Features of Indian Economy, Low Per Capita Income, Population Growth

The Indian economy is the fourth-largest and one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. It presents a unique blend of traditional and modern economic structures, shaped by its vast population, historical legacy, and policy reforms. Understanding the Features of Indian Economy is important for UPSC aspirants, economists, and policy analysts.

Nature of Indian Economy

The nature of the Indian economy can be understood through the following aspects:

• Developing Economy: India is classified as a developing country with rising income levels but persistent poverty and inequality.
• Mixed Economy: Both public and private sectors operate together to achieve growth with social welfare.
• Agrarian Base with Industrial and Service Expansion: Agriculture supports livelihoods, while industry and services drive GDP growth.
• Democratic and Welfare-Oriented: Economic policies focus on inclusive growth, poverty alleviation, and social justice.
• Globally Integrated: India is increasingly connected to the global economy through trade, investment, and technology flows.

Features of Indian Economy

The Indian economy is a developing, mixed economy characterized by a unique blend of traditional sectors and modern industries. It reflects diversity in income levels, occupations, and regional development while striving for inclusive and sustainable growth.

(i) Low Per Capita Income

India is known as a country with low per capita income, which refers to the average income earned per person in a year. It is calculated by dividing national income by total population and gives a general idea of living standards, though it does not reflect individual earnings accurately.

In 2012–13, India’s per capita income was estimated at ₹39,168 per year (about ₹3,264 per month). Compared to developed and emerging economies, India lags behind significantly per capita income in the USA is nearly 15 times higher, while China’s is more than three times that of India.

(ii) Heavy Population Pressure

India is the second most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 121 crore as per the 2011 Census. The rapid growth of population is mainly due to a sharp decline in the death rate, while the birth rate has declined relatively slowly.

In 2010, the birth rate was 22.1 per thousand population, whereas the death rate was only 7.2. A declining death rate reflects improvements in healthcare, but a persistently high birth rate has led to rapid population growth. Since 1921, this gap between birth and death rates has caused population explosion.

Heavy population pressure places a huge burden on government resources, making it difficult to provide adequate education, healthcare, housing, and infrastructure.

(iii) Dependence on Agriculture

A major feature of the Indian economy is its heavy dependence on agriculture. Around 58 percent of the working population was engaged in agriculture in 2011, even though the sector contributes only about 17 percent to GDP.

Agricultural productivity in India remains low due to several factors:

• Excessive population pressure on land and small landholdings
• Low per capita availability of cultivable land
• Dependence on monsoons and inadequate irrigation
• Limited use of modern technology
• Engagement of untrained and less-educated workers

(iv) Poverty and Inequality

Poverty and inequality are major challenges facing the Indian economy. In 2011–12, about 269 million people (22% of the population) were living below the poverty line. Poverty is defined based on minimum calorie intake: 2400 calories in rural areas and 2100 calories in urban areas.

The poverty line income was estimated at ₹816 per month in rural areas and ₹1000 per month in urban areas, indicating extremely low living standards. Globally, in 2018, around 8% of workers lived on less than USD 1.90 per day.

Poverty in India is closely linked with income and wealth inequality. The top 5 percent of households own about 38 percent of total wealth, while the bottom 60 percent possess only 13 percent. This reflects a high concentration of economic power.

(v) Planned Economy

India has followed a planned development strategy since independence, beginning with the First Five-Year Plan (1951-56). Economic planning helps set priorities, allocate resources efficiently, and achieve balanced growth.

India has completed eleven Five-Year Plans, with periodic reviews to assess achievements and shortcomings. Planning has played a key role in industrial growth, infrastructure development, poverty reduction, and economic stability.

As a result, India is now recognized globally as a fast-growing economy and an emerging economic power with a large consumer market and rising per capita income.

(vi) Higher Rate of Capital Formation or Investment

At the time of independence, India suffered from a severe shortage of capital, including machinery, infrastructure, and savings. A large proportion of income was spent on basic consumption, leaving little scope for savings and investment.

However, in recent decades, the situation has improved significantly. To support economic growth and population needs, India requires around 14 percent of GDP as investment. In 2011, the saving rate reached 31.7 percent, while gross capital formation rose to 36.6 percent.

This improvement is due to higher incomes, better banking facilities, increased consumption of durable goods, and large-scale public investment in infrastructure.

(vii) Financial Market Development

The development of financial markets is an important feature of the Indian economy. India has a strong and well-regulated banking system, where both public and private sector banks play a vital role in mobilizing savings and providing credit.

India’s capital markets, led by institutions such as the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange (NSE), have expanded rapidly in terms of market size, participation, and technology. Financial sector liberalization has improved efficiency, attracted foreign investment, and enhanced the overall stability and growth of the Indian economy.

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