged 16–18 years in aspirational districts by equipping them with relevant skills for socio-economic independence.
  • It is a joint initiative of the Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship and the Ministry of Women & Child Development.

Objective of NAVYA Initiative

  • Provide demand-driven vocational training aligned with traditional and non-traditional sectors.
  • Facilitate holistic development through modules on health, nutrition, hygiene, financial literacy, life skills, and legal awareness.
  • Promote employability, self-employment, and forward linkages such as internships, apprenticeships, and job opportunities.
  • Strengthen gender-inclusive skilling and create a safe, supportive training environment.
  • Bridge the gap between education and livelihood, particularly for girls in underserved and remote areas.
  • Under the NAVYA initiative, it has been decided to train 3850 adolescent girls under Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 4.0 (PMKVY 4.0) in non-traditional and modern job roles such as digital marketing, cybersecurity, AI-enabled services, green jobs, and other emerging sectors.
  • Further, training in life skills, financial literacy, and digital competence is to be provided to equip them for both current and future workforce demands.

Source: PIB

NAVYA Initiative FAQs

Q1: What is the meaning of vocational training?

Ans: Vocational education and training, abbreviated as VET, sometimes simply called vocational training, is the training in skills and teaching of knowledge related to a specific trade, occupation or vocation in which the student or employee wishes to participate.

Q2: What is meant by an aspirational district?

Ans: The Aspirational Districts Programme ranks districts on the basis of a composite index comprising health, nutrition, education, basic infrastructure and poverty.

Q3: What is the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana?

Ans: Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana is a skill development programme launched by government of India in 2015 that aims to empower the youth of India to engage in industry relevant skill training and secure a better livelihood.

Election Commission vs States: Who Controls Election Officials in India

August 20, 2025
Election Commission vs States

Election Commission vs States Latest News

  • The Election Commission of India (ECI) and the West Bengal government are locked in a dispute over disciplinary authority on election officials. 
  • The state has refused to act against four officers accused of tampering with the electoral roll, arguing that no elections have been announced and the Model Code of Conduct is not in force. 
  • This clash has reignited the long-standing debate on the extent of the ECI’s disciplinary control once state officials are deputed to election duty.

Constitutional Vision for the Election Commission

  • During the Constituent Assembly debates, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar emphasized that the Chief Election Commissioner should enjoy the same protection as a Supreme Court judge to ensure independence from the executive. 
  • On staffing, he rejected the idea of creating a parallel permanent bureaucracy for the Commission, noting it would be costly and unnecessary since electoral work fluctuates in intensity. 
  • Instead, he proposed that officials be deputed from provincial governments, remaining under the Commission’s authority during elections. 
  • Thus, the framers envisioned an Election Commission without its own permanent staff but with full control over officials temporarily assigned to it.

1988 Amendments: Strengthening ECI’s Authority over Election Officials

  • In 1988, Parliament gave legal backing to the Constituent Assembly’s vision by amending both the Representation of the People Acts of 1950 and 1951. 
  • These changes placed election officials formally under the Election Commission’s control.
  • Under Section 13CC of the 1950 Act, officials such as Chief Electoral Officers, District Election Officers, and Electoral Registration Officers were deemed to be on deputation to the Commission while handling electoral rolls, making them subject to its supervision and discipline.
  • Similarly, Section 28A of the 1951 Act extended this authority to returning officers, presiding and polling officers, and even police personnel on election duty. 
  • Their accountability to the Commission lasted from the notification of elections until the final declaration of results.
  • Together, these amendments institutionalised the Commission’s power over both administrative and enforcement staff during elections, ensuring independence and uniformity in the conduct of polls.

The Continuing Tussle: T N Seshan vs. the Government

  • Even after the 1988 amendments gave the Election Commission clear authority over election officials, disputes with governments persisted. 
  • The fiercest clash came during the tenure of T N Seshan (1990–96), the combative Chief Election Commissioner known for his strict enforcement of electoral discipline.
    • He declared that once drafted, these officials would answer solely to the ECI. 
    • He also claimed powers to discipline, suspend, or transfer errant officers — a stance the government refused to accept.

The Ranipet Flashpoint

  • The conflict peaked during the 1993 Ranipet by-election in Tamil Nadu. 
  • To conduct this election smoothly, the then CEC sought deployment of central forces. However, the government bluntly told him that he lacked the authority to demand central forces.
  • In retaliation, T N Seshan postponed 31 elections — to Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, state councils, and assemblies — until the deadlock was resolved. 

Judicial Intervention and Aftermath

  • The ECI then approached the Supreme Court, which gave interim relief by affirming its authority over officers on election duty. 
  • However, the litigation dragged on even after Seshan retired in 1996. 
  • Finally, in 2000, under Chief Election Commissioner M S Gill, a negotiated settlement was reached, and the case was closed.

The 2000 Agreement: Formalising ECI’s Disciplinary Powers

  • The tussle over the ECI’s authority was finally settled in 2000 through a negotiated agreement recorded by the Supreme Court. 
  • For the first time, the Commission’s disciplinary powers over officials on election duty were formally spelt out.

Scope of Powers

  • The ECI was empowered to:
    • Suspend officers for dereliction of duty.
    • Replace errant officials and send them back to their original cadres with a detailed conduct report.
    • Recommend disciplinary action to the competent authority, which was bound to act within six months and report back to the Commission.
  • This settlement marked a turning point: for the first time, the ECI’s disciplinary authority was codified on paper, strengthening its ability to act against officials who compromised free and fair elections. 
  • It also established a clear chain of accountability between the ECI, the Centre, and the states.

West Bengal Standoff: Options Before the ECI

  • The ongoing clash between the ECI and the West Bengal government shows that the 2000 settlement has not fully resolved tensions over disciplinary control of election officials. 
  • Over the years, states have sometimes resisted ECI directives or diluted them by accepting explanations from officers instead of enforcing strict action.
  • In the present case, if West Bengal continues to resist, the ECI has three escalation options:
    • Summoning the Chief Secretary — already exercised, with a week’s compliance deadline set.
    • Involving the Centre — urging it to remind the state of the binding nature of the 2000 framework.
    • Approaching the Courts — as a final recourse, invoking its authority under the Representation of the People Acts, 1950 and 1951, to ensure enforcement.
  • This episode highlights how the ECI’s authority, though legally backed, still faces practical challenges when state governments push back against its disciplinary powers.

Source: IE | IE

Election Commission vs States FAQs

Q1: What was Ambedkar’s view on staffing the Election Commission?

Ans: Dr. Ambedkar opposed a separate bureaucracy and preferred borrowing officials from states, making them answerable to the Election Commission while on deputation.

Q2: When did the ECI get formal power over election officials?

Ans: In 1988, amendments to the Representation of the People Acts granted the ECI authority over officers on election duty, ensuring control and discipline.

Q3: How did T.N. Seshan expand ECI’s powers?

Ans: As CEC (1990–96), T.N. Seshan asserted disciplinary authority over officials, clashed with the Centre, and even postponed elections, prompting a Supreme Court battle.

Q4: What did the 2000 agreement establish?

Ans: It allowed ECI to suspend, substitute, or return errant officers and mandated competent authorities to act on its recommendations within six months.

Q5: What are ECI’s options in the West Bengal case?

Ans: ECI can summon the Chief Secretary, involve the Centre to enforce compliance, or approach courts under the Representation of the People Acts.

India’s Two-Tier GST Reform: Long-Term Revenue Gains Ahead

August 20, 2025
GST Reform in India

GST Reform in India Latest News

  • S&P Global Ratings noted that the proposed two-tier GST structure could reduce the effective taxation rate while boosting long-term fiscal revenues.
  • The Centre’s proposal, to be discussed with states in an upcoming meeting, aims to simplify GST by reducing the slabs to just 5% and 18%, along with a special 40% rate for select luxury or sin goods.
  • This reform is expected to streamline compliance, reduce complexity, and potentially increase government revenues over time, though its short-term impact on collections and affordability remains to be seen.

The Proposed Two-Slab GST System

  • The central government plans to move from the current four-rate GST structure to two slabs of 5% and 18%, with an additional 40% rate for sin and demerit goods. 
    • Currently, there are 4 slabs under GST -- 5, 12, 18 and 28 per cent and the taxation system has been an important component of the government's revenues.
  • This reform is expected by the end of 2025 and aims to simplify compliance while reducing distortions in the indirect tax regime.
  • The changes will reduce classification disputes, scope for litigation and evasion as well as remove duty inversion.

Declining Effective GST Rates

  • Since its launch in 2017, GST rates have been gradually reduced. 
  • An RBI study in 2019 found that the weighted average GST rate had dropped from 14.4% to 11.6%, achieved through base broadening and removing distortions. 
  • This trend is expected to continue under the new structure.

S&P’s Position on GST Reform

  • S&P Global Ratings has dismissed concerns that the Centre’s proposal to reform the Goods and Services Tax (GST) regime will harm fiscal revenues. 
  • Director of the organisation explained that while tax rates may appear lower under the proposed two-slab system, simplified implementation and transparent accounting could actually improve revenue collection in the long run.
  • It highlighted that GST has been a key driver of fiscal revenues over the past five to six years. 
  • S&P believes reforms will continue strengthening government finances rather than weakening them, even if short-term adjustments create some pressure.

Debt and Fiscal Targets

  • S&P forecasts the combined central and state fiscal deficit at 7.3% of GDP in 2025–26, narrowing to 6.6% by 2028–29. 
  • Interest servicing remains a heavy burden but should ease gradually due to stronger revenues and cheaper financing.
  • India’s debt-to-GDP ratio is projected to fall from 83% in 2024–25 to 78% by 2028–29, with the Centre targeting 49–51% by 2030–31.

Rating Upgrade and Long-Term Outlook

  • S&P upgraded India’s rating to BBB from BBB-, citing its robust economic performance.
  • The agency stressed that India’s reforms, including GST rationalisation, support long-term fiscal sustainability despite short-term uncertainties.
  • It upgraded India’s rating to BBB from BBB- citing:
    • Strong and resilient economic expansion.
    • Political commitment to fiscal discipline.
    • Improved quality of government spending through higher capital expenditure.
    • A credible monetary policy framework ensuring controlled inflation.

Economists’ Perspective on Fiscal Impact

  • Economists note that state governments could face revenue losses estimated at ₹7,000–9,000 crore annually. 
  • However, these may be offset by stronger GDP growth, which boosts both direct and indirect tax collection. 
  • For 2025–26, the central government’s fiscal deficit impact is expected to be less than 0.1% of GDP.

Source: IE | ET | BS

GST Reform in India FAQ

Q1: What is the proposed GST reform in India?

Ans: The Centre proposes replacing four slabs with two—5% and 18%—plus a 40% special rate for luxury or sin goods to simplify compliance.

Q2: How does S&P view GST reforms?

Ans: S&P believes reforms will simplify the tax system, improve transparency, and strengthen government revenue in the long term despite initial concerns.

Q3: Will GST reforms reduce government revenue?

Ans: While rates may seem lower, streamlined compliance and broader tax base are expected to increase overall fiscal revenue over time.

Q4: What are the fiscal implications for states?

Ans: Economists project states may lose ₹7,000–9,000 crore annually, but faster GDP growth could offset this by raising direct and indirect tax collections.

Q5: Why did S&P upgrade India’s rating?

Ans: Due to strong economic performance, fiscal discipline, higher capital expenditure, and credible monetary policy managing inflation.

Rajya Sabha Clears Bill Allowing Mining of Critical Minerals

August 20, 2025
Election Commission vs States

Critical Minerals Latest News

  • The Rajya Sabha has passed the Mines and Minerals Amendment Bill, 2025, allowing leaseholders to mine critical minerals like lithium, cobalt, and nickel without paying additional royalty.

Introduction

  • India has taken a decisive step towards securing its Critical Mineral supply chain by passing the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2025. 
  • The legislation, cleared by the Rajya Sabha after its passage in the Lok Sabha on August 12, empowers mining leaseholders to extract rare and critical minerals such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel without paying additional royalty. 
  • This reform is positioned as a cornerstone for India’s ambitions in clean energy, technology, and strategic industries.

About the Mines and Minerals Amendment Bill, 2025

  • The Bill amends the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957. 
  • Its key provision allows existing leaseholders to diversify operations by adding critical minerals to their portfolio. 
  • These minerals are essential inputs for advanced technologies, including electric vehicles, semiconductors, renewable energy storage, and aerospace applications.
  • Additionally, the Bill strengthens the Union government’s powers to promote the development of mineral markets through the creation of mineral exchanges, ensuring transparency and efficient trading.

Significance of the Reform

  • Strengthening Resource Security - Lithium, cobalt, and nickel are indispensable for batteries, electronics, and green technologies, making domestic mining critical to reduce import dependence.
  • Boost to Clean Energy Transition - Access to critical minerals underpins India’s EV revolution, solar manufacturing, and renewable integration.
  • Support for Strategic Sectors - From smartphones to fighter jets, these minerals are essential for India’s industrial and defence ecosystems.
  • Ease of Doing Business - By removing the burden of additional royalty, the Bill incentivises companies to invest in exploration and development.

The National Critical Mineral Mission

  • The Union Coal and Mines Ministry highlighted that the government has identified 24 critical and strategic minerals. 
  • To support this effort, the National Critical Mineral Mission has been launched with an outlay of Rs. 34,000 crore, focusing on boosting domestic exploration and production, including offshore reserves.
  • The National Mineral Exploration Trust has also been renamed as the National Mineral Exploration and Development Trust, signalling a stronger emphasis on both exploration and industrial development.

Challenges Ahead

  • Environmental Risks - Critical mineral mining could impact fragile ecosystems and water resources.
  • Global Competition - India must match international players already dominating the mineral supply chains.
  • Technological Capacity - Scaling up exploration and refining requires cutting-edge technologies and significant investment.
  • Geopolitical Sensitivities - Securing critical minerals is tied to global strategic competition, especially with China’s dominance in rare earth processing.

Future Outlook

  • The passage of the Bill is expected to transform India’s mining sector into a strategic pillar for economic growth and self-reliance. 
  • By linking resource extraction with the goals of energy transition, Make in India, and national security, India is positioning itself as a serious player in the global critical minerals market.
  • However, the success of the initiative will depend on balancing industrial ambitions with environmental safeguards, building domestic refining capacities, and ensuring equitable revenue sharing with states and local communities.

Source: TH

Critical Minerals FAQs

Q1: What is the Mines and Minerals Amendment Bill, 2025?

Ans: It is a law allowing mining leaseholders to extract critical minerals like lithium, cobalt, and nickel without paying additional royalty.

Q2: Why are critical minerals important for India?

Ans: They are essential for EV batteries, renewable energy, defence, electronics, and aerospace industries.

Q3: What is the National Critical Mineral Mission?

Ans: A government initiative with a Rs. 34,000 crore outlay to boost exploration and domestic production of 24 critical minerals.

Q4: How does the Bill promote transparency?

Ans: It empowers the government to set up mineral exchanges for transparent trading and market development.

Q5: What challenges does India face in critical mineral mining?

Ans: Environmental risks, technological gaps, global competition, and geopolitical challenges remain major hurdles.

Constitution (130th Amendment) Bill, 2025 – Removal of Ministers Facing Serious Criminal Charges

August 20, 2025
_Constitution (130th Amendment) Bill, 2025

Constitution (130th Amendment) Bill, 2025 Latest News

  • Union Home Minister Amit Shah is expected to introduce the Constitution (130th Amendment) Bill, 2025 in the Lok Sabha.
  • The bill aims to address the gap in the Constitution regarding removal of Ministers (PM, CMs, Union/State Ministers) facing serious criminal allegations and detained for 30 consecutive days.
  • The move comes against the backdrop of the controversy that surrounded the arrest in 2023 of V Senthil Balaji, a minister in Tamil Nadu’s DMK government.

Key Provisions of the Constitution (130th Amendment) Bill, 2025

  • Constitutional amendments:
    • The Bill will amend Articles 75, 164 and 239AA.
    • Article 75 of the Constitution primarily deals with the appointment and responsibilities of the Council of Ministers, including the Prime Minister.
    • Article 164 of the Constitution outlines the provisions related to the CoMs in a state.
    • Article 239AA of the Constitution outlines special provisions for the NCT of Delhi.
  • Removal clause: If a Minister (PM/CM/Minister) is arrested and detained for 30 consecutive days on charges punishable with five years or more imprisonment, then:
    • President (on advice of PM/directly) removes Union Ministers/PM.
    • Governor (on CM’s advice) removes State Ministers.
    • Governor (directly) removes Chief Minister of State.
    • UT-specific amendments cover CMs/Ministers in UTs and J&K.
  • Reappointment: Ministers can be reappointed upon release.

Justification and Rationale Behind the Constitution (130th Amendment) Bill, 2025

  • Good governance and constitutional morality: Ministers facing criminal charges undermine public trust and principles of responsible government.
  • Character beyond suspicion: Elected representatives must rise above political interests to uphold the welfare of people.
  • Constitutional gap: No explicit removal provision existed earlier; courts interpreted “pleasure of Governor/President” but bound by aid and advice doctrine.

Political and Legal Background

  • Case reference:
    • Arrest of V. Senthil Balaji (DMK Minister, 2023) sparked controversy.
    • Governor R.N. Ravi dismissed him → CM M.K. Stalin reinstated after bail → later reshuffle removed Balaji after SC’s concerns.
  • Judicial doctrine: Governors’ powers under Article 164 are not absolute, subject to aid and advice of the Council of Ministers.

Related Legislative Measures

  • Constitution (130th Amendment) Bill, 2025 – For union and states.
  • Government of Union Territories (Amendment) Bill, 2025 – Amends the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 and covers UTs like Puducherry and Delhi.
  • J&K Reorganisation (Amendment) Bill, 2025 – Amends section 54 in the 2019 reorganisation act (the act turned J&K from a state to a UT).
  • All bills are likely to be referred to a Joint Committee of Parliament.

Procedural Issues in Parliament

  • Rule 19A and 19B of Lok Sabha Rules: Require prior notice and circulation of bills to MPs before introduction.
  • Government request: Sought leniency in procedural rules due to time constraints (Monsoon Session ending August 21, 2025).

Constitutional and Administrative Implications

  • Strengthens executive accountability: Explicit mechanism for removal of tainted Ministers.
  • Centre–State–UT differentiation: Separate but aligned amendments to maintain federal balance.
  • Checks criminalisation of politics: Legislative attempt to safeguard public trust in governance.
  • Risk of political misuse: 
    • Analysts criticized the Bill as a tool to destabilize opposition-ruled states.
    • Warning of misuse by central agencies to arrest opposition leaders, while ruling party leaders remain untouched.
    • There have been recent cases when incumbent CMs — such as Arvind Kejriwal in Delhi and Hemant Soren in Jharkhand — spent several weeks in jail on corruption allegations.
  • May cause logjam in the session of Parliament: The government's likely move comes when the Opposition has been making headlines with “vote theft” allegations, and holding protests against the SIR of the electoral rolls in Bihar. 

Conclusion

  • In the coming years, if the Constitution (130th Amendment) Bill, 2025 is enacted, India may witness a paradigm shift towards greater constitutional accountability and ethical governance.
  • It will ensure that public offices remain free from the shadow of serious criminal allegations. 
  • However, the true test of these reforms will lie in safeguarding them from political misuse, thereby balancing the ideals of constitutional morality with the principles of natural justice.

Source: TH | IE | HT

Constitution (130th Amendment) Bill, 2025 FAQs

Q1: What is the significance of the Constitution (130th Amendment) Bill, 2025?

Ans: The Bill introduces a legal framework for automatic removal of PM, CMs, and Ministers detained on serious criminal charges.

Q2: How does the proposed amendment to Articles 75, 164, and 239AA enhance the principles of constitutional morality?

Ans: By ensuring that Ministers facing grave criminal allegations cannot continue in office, aiming to strengthen accountability and reduce criminalisation of politics.

Q3: What are the federal implications of empowering the Centre to remove Chief Ministers and Ministers of States?

Ans: There are concerns about potential overreach of central authority and political misuse against opposition-ruled states.

Q4: What lessons can be drawn from the controversies surrounding the arrests of V. Senthil Balaji, Arvind Kejriwal, and Hemant Soren?

Ans: These cases highlighted gaps in constitutional provisions regarding arrested Ministers and influenced the move to avoid political and judicial conflicts.

Q5: What are the procedural and legislative challenges to the Constitution (130th Amendment) Bill, 2025?

Ans: The Bill requires a two-thirds majority for passage, faces opposition concerns over misuse, and must navigate procedural hurdles.

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