UPSC Mains Current Affairs for 10 July 2025

Catastrophe Bonds Latest News

India is exploring the use of catastrophe bonds as an innovative financial instrument to strengthen disaster risk financing and enhance climate resilience amid the rising frequency of natural disasters.

Introduction

• As climate change intensifies the frequency and severity of natural disasters, countries like India are increasingly vulnerable to financial shocks arising from catastrophic events such as cyclones, floods, and earthquakes. 
• While traditional insurance coverage remains sparse, especially for individuals and small businesses, innovative financial tools such as catastrophe bonds or cat bonds offer a promising solution for governments to transfer disaster risk to global capital markets and ensure quicker post-disaster recovery.

Understanding Catastrophe Bonds

• Catastrophe bonds are hybrid financial instruments that combine features of insurance and debt. They allow at-risk entities, usually sovereign states, to transfer defined disaster risks to investors. 
• In the event of a predefined natural disaster, investors lose a part or all of their principal, which is then used for post-disaster relief and reconstruction. 
• If no disaster occurs during the bond's tenure, investors receive their principal back along with a relatively high coupon (interest) rate.
• These bonds effectively turn a country’s hazard exposure into a tradable security, opening access to a wider pool of capital beyond traditional insurers and reinsurers. 
• This reduces counterparty risk and enables faster payouts, essential in times of crisis.

Key Stakeholders and Mechanism

• Cat bonds are typically:
  • Sponsored by sovereign governments, who pay premiums.
  • Issued through intermediaries, such as the World Bank or Asian Development Bank, to reduce issuance risks.
  • Purchased by global investors, including pension funds, hedge funds, and family offices, who are attracted by high returns and the diversification benefits of non-market correlated risks.
• The risk level and frequency of disaster occurrence directly influence coupon rates. For instance, earthquake-related bonds often offer lower premiums (1-2%) compared to those covering cyclones or hurricanes.

Global Adoption and Profitability

• Since their inception in the late 1990s following major hurricanes in the U.S., catastrophe bonds have seen over $180 billion in issuances globally, with approximately $50 billion currently outstanding. 
• Their appeal lies in diversification: natural hazard risks are statistically independent of traditional financial risks, making cat bonds valuable for risk-averse portfolios.
• Moreover, Nobel laureate Harry Markowitz’s emphasis on diversification aligns with the strategic rationale for including cat bonds in investment portfolios. 
• Their unique risk-return profile complements conventional assets, especially during market downturns.

India’s Need for Cat Bonds

• India faces an increasingly precarious climate future with rising occurrences of floods, cyclones, forest fires, and earthquakes. 
• Yet, disaster insurance coverage remains low. This exposes vast segments of the population to irreversible economic loss, while placing a significant burden on public finances for reconstruction.
• Sponsoring cat bonds could help India:
  • Ring-fence public expenditure for disaster recovery.
  • Leverage its strong sovereign credit profile to negotiate favourable terms.
  • Transfer risk away from the government to global investors, ensuring immediate access to relief funds when needed.
• India’s proactive disaster management steps, including an annual allocation of Rs. 15,000 crore ($1.8 billion) for mitigation and capacity building, could further lower bond premiums.

Regional Collaboration through South Asian Cat Bonds

• India is well-positioned to lead the creation of a regional catastrophe bond framework for South Asia. This could:
  • Spread risk across multiple countries
  • Reduce overall premium costs
  • Foster financial preparedness across the region
• Such a bond could cover high-impact hazards like:
  • Earthquakes across India, Nepal, and Bhutan
  • Cyclones and tsunamis are affecting India, Bangladesh, Maldives, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka
• By pooling diverse risks across geographies, a South Asian cat bond would be more attractive to investors and more robust in coverage.

Challenges and Considerations

• Despite their promise, cat bonds are not without drawbacks:
  • Poorly designed bonds may miss payouts due to rigid trigger conditions. For example, a bond triggered only by earthquakes above 6.6 magnitude may not activate for a 6.5 event, even if damage is severe.
  • Governments may question the cost-benefit ratio if no disasters occur during the bond period, leading to a perception of wasted premium payments.
• Therefore, India must evaluate:
  • Transparent cost comparisons with historical disaster recovery expenditures.
  • Carefully calibrated payout thresholds and coverage areas.
  • Engagement with credible intermediaries and risk modellers.

Source: TH