What’s the two-state solution?

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About two-state solution:

The two-state solution has long been proposed as the best hope for peace in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
It would see an independent Palestinian state established alongside the existing one of Israel – giving both peoples their own territory.

What are Two-State Solutions’ origins?

In 1947, the United Nations agreed a plan partitioning Palestine into Arab and Jewish states with international rule over Jerusalem. Jewish leaders accepted the plan, which gave them 56% of the land.
The state of Israel was declared on May 14, 1948. A day later, five Arab states attacked. The war ended with Israel controlling 77% of the territory.
Some 700,000 Palestinians fled or were driven from their homes, ending up in Jordan, Lebanon and Syria as well as in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank and East Jerusalem.
In a 1967 war, Israel captured the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, from Jordan and Gaza from Egypt, securing control of all territory from the Mediterranean to the Jordan valley.
The Palestinians remain stateless, with most living under Israeli occupation or as refugees in neighbouring states.

Is there a way forward?

After Hamas attacked on Israel in Oct, 2023, Israel aims to annihilate Hamas and says it will not agree to any deal that leaves it in power. Prime minister of Israel has said Gaza must be demilitarised and under Israel’s full security control.
On another side, Hamas says it expects to survive and has said any arrangements for Gaza that exclude it are an illusion.

Q1: Which all countries border Israel?

Israel is a country in the Middle East, located at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bounded to the north by Lebanon, to the northeast by Syria, to the east and southeast by Jordan, to the southwest by Egypt, and to the west by the Mediterranean Sea.

Source: Is a future Palestine state possible?