Articles on 6 November 2025

by Vajiram & Ravi - 6 November 2025

Vajiram & Ravi provides Daily articles for 6 November 2025, tailored for aspirants. We cover all relevant news and events crucial for the exam, ensuring you stay updated & well-prepared.

61st Constitutional Amendment Act 1988, Provisions, Significance

November 6, 2025
61st Constitutional Amendment Act

The 61st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988, is a landmark reform in India’s democratic framework that lowered the voting age from 21 years to 18 years. This amendment, enacted during the tenure of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, expanded political participation among India’s youth, empowering millions of young citizens with the right to vote. It symbolized India’s commitment to deepening democracy by ensuring inclusivity and encouraging political awareness among younger generations.

61st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988

The 61st Constitutional Amendment Act was passed by Parliament on March 28, 1989, and came into effect on March 28, 1989. It amended Article 326 of the Indian Constitution, which governs elections to the House of the People (Lok Sabha) and State Legislative Assemblies based on adult suffrage. Before this amendment, the minimum voting age was 21 years. The Act reduced this to 18 years, acknowledging the evolving maturity, awareness, and participation of India’s youth in the nation’s socio-political discourse.

This reform was rooted in the idea that youth form a vital segment of the population capable of shaping national policies and democratic institutions. With this change, a large number of new voters were added to India’s electoral rolls during the 1989 General Elections, marking a turning point in the political landscape.

61st Constitutional Amendment Act Historical Background

India’s democratic evolution since independence has been marked by expanding rights and inclusivity. When the Constitution came into effect in 1950, the voting age was fixed at 21 years, reflecting post-independence caution regarding administrative readiness and citizens’ literacy levels.

However, by the 1980s, India had undergone significant socio-economic transformation. The literacy rate improved, communication networks expanded, and political awareness deepened through mass media. Youth-led movements like the JP Movement (1974) and student activism during the Emergency (1975-77) demonstrated that the young population was both politically conscious and socially engaged.

Recognizing this, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and the Congress government sought to harness this energy through democratic inclusion. The Statement of Objects and Reasons attached to the Amendment Bill highlighted that lowering the voting age would “provide an opportunity to the unrepresented youth of the country to express their feelings and help in shaping the destiny of the nation.”

61st Constitutional Amendment Act Provisions

The 61st Amendment Act is concise, containing only one operative clause:

  • Amendment to Article 326: The phrase “twenty-one years” was substituted with “eighteen years” in Article 326. This change applied to both parliamentary and state assembly elections, ensuring uniformity in the voting age across all levels of government.
  • Key Aspects:
    • The amendment does not affect eligibility to contest elections, which continues to be governed by Articles 84 and 173.
    • It aligns with global democratic standards, as many democracies, including the United States (1971) and the United Kingdom (1969), had already reduced their voting age to 18 years.
    • It reflects a progressive expansion of democratic rights, similar to the 42nd and 44th Amendments, which focused on the rights and duties of citizens.

61st Constitutional Amendment Act Significance

The 61st Amendment holds immense constitutional, social, and political importance. It marked a generational shift in Indian democracy, making it more participatory and reflective of the nation’s demographic composition. Major Significances:

  1. Democratic Deepening: Strengthened India’s democratic base by expanding the electorate to include younger citizens.
  2. Youth Empowerment: Recognized youth as an active force in shaping governance and policy.
  3. Political Awareness: Promoted civic education and engagement among the young population.
  4. Global Alignment: Brought India in line with democratic norms worldwide regarding voting age.
  5. Increased Representation: Added millions of new voters, influencing electoral outcomes and political strategies.

61st Constitutional Amendment Act Impact

The 61st Amendment altered India’s democratic framework by broadening the definition of “adult suffrage.” Article 326, under Part XV (Elections), ensures that elections to the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies are based on adult suffrage. By redefining adulthood from 21 to 18 years, the Act:

Legal and Constitutional Impact:

  1. Expanded the electoral base by nearly 20%.
  2. Reinforced the principle of equality under Article 14, ensuring equal participation rights.
  3. Strengthened the fundamental right to participate in public affairs, indirectly upholding the spirit of democracy enshrined in the Preamble and Article 19.

Political and Social Impact:

  1. Increased Youth Representation: Political parties began incorporating youth-centric policies and manifestos, recognizing young voters as a significant constituency.
  2. Rise of Student Politics: University-level political activities gained greater legitimacy, feeding into national politics through parties like the NSUI, ABVP, and SFI.
  3. Policy Reorientation: Post-1989, governments introduced several youth-oriented programs, such as the Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan (NYKS), Skill India Mission, and National Youth Policy (2014), promoting youth empowerment.
  4. Electoral Participation: Data from the Election Commission (2019) show that youth voter turnout has steadily increased, with nearly 55-60% participation among first-time voters in recent elections.

61st Constitutional Amendment Act Global Perspective

Globally, the movement to lower the voting age was driven by similar democratic ideals. India’s reform followed a global democratic trend, highlighting its alignment with international standards of youth inclusion in governance.

61st Constitutional Amendment Act Global Perspective
Country Year of Lowering Voting Age Previous Age New Age

United Kingdom

1969

21

18

United States

1971 (26th Amendment)

21

18

France

1974

21

18

India

1988

21

18

Japan

2015

20

18

61st Constitutional Amendment Act Challenges

While the amendment was widely welcomed, certain concerns and challenges have persisted:

  1. Political Manipulation: Critics argue that political parties often exploit young voters with populist promises.
  2. Lack of Civic Education: Many first-time voters lack awareness about democratic processes and their responsibilities.
  3. Urban-Rural Divide: Limited voter education in rural areas can hinder informed participation.
  4. Low Turnout: Despite inclusion, young voter turnout remains inconsistent, as per ECI reports.
  5. Digital Misinformation: The rise of social media has exposed young voters to fake news and ideological polarization.

Way Forward:

  1. Civic Education in Schools: Incorporate electoral literacy in the national curriculum under the National Education Policy (NEP 2020).
  2. Youth Voter Awareness Programs: Expand ECI’s Systematic Voters’ Education and Electoral Participation (SVEEP) initiative to enhance informed participation.
  3. Political Accountability: Encourage issue-based campaigns rather than personality-driven politics.
  4. Digital Literacy: Combat misinformation through official awareness campaigns and collaborations with tech platforms.
  5. Engaging Youth in Governance: Promote youth representation in local bodies and advisory councils to sustain democratic engagement.

61st Constitutional Amendment Act UPSC

The 61st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988, remains one of the most transformative milestones in India’s democratic journey. By lowering the voting age from 21 to 18, it not only empowered youth but also redefined India’s political dynamics. The reform broadened participation, deepened representation, and aligned India with global democratic norms. Even decades later, it continues to shape the spirit of inclusive governance and citizen empowerment envisioned by the Constitution.

  • According to the Election Commission of India (ECI), the number of registered voters increased from 36.5 crore in 1984 to 49.8 crore in 1989, a rise primarily due to the inclusion of youth aged 18-21.
  • As per the Census of India 1991, nearly 35% of India’s population fell within the age group of 15-34 years, underscoring the demographic potential tapped by the amendment.
  • The 1989 General Elections witnessed one of the highest levels of first-time youth participation in Indian electoral history.
  • The ECI’s “India Votes” report (2020) highlights that voters aged 18-25 today constitute nearly 15% of the total electorate, making them a decisive group in elections.
  • In 2024, the Election Commission of India launched a digital voter registration system, simplifying the process for first-time voters aged 18-21.
  • According to NITI Aayog (2023), India’s median age is 28.4 years, reinforcing the demographic importance of young voters.
  • The Lok Sabha Elections 2024 recorded over 1.85 crore first-time voters, reflecting the continued success of the amendment’s intent.

61st Constitutional Amendment Act FAQs

Q1: What is the 61st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988?

Ans: It reduced the minimum voting age in India from 21 to 18 years by amending Article 326 of the Constitution.

Q2: When was the 61st Amendment implemented?

Ans: The amendment came into effect on March 28, 1989.

Q3: Who introduced the 61st Constitutional Amendment Bill?

Ans: The amendment was introduced by the Rajiv Gandhi-led government.

Q4: How did the 61st Amendment affect voter participation?

Ans: It added a large number of new voters during the 1989 General Elections, significantly expanding electoral participation.

Q5: Why was the voting age reduced to 18 years?

Ans: It was reduced to recognize the maturity, awareness, and democratic rights of India’s young citizens.

Universal Adult Franchise, Meaning, Significance, Implementation

November 6, 2025
Universal Adult Franchise

The Universal Adult Franchise is one of the strongest pillars of Indian democracy. It grants every adult citizen the right to vote, irrespective of caste, religion, gender, income, or social status. Introduced after India’s independence, this principle reflects the ideals of equality and inclusivity enshrined in the Constitution. It ensures that political power rests with the people, enabling them to choose their representatives through free and fair elections.

Universal Adult Franchise

The Universal Adult Franchise means that every adult citizen of India who has attained the age of 18 years has the right to vote in elections without any discrimination. It is the foundation of democratic governance, ensuring political equality. Earlier, during colonial rule, voting rights in India were restricted to certain groups based on property ownership, income, or education. However, the framers of the Indian Constitution abolished such limitations and established equal voting rights for all.

Universal Adult Franchise Historical Background

The concept of universal voting rights evolved through decades of struggle and reform. During British rule, only a small section of Indians could vote, as seen in the Government of India Acts of 1919 and 1935.

  • 1919: The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms introduced limited franchise, giving voting rights to just 3% of the population.
  • 1935: The Government of India Act expanded the electorate to around 10% of the adult population.
  • 1947: The Constituent Assembly decided to introduce universal suffrage for all adults above 21 years.
  • 1988: The voting age was reduced from 21 to 18 years by the 61st Constitutional Amendment Act, expanding the electorate significantly.

Universal Adult Franchise Constitutional Provisions

The Universal Adult Franchise in India is guaranteed through various constitutional provisions that protect every citizen’s right to participate in the democratic process.

  • Article 326: Provides for elections to the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies based on adult suffrage.
  • Article 324: Empowers the Election Commission of India to supervise and conduct elections.
  • Article 325: Prohibits exclusion from electoral rolls based on religion, race, caste, or sex.
  • 61st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988: Reduced the voting age from 21 to 18 years, enhancing youth participation.

Universal Adult Franchise Significance

The adoption of universal adult suffrage was a revolutionary step for a newly independent India. It played a transformative role in shaping the democratic structure of the nation.

  1. Political Equality: Ensures every citizen has an equal say in governance.
  2. Social Justice: Empowers marginalized communities, promoting social inclusion.
  3. Representation: Reflects the diverse voices of India’s population.
  4. Accountability: Makes governments answerable to citizens through periodic elections.
  5. Nation-Building: Encourages civic participation and national integration.
  6. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar called it the “heart of democracy,” emphasizing that without equal voting rights, true democracy cannot exist.

Universal Adult Franchise Global Perspective

Globally, the idea of universal suffrage evolved over centuries. Early democracies like Britain and the United States initially restricted voting rights to property-owning men.

  • Britain: Achieved universal suffrage in 1928.
  • United States: The Voting Rights Act of 1965 guaranteed universal suffrage regardless of race or gender.
  • New Zealand: First country to grant women the right to vote in 1893.
  • South Africa: Introduced universal suffrage after the end of apartheid in 1994.
  • India adopted this right in 1950, becoming one of the few post-colonial nations to grant equal voting rights from the very beginning.

Implementation of Universal Adult Franchise in India

The Election Commission of India (ECI), established under Article 324, ensures the smooth implementation of universal adult franchise across the country. Key steps include:

  1. Voter Registration: Citizens aged 18 and above are eligible to be included in electoral rolls.
  2. Electoral Roll Updates: Regular revisions ensure accuracy and inclusivity.
  3. Awareness Programs: Initiatives like SVEEP (Systematic Voters’ Education and Electoral Participation) promote voter awareness.
  4. Accessibility Measures: Special arrangements for differently-abled and senior citizens to vote easily.
  5. Use of Technology: Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) and VVPATs have improved transparency and efficiency.

Role of Universal Adult Franchise in Indian Democracy

The right to vote has empowered millions of Indians, turning democracy into a participatory process. It ensures that governance reflects public will.

  • Inclusive Representation: Ensures that women, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and minorities are politically represented.
  • Peaceful Political Transition: Facilitates smooth power transfers through free elections.
  • Empowerment of Grassroots: Local elections under the 73rd and 74th Amendments promote participatory democracy.
  • Policy Responsiveness: Governments must align with citizen needs to retain power.

Universal Adult Franchise Challenges

Despite being constitutionally guaranteed, the exercise of voting rights faces multiple challenges in India:

  • Low Voter Turnout: Many citizens, especially urban voters, abstain from voting.
  • Money and Muscle Power: Electoral corruption influences voting patterns.
  • Illiteracy and Awareness Gaps: Limited political awareness affects informed voting.
  • Gender Barriers: Social restrictions still discourage female participation in some regions.
  • Voter Identity Issues: Missing names and errors in electoral rolls cause exclusion.

Way Forward:

  • Voter Awareness Campaigns: Strengthen programs like SVEEP for increased participation.
  • Electoral Reforms: Enforce stricter limits on election expenditure and transparency in funding.
  • Use of Technology: Introduce online registration and remote voting for migrant workers.
  • Gender Empowerment: Conduct focused drives to enhance women’s participation.
  • Civic Education: Integrate electoral awareness in school curricula to promote responsible citizenship.

Universal Adult Franchise Impact

The Universal Adult Franchise has had a transformative impact on India’s democratic evolution:

  • Political Inclusion: Empowered marginalized groups, including Dalits, women, and minorities.
  • Democratic Deepening: Promoted multi-party democracy and coalition governments reflecting diverse interests.
  • Social Mobility: Gave voice to economically weaker sections.
  • Developmental Accountability: Governments now focus more on rural and welfare-oriented policies.
  • Youth Empowerment: Lowering the voting age increased youth engagement in political processes.
  • According to the Election Commission, the 2019 Lok Sabha elections witnessed over 61 crore voters, with 67.4% voter turnout, one of the highest globally for such a large democracy.

Universal Adult Franchise Case Laws

The case laws related to Universal Adult Franchise has been given below:

  1. Kuldip Nayar v. Union of India (2006): The Supreme Court upheld the validity of open ballots in Rajya Sabha elections, stating that it does not violate the principle of free and fair elections.
  2. PUCL v. Union of India (2013): Introduced the NOTA (None of the Above) option, enhancing voter choice and accountability.
  3. Mohinder Singh Gill v. Chief Election Commissioner (1978): Reaffirmed the Election Commission’s powers to ensure free and fair elections.
  4. Lily Thomas v. Union of India (2013): Disqualified convicted legislators from contesting elections, strengthening electoral integrity.

Universal Adult Franchise and Gender Empowerment

Women’s participation in India’s elections has seen remarkable progress since independence. In the 1951 general elections, women’s turnout was around 46%, which increased to over 67% in 2019. The Election Commission’s gender inclusion initiatives, such as “Mahila Matdata Kendras”, have enhanced female participation. Political reservation in Panchayats under the 73rd Amendment has also ensured women’s voices in decision-making.

Universal Adult Franchise UPSC

Today, India has over 96 crore registered voters, making it the world’s largest electorate. The continuous inclusion of youth and marginalized communities reflects the success of universal adult franchise. Digital voter ID initiatives and advanced EVM technology are further improving accessibility and efficiency. However, addressing voter apathy, disinformation, and ethical political practices remain essential for strengthening democracy.

Universal Adult Franchise FAQs

Q1: What is the meaning of Universal Adult Franchise in India?

Ans: It means every Indian citizen aged 18 or above has the right to vote without any discrimination.

Q2: When was Universal Adult Franchise introduced in India?

Ans: It was introduced in 1950 after the adoption of the Indian Constitution.

Q3: Which article of the Constitution provides for Universal Adult Franchise?

Ans: Article 326 provides for elections based on adult suffrage.

Q4: When was the voting age reduced from 21 to 18 years?

Ans: The 61st Constitutional Amendment Act of 1988 reduced the voting age.

Q5: What is the significance of Universal Adult Franchise in democracy?

Ans: It ensures political equality, representation, and active participation of all citizens in governance.

UPSC Daily Quiz 6 November 2025

November 6, 2025
UPSC Daily Quiz

The Daily UPSC Quiz by Vajiram & Ravi is a thoughtfully curated initiative designed to support UPSC aspirants in strengthening their current affairs knowledge and core conceptual understanding. Aligned with the UPSC Syllabus 2025, this daily quiz serves as a revision resource, helping candidates assess their preparation, revise key topics, and stay updated with relevant issues. Whether you are preparing for Prelims or sharpening your revision for Mains, consistent practice with these Daily UPSC Quiz can significantly enhance accuracy, speed, and confidence in solving exam-level questions.

[WpProQuiz 15]

UPSC Daily Quiz FAQs

Q1: What is the Daily UPSC Quiz?

Ans: The Daily UPSC Quiz is a set of practice questions based on current affairs, static subjects, and PYQs that help aspirants enhance retention and test conceptual clarity regularly.

Q2: How is the Daily Quiz useful for UPSC preparation?

Ans: Daily quizzes support learning, help in revision, improve time management, and boost accuracy for both UPSC Prelims and Mains through consistent practice.

Q3: Are the quiz questions based on the UPSC syllabus?

Ans: Yes, all questions are aligned with the UPSC Syllabus 2025, covering key areas like Polity, Economy, Environment, History, Geography, and Current Affairs.

Q4: Are solutions and explanations provided with the quiz?

Ans: Yes, each quiz includes detailed explanations and source references to enhance conceptual understanding and enable self-assessment.

Q5: Is the Daily UPSC Quiz suitable for both Prelims and Mains?

Ans: Primarily focused on Prelims (MCQ format), but it also indirectly helps in Mains by strengthening subject knowledge and factual clarity.

British East India Company, Timeline, Headquarters, Key Details

November 6, 2025
British East India Company

The British East India Company in India was established in the year 1600 as a trading company and later turned into a ruling body in 1765. This transition was attained after East India Company obtained the Diwani Rights to collect revenue of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa in the treaty of Allahabad. This way the British East India Company got to interfere in the Indian Affairs. The East India Company ruled in India until the Government of India Act of 1858. This resulted in the formation of a new British Raj and the British finally gained complete control over India. In this article, we are going to cover all about the British East India Company.  

British East India Company First Factory

The British East India Company established its first temporary factory at Masulipatnam in 1605 to begin trade with India. Later, it set up its first permanent factory at Surat in 1613 after getting permission from Mughal Emperor Jahangir. This marked the official start of British commercial presence in India and laid the foundation for future colonial expansion.

British East India Company Timeline

The British East India Company was founded in 1600 as a joint stock company to carry out trade in the Indian Ocean. The company started conducting its business with the East Indies and then East Asia and finally dissolved by order of the British Parliament in 1874. Following is the timeline of British East India Company in India:

Timeline of the British East India Company in India (From 1600 to 1858)
Year Events

1600

A Royal charter from the British Queen Elizabeth I was obtained by the Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading to the East India Company.

1601

The first East India Company Voyage was led by Sir James Lancaster aboard the Red Dragon. 

1609

Sir William Hawkins fails to obtain a permit for a factory in Surat during the reign of Jahangir due to Portuguese influence in the Mughal Court.

1611

The East India Company established its first factory at Masulipatnam (now Machilipatnam), Andhra Pradesh.

1612

Battle of Suvali (Sawally)

  • Portuguese were defeated off the coast of Surat by the EIC’s Fleet under the command of Captain Thomas Best.

1613

EIC got permission from Jahangir to build a factory in Surat (the first permanent factory).

1615 -1619

Sir Thomas Roe was the British ambassador at Jahangir’s court.

  • Later, he was successful in obtaining permission to build factories in Agra, Ahmedabad, and Broach (now Bharuch).

1616

EIC established a permanent factory at Masulipatnam.

1632

The Sultan of Golconda had granted the “Golden Farman” to EIC.

1633

EIC established factories in Balasore, Odisha, and Hariharpur on the Mahanadi delta.

1639

The Chandragiri ruler gave the EIC permission to construct a fortified factory in Madras that would later become known as Fort St. George.

  • It took over as the headquarters of the British settlements in South India from Masulipatnam.

1651

Mughal Bengal governor Shah Shuja allowed the English to trade in Bengal without paying any customs duties in exchange for an annual lump sum of Rs. 3000.

  • EIC built a factory in Hooghly, Bengal.

1658

At Kasimbazar, another factory was opened.

1662

King Charles II of Britain receives Bombay from Portugal as a dowry for Princess Catherine.

  • In addition, Portugal and Britain signed a non-aggression treaty.

1668

Britain leased Bombay to the EIC for €10 per year.

  • Later, it replaces Surat as the Western presidency’s headquarters.

1686 – 1689

A series of battles erupted between Mughal and EIC.

1689

The Mughal Navy, led by Admiral Sidi Yukub, launched an attack on Bombay.

1690

EIC was forced to surrender and beg Aurangzeb for forgiveness

EIC was also forced to sign a treaty with Mughal, which included:

  • Bombay was returned to EIC after a huge fine was paid.
  • Job Charnock, an EIC agent, obtains permission for the EIC to establish a factory in Sutanuti, Bengal.

1696

Sutanuti was fortified following a conflict with the local Zamindars.

1698

EIC paid 1200 rupees for the zamindari of three villages: Sutanuti, Gobinpur, and Kalighat (Kalikata, letter Calcutta/Kolkata).

1700 – 1701

Fort William, named after King William III of England, was built in Sutanuti.

1701 – 1708

Formation of the “United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies”.

1717

Farrukhsiyar, the Mughal emperor, issued royal farmans to the EIC (the British mission led by John Surman).

In Bengal

  • Except for a yearly payment of 3,000 rupees, they were permitted to trade freely.
  • EIC was granted the authority to issue Dastaks (trade permit passes) for the transportation of goods.
  • By this Farman, EIC was permitted to rent more around Calcutta.

In Hyderabad

  • EIC already had free trade rights, which were retained by the new farman.
  • EIC would only pay the prevailing rent in Madras.

In Surat

  • EIC was required to pay Rs 10,000 per year and was exempt from all other duties.

By this farman, EIC coins were permitted in all Mughal territories.

1740 – 1763

The Carnatic Wars (the English-French rivalry) began.

  • First Carnatic War 1740 – 1748
  • Second Carnatic War 1749 – 1754
  • Third Carnatic War 1756 – 1763

1756

Black Hole of Calcutta or Black hole tragedy

  • The term “Black Hole of Calcutta” refers to a jail cell where 146 British prisoners were held after the Nawab of Bengal stopped fortifying the city in anticipation of war surrounding the fort in Calcutta.

1757

Treaty of Alinagar

  • On February 9, 1757, the Bengal Nawab Sirajuddaula and the EIC signed the Alinagar Treaty.
  • The treaty allowed for the fortification of the town and the minting of coins, and it returned Calcutta to the EIC with all of its rights.
  • The treaty’s terms favoured EIC and increased their power. The terms of the treaty, according to Clive’s letter to the Select Committee dated February 22, 1757, were “both honourable and advantageous to the Company.”

1757

Battle of Plassey 

  • East India Company victory
  • British Rule started in India

1759

Battle of Chinsurah

  • The then-Nawab of Bengal, Mir Jafar, invited the Dutch East India Company to defeat the East India Company, but they were defeated by EIC.

1760

Battle of Wandiwash

  • It was an attempt by the French to take over the Fort of Vandavasi in Tamil Nadu during the third Carnatic war, but they were defeated by EIC.

1761

The East India Company captured Pondichery from French forces in India.

1764

Battle of Buxar

  • EIC victory
  • Treaty of Allahabad 1765

1765

Treaty of Allahabad

It was signed on August 12, 1765, in the aftermath of the Battle of Buxar, by Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, Shuja-ud-daulah, and Robert Clive of the East India Company.

With Shuja-Ud-Daulah of Awadh

  • He handed over Kara and Allahabad to the Mughal emperor.
  • He was forced to pay EIC 50 lakh as a war indemnity.
  • He was forced to sign an offensive and defensive alliance with EIC.
  • EIC succeed to obtain free trade rights in Awadh.

With Shah Alam II of Delhi

  • In exchange for a 26 lakh pension, Shah Alam II granted Diwani rights to the East India Company in Bengal, Bihar, and Orisa.

1765 – 1772

Dual System of Government in Bengal

  • Nizamat Rights (Political and Administrative Rights): were given to Nawab of Bengal by EIC.
  • Diwani Rights (Rights to collect taxes): These rights were under EIC’s direct control.

1767-1769

First Anglo-Mysore War

  • Mysore victory
  • Treaty of Madras

1769 – 1772

Great Bengal Famine

1773

Regulating Act 1773

1775 – 1782

First Anglo-Maratha War

  • Maratha victory
  • Treaty of Salbai

1780 – 1784

Second Anglo-Mysore War

  • Status quo ante bellum
  • Treaty of Mangalore

1781

Amending Act of 1781 or Act of Settlement of 1781

1784

Pitt’s India Act

1790 – 1792

Third Anglo-Mysore War

  • East India Company victory
  • Treaty of Seringapatam

1791

Charles Cornwallis introduced a regular Police force system in India.

1793

Introduction of the Cornwallis Code

  • Revenue and justice administration were separated.
  • Principles of the sovereignty of law were introduced.
  • Hindu and Muslim laws were codified separately.
  • European subjects were now brought under jurisdiction as well.
  • The civil service was founded by Warren Hastings, and it was reformed, modernised, and rationalised by Charles Cornwallis.

1799

Fourth Anglo-Mysore War

  • East India Company victory
  •  Mysore entered into a subsidiary alliance

Introduction of Censorship of Press Act in India

  • The EIC was concerned about the French invasion and the spread of French revolution ideas in India.
  • Publishers were not allowed news against the government.

1803 -1805

Second Anglo-Maratha War

  • East India Company victory
  • Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon

1806

Vellore Mutiny

  • It was the first significant mutiny by Indian sepoys within the East India Company, and it occurred because the EIC ignored the Hindu and Muslim Indian sepoys’ religious sensibilities.
  • Fateh Hyder, Tipu Sultan’s son, led the Indian sepoys.

1809

Treaty of Amritsar

  • The East India Company signed a treaty with Maharaj Ranjit Singh of Punjab.

1813

Introduction of the Charter Act of 1813

1814 -1816

Anglo-Nepalese War

  • East India Company victory
  • Treaty of Sugauli

1817 – 1819

Third Anglo-Maratha War

  • East India Company victory
  • The formal end of the Maratha Empire

1820

Royatwari system was established by Thomas Munro.

1824 – 1826

First Anglo-Burmese War

  • East India Company victory
  • Treaty of Yandabo
  • British rule started in Burma (present-day Myanmar)

1826

Siege of Bharatpur

1829

Bengal Sati Regulation Act

  • Raja Ram Mohan Roy played a significant part in this Act, which banned the Sati Pratha in all areas of British India.

1830

Suppression of thugis by Colonel Sleemen.

1833

Charter Act of 1833

The creation of coins bearing the name of the Mughal emperor was stopped.

1834

Law Commission under Macaulay

  • The Charter Act of 1833 constituted the first law commission.
  • This led to:
  • Civil Procedure code 1859
  • Indian Penal Code 1860
  • Criminal Procedure Code 1861

1835

Macaulay Committee for educational reforms constituted in India.

  • In his “Minute on Indian Education,” British historian and politician Thomas Babington Macaulay argued for the adoption of English education for Indian indigenous.
  • Know about the Education System In India During British Rule!

Introduction of the Press Act or Metcalf Act.

1837

The Post Office Act

  • The British Government had sole authority to deliver letters in EIC territories.

1838 – 1842

First Anglo-Afghan War

  • Afghan Victory
  • British EIC withdrawal from Afghanistan

1843

Sindh was annexed by the East India Company under Charles Napier.

1845 – 1846

First Anglo-Sikh War

  • British victory
  • Treaty of Lahore

1848 – 1849

Second Anglo-Sikh War

  • East India Company victory
  • The formal end of the Sikh Empire

1848-1856

Dalhousie initiated the “doctrine of lapse” which was an annexation policy.

In India, 4000 miles of telegraph lines were laid down under the supervision of O’Shaughnessy.

  • The East India Company introduced the first postal stamp in India under the name “SCINDE DISTRICT DAWK.”

1852 – 1853

Second Anglo-Burmese War

  • East India Company victory
  • East India Company troops annexed Pegu, Burma’s (now Myanmar) only remaining independent coastal province.

1853

History of Railways (British India): Railway expansion work was started in India under James Broun Ramsay (Lord Dalhousie).

  • Railways were primarily used for military, commercial, and administrative purposes.

Introduction of the Charter Act of 1853.

1854
  • The upper Ganges canal was declared open.
  • Separate Public works Departments (PWDs) were established in every province.
  • The British East India Company established the modern postal system in India.
  • Postal stamps were issued throughout India.
  • Postal rates were uniform throughout India.

Wood’s Despatch for Indian Education System was introduced.

  • The First Comprehensive Plan for Mass Education in India, also known as the “Magna Carta” of English Education in India.

The Macaulay Committee (committee on Indian civil services) was formed.

1856

Awadh was annexed by Dalhousie.

Widow Remarriage Act Passed.

  • The Indian activists Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar and Rani Rashmoni of Bengal played a significant role.
  • It was drafted during Dalhousie’s tenure but passed during Charles Canning’s tenure before the 1857 Revolt.

1857

Revolt of 1857: Sepoy Mutiny

  • East India Company victory
  • The formal end of Mughal Empire
  • The formal end of EIC rule in India

1858

Queen Victoria’s Proclamation

  • On November 1, 1858, Lord Canning announced the Queen’s Proclamation at Allahabad Durbar.

Introduction of Government of India Act, 1858.

  • From now on, India would be governed and known as Her Majesty the British Monarch.
  • The British Raj was officially established in India, and company rule was transferred to the British crown.

1 Jun 1874

The British Parliament formally dissolved the East India Company.

British East India Company

The British East India Company has the following important facts to be remembered: 

British East India Company
Established 31st December 1600

Type

State-owned company partially

Headquarters

East India House, London, Great Britain

Dissolved

The East India Company was formally dissolved on June 1, 1874 in accordance with the provisions of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Acct 1873. 


On June 1, 1874, the East India Company was formally dissolved in accordance with the provisions of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873.

British East India Company FAQs

Q1: When did British East India come to India?

Ans: The British East India Company arrived in India in 1600 and established its first factory at Surat in 1613.

Q2: What did the British do to the East India Company?

Ans: The British government abolished the East India Company in 1874 after transferring its powers to the Crown in 1858.

Q3: Who founded the British East India Company?

Ans: The British East India Company was founded by a group of English merchants and was granted a royal charter by Queen Elizabeth I in 1600.

Q4: What is the old name of East India Company?

Ans: The old name of the East India Company was "The Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies."

Q5: Who wrote the economic history of India?

Ans: Dadabhai Naoroji wrote "Poverty and Un-British Rule in India", laying the foundation for India’s economic history under colonial rule.

Districts in Maharashtra, List, Population, Area, Importance

November 6, 2025
Districts in Maharashtra

Maharashtra is divided into 36 districts, which are organized into six administrative divisions for efficient governance. Each division is governed by an administrative officer responsible for its management. The six divisions in Maharashtra are Konkan, Nashik, Aurangabad, Amravati, Pune, and Nagpur. Below, we have provided a detailed List of Districts in Maharashtra, along with key insights into their population distribution and geographical coverage.

Districts of Maharashtra

Maharashtra currently consists of 36 districts, which are grouped into six administrative divisions, each led by a Deputy Commissioner. When the state was formed on May 1, 1960, it originally had 26 districts, but over the years, 10 new districts were added to enhance administrative efficiency. Below, you’ll find a comprehensive list of all old and newly formed Districts of Maharashtra, along with details on the administrative divisions they belong to.

Maharashtra District List

Below is a Maharashtra District List. Explore the table to learn about the population and, area of each district:

Maharashtra District List
S.No. District Name Area (km2) Population

1

Ahmednagar

17,048

4,543,159

2

Akola

5,428

1,813,906

3

Amravati

12,235

2,888,445

4

Aurangabad

10,100

3,701,282

5

Beed

10,693

2,585,049

6

Bhandara

3,717

1,200,334

7

Buldhana

9,661

2,486,258

8

Chandrapur

11,443

2,204,307

9

Dhule

7,195

2,050,862

10

Gadchiroli

14,412

1,072,942

11

Gondia

5,234

1,322,507

12

Hingoli

4,526

1,177,345

13

Jalgaon

11,765

4,229,917

14

Jalna

7,687

1,959,046

15

Kolhapur

7,685

3,876,001

16

Latur

7,157

2,454,196

17

Mumbai City

157

3,085,411

18

Mumbai Suburban

446

9,356,962

19

Nagpur

9,892

4,653,570

20

Nanded

10,528

3,361,292

21

Nandurbar

5,955

1,648,295

22

Nashik

15,582

6,107,187

23

Osmanabad

7,569

1,657,576

24

Palghar

5,344

-

25

Parbhani

6,251

1,836,086

26

Pune

15,643

9,429,408

27

Raigad

7,152

2,634,200

28

Ratnagiri

8,208

1,615,069

29

Sangli

8,578

2,822,143

30

Satara

10,480

3,003,741

31

Sindhudurg

5,207

849,651

32

Solapur

14,895

4,317,756

33

Thane

4,214

11,060,148

34

Wardha

6,310

1,300,774

35

Washim

5,150

1,197,160

36

Yavatmal

13,582

2,772,348

33

Thane

4,214

11,060,148

34

Wardha

6,310

1,300,774

35

Washim

5,150

1,197,160

36

Yavatmal

13,582

2,772,348

List of Districts of Maharashtra with their Importance

Maharashtra is divided into 36 districts, each holding significance in terms of culture, economy, and administration. The table below provides List of Districts of Maharashtra and their importance.

List of Districts of Maharashtra with their Importance
S. No District Importance

1

Ahmednagar

Home to Shirdi Sai Baba Temple, one of the most visited pilgrimage sites in India.

Has a rich history dating back to the Maratha Empire, with many forts and historical sites to explore.

Known for its agricultural produce, including sugar, grapes, and pomegranates.

2

Akola

Known for its textile industry, particularly cotton production and processing.

Home to the Akola Fort, a historical monument built by the British in the 19th century.

The district has a rich cultural heritage, with several fairs and festivals celebrated throughout the year.

3

Amravati

Known for its wildlife sanctuary, the Melghat Tiger Reserve, which is home to several endangered species.

Has a vibrant cultural scene, with several cultural and educational institutions.

Home to the Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, one of the largest universities in the region.

4

Aurangabad

Famous for the Ajanta and Ellora caves, UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Has a rich cultural history, with several historical sites and monuments dating back to the Mughal era.

Known for its silk and cotton industries.

5

Beed

Known for its agricultural produce, particularly sugarcane and cotton.

Has several historical sites, including the Parli Vaijnath temple and the Kankaleshwar temple.

The district has a rich cultural heritage, with several fairs and festivals celebrated throughout the year.

6

Bhandara

Known for its wildlife sanctuary, the Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary, which is home to several endangered species.

Has several historical sites, including the Deori Temple and the Bhanpura Fort.

Home to several industries, including paper mills, glass factories, and rice mills.

7

Buldhana

Known for its agriculture, particularly cotton and soybean production.

Has several historical sites, including the Lonar Crater, a unique natural phenomenon.

The district has a rich cultural heritage, with several fairs and festivals celebrated throughout the year.

8

Chandrapur

Known for its coal mines, which are among the largest in Asia.

Has several wildlife sanctuaries, including the Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve.

The district has a rich cultural heritage, with several historical sites and monuments.

9

Dhule

Known for its agricultural produce, particularly onion and cotton.

Has several historical sites, including the Songir Fort and the Kapileshwara Temple.

Home to several industries, including textile mills and power plants.

10

Gadchiroli

Known for its tribal culture and traditions.

Has several wildlife sanctuaries, including the Indravati National Park and the Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary.

Home to several industries, including bamboo and paper mills.

11

Gondia

Known for its wildlife sanctuaries, including the Navegaon National Park and the Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary.

Has several historical sites, including the Pratapgad Fort and the Suryadeo Temple.

Home to several industries, including rice mills, sawmills, and bamboo handicrafts.

12

Hingoli

Known for its religious sites, including the Aundha Nagnath Temple and the Mallinath Digambar Jain Temple.

Has a rich cultural heritage, with several fairs and festivals celebrated throughout the year.

Home to several industries, including cotton and oilseed processing.

13

Jalgaon

Known for its agriculture, particularly banana and cotton production.

Has several historical sites, including the Mehrun Lake and the Ajanta Caves.

The district has a rich cultural heritage, with several fairs and festivals celebrated throughout the year.

14

Jalna

Known for its historical sites, including the Daulatabad Fort and the Kali Masjid.

Has a rich cultural heritage, with several fairs and festivals celebrated throughout the year.

Home to several industries, including cotton ginning and pressing.

15

Kolhapur

Known for its cultural heritage, including the Kolhapuri chappal and the Mahalakshmi Temple.

Has several historical sites, including the Panhala Fort and the Rankala Lake.

Home to several industries, including sugar mills and textile mills.

16

Latur

Known for its historical sites, including the Ausa Fort and the Udgir Fort.

Has several wildlife sanctuaries, including the Tarni-Karanja-Mahakali Wildlife Sanctuary.

The district has a rich cultural heritage, with several fairs and festivals celebrated throughout the year.

17

Mumbai City

Known as the financial capital of India and the center of the country’s film industry.

Has several historical and cultural landmarks, including the Gateway of India and the Elephanta Caves.

Home to several industries, including finance, media, and entertainment.

18

Mumbai Suburban

Comprises the suburban areas surrounding Mumbai City and is home to several residential and commercial neighborhoods.

Has several beaches, including the Juhu Beach and the Versova Beach.

Home to several industries, including information technology and textiles.

19

Nagpur

Known as the orange city of India and is a major center for the production and export of oranges.

Has several historical and cultural landmarks, including the Deekshabhoomi and the Sitabuldi Fort.

Home to several wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, such as the Pench Tiger Reserve and the Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve, known for their rich biodiversity and wildlife conservation.

20

Nanded

Known for its religious significance, particularly the Hazur Sahib Gurudwara, one of the most important pilgrimage sites for Sikhs.

Has several historical sites, including the Kandhar Fort and the Masjid of Biloli.

The district has a rich cultural heritage, with several fairs and festivals celebrated throughout the year.

21

Raigad

Known for its historical significance as it was the capital of the Maratha Empire under Shivaji Maharaj.

Has several beaches and tourist attractions, such as Alibaug, Kashid, and Murud-Janjira.

Home to the Raigad Fort, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a popular tourist attraction.

22

Ratnagiri

Known for its picturesque beaches, natural beauty, and historical significance.

Famous for its Alphonso mangoes, which are exported worldwide.

Home to the Ratnadurg Fort, the Thibaw Palace, and several beautiful temples and shrines.

23

Sangli

Known for its fertile agricultural land, sugarcane production, and grape vineyards.

Home to several beautiful temples and historical landmarks, such as the Sagareshwar Wildlife Sanctuary and the Irwin Bridge.

Has several industries, including sugar factories, textile mills, and chemical manufacturing.

24

Satara

Known for its beautiful landscapes, valleys, and hills.

Has several historic sites, such as the Ajinkyatara Fort and the Kaas Plateau.

Home to several major industries, including sugar, textiles, and leather.

25

Sindhudurg

Known for its beautiful beaches, historic forts, and ancient temples.

Famous for its Malvani cuisine, which is known for its spicy and coconut-based curries.

Has several popular tourist attractions, including the Sindhudurg Fort, Tarkarli Beach, and Devgad Beach.

26

Solapur

Known for its textile and sugar industries.

Has several historic landmarks, such as the Siddheshwar Temple and the Hutatma Smarak.

Home to several wildlife sanctuaries, such as the Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary and the Solapur Bird Sanctuary.

27

Thane

Known for its proximity to Mumbai and its beautiful natural scenery, including hills, lakes, and forests.

Has several historic sites, such as the Elephanta Caves and the Kelva Fort.

Home to several industries, including manufacturing, IT, and pharmaceuticals.

28

Wardha

Known for its association with Mahatma Gandhi, who established his ashram here during the freedom struggle.

Has several important educational institutions, such as the Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya.

Home to several industries, including textiles, agro-based industries, and paper manufacturing.

29

Washim

Known for its religious significance, as it is home to several important temples and shrines, such as the Shree Vithoba Temple and the Jyotirlinga Temple.

Has several historic sites, such as the Nrusimha Mandir and the Hanuman Temple.

Has several industries, including agriculture, textiles, and mining.

30

Yavatmal

Known for its cotton and textile industries.

Has several important wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, such as the Tipeshwar Wildlife Sanctuary and the Melghat Tiger Reserve.

Home to several historic landmarks, such as the Kalamb Temple and the Murti Devi Temple.

31

Nandurbar

Home to the Adivasi tribe and the Toranmal hill station.

Situated on the banks of the Tapi river and home to the Dandpaneshwar temple.

Rich historical and cultural heritage, with landmarks like the 13th-century Kedareshwar temple.

32

Nashik

Major wine-producing region in India, with vineyards like Sula and York.

Home to several ancient Hindu temples like Trimbakeshwar and Kalaram Temple.

Famous for Kumbh Mela pilgrimage and the Pandavleni Caves.

33

Osmanabad

Rich cultural heritage and historical monuments like the Naldurg Fort.

Home to ancient temples like Tuljabhavani Mandir and Dharashiv Caves.

Important agricultural district with crops like cotton, sugarcane, and soybean.

34

Palghar

Beautiful beaches like Kelva and Mahim and historical landmarks like the Kelva Fort.

Industrial district with small and large-scale industries like the Tarapur Atomic Power Station.

Popular weekend getaway destination, with attractions like the Vajreshwari hot springs.

35

Parbhani

Known for its rich agricultural heritage and the Paithan dam.

Important historical landmarks like the Hazrat Turabul Haq Dargah and the Kedareshwar temple.

Home to several institutions of higher education like Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University.

36

Pune

Cultural capital of Maharashtra, with landmarks like the Shaniwar Wada and Aga Khan Palace.

Renowned institutions of higher education like Savitribai Phule Pune University and IISER Pune.

Important hub for IT and automobile industries, with companies like Infosys and Tata Motors having a presence here.

Area of Maharashtra District

Maharashtra, one of India’s largest states, covers a total geographical area of 307,713 square kilometers, making it the third-largest state in India by area. The state is divided into 36 districts, each with its own administrative and geographical significance. Ahmednagar is the largest district in Maharashtra by area, while Mumbai City is the smallest but most densely populated. These districts are grouped under six major divisions: Konkan, Pune, Nashik, Aurangabad, Amravati, and Nagpur for efficient governance and development.

Largest District in Maharashtra 

As of 2024, Maharashtra is divided into 36 districts, each showcasing diverse demographic patterns. Thane stands as the most populous district, with a population of 11,060,148, making up 84.53% of the state's population. It continues to hold the title of the largest district in terms of population, while Sindhudurg remains the least populated district, as per the 2011 Census.

Smallest District In Maharashtra

Mumbai, the capital of Maharashtra, is a metropolis and also the Smallest District In Maharashtra, covering a compact area. Situated along Maharashtra’s coastline, it is India’s most populous city and ranks among the largest urban centers globally. Known for its blend of rich heritage and modern infrastructure, Mumbai offers a unique mix of history, culture, and economic significance.

Districts in Maharashtra FAQs

Q1: How many districts are there in Maharashtra in 2025?

Ans: The state's six divisions are further divided into 36 districts, 109 sub-divisions, and 358 talukas.

Q2: What is the new name of Maharashtra district?

Ans: Maharashtra's Ahmednagar to be officially called 'Ahilyanagar'.

Q3: Which is the 2nd biggest district in Maharashtra?

Ans: Ahmednagar is the second largest district in Maharashtra by area, after Gadchiroli.

Q4: What is the old name of Maharashtra?

Ans: The old names of Maharashtra include Bombay Presidency, the Bombay State, and several Hindu kingdoms.

Q5: What is the 36 district in Maharashtra?

Ans: Yavatmal is the 36th district in Maharashtra. It has an area of 13,582 square kilometers.

Top 10 Countries with the Largest Oil Reserves 2025

November 6, 2025
Top 10 Countries with the Largest Oil Reserves 2025

Oil is a highly important natural resource. It is used to produce fuel, generate electricity, and manufacture a wide range of essential products. Some countries possess large quantities of oil beneath the surface of the earth, these are known as oil reserves. A country's influence in the global energy market often increases with the size of its oil reserves.

Top 10 Countries with the Largest Oil Reserves 2025

Crude oil remains one of the most important natural resources globally, significantly influencing industrial development, global trade, and energy security. Top 10 Countries with the Largest Oil Reserves in the world hold strategic leverage in shaping global energy markets and international policy frameworks. Their roles within major energy alliances such as OPEC and OPEC+further underscore their economic and geopolitical significance. The table below includes the List of Top 10 Countries with the Largest Oil Reserves in 2025:

Top 10 Countries with the Largest Oil Reserves in 2025
Rank Country Oil Reserves (Billion Barrels) OPEC Membership

1.

Venezuela

303

Yes

2.

Saudi Arabia

267

Yes

3.

Iran

209

Yes

4.

Canada

163

No

5.

Iraq

145

Yes

6.

UAE

113

Yes

7.

Kuwait

102

Yes

8.

Russia

80

OPEC+

9.

United States

74

No

10.

Libya

48

Yes

1. Venezuela

Venezuela holds the Largest Oil Reserves in World. However, a major challenge lies in the nature of its oil, which is extra-heavy, this means it is thick and difficult to process and refine. Political instability, US sanctions, and poor infrastructure have limited Venezuela’s ability to produce and export oil efficiently. Although the country has significant oil potential, it lacks the systems and capacity to fully utilize it.

2. Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia is one of the most prominent oil-producing countries. Its oil is relatively easy to extract and refine. The country has a highly organized and efficient oil production and export system. It has the capability to quickly adjust its oil supply, which gives it considerable influence in the global oil market. Saudi Arabia is also a powerful member of OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries).

3. Iran

Iran has substantial oil reserves, especially near the Persian Gulf. However, international sanctions and limited access to modern technology have restricted its ability to fully exploit these reserves. Despite this, Iran remains an important player in both OPEC and regional energy affairs. If the sanctions are removed, Iran could emerge as one of the top oil-exporting nations.

4. Canada

Canada is rich in oil sands, mainly located in the Alberta region. The oil from these sands is dense and sticky, making it more expensive and technically challenging to extract. Canada has advanced technology and has strong energy partnerships, especially with the United States, that support its oil production. Although Canada is not a member of OPEC, it is still one of the leading oil-producing countries in the world.

5. Iraq

Iraq contains some of the world’s most easily accessible oil, particularly in its southern regions. In spite of ongoing conflicts and political uncertainty, Iraq continues to produce oil on a large scale. Oil serves as the primary source of income for the country. Iraq plays a significant role in OPEC, although its influence within the group can be inconsistent due to internal challenges.

6. United Arab Emirates (UAE)

The United Arab Emirates (UAE), especially the emirate of Abu Dhabi, has made significant investments in modern oil infrastructure. Although the country has large oil reserves, what makes it unique is its progressive planning and a diversified economy. The UAE is a stable and influential member of OPEC, and its focus extends beyond oil production, with long-term development goals in various sectors.

7. Kuwait

Kuwait is a small country in size but holds large oil reserves. Its oil is among the easiest and least expensive to extract in the world. For several decades, oil production has been a steady and reliable source of income for the country. Kuwait is regarded as a consistent and trustworthy oil producer within the OPEC group.

8. Russia

Although Russia is not an official member of OPEC, it plays a key role in the broader OPEC+ alliance. It is one of the largest oil-producing countries globally. Despite facing international sanctions and political challenges, Russia continues to supply oil and gas to major global markets, particularly in Asia. It maintains a strong presence in international energy discussions.

9. United States

The United States is known for its technological innovation in oil production. While its oil reserves are relatively smaller, the development of shale oil and hydraulic fracturing (fracking) has made it the leading oil producer in the world. Although the U.S. is not a member of OPEC and is unlikely to join, it plays a significant role in influencing global oil markets.

10. Libya

Libya has the largest proven oil reserves in Africa and enjoys a strategic location near Europe. However, political instability has greatly affected its oil production. When the country is politically stable, oil flows steadily. But during times of conflict, production is often disrupted. As a result, Libya is considered an unpredictable participant in the global oil industry.

India’s Position in Oil Reserves List

India, with around 4.8 billion barrels of oil reserves, ranks among the top 25 globally but remains heavily dependent on imports for over 85% of its crude oil needs. To reduce risks from global price shocks and supply disruptions, the country is expanding its strategic oil reserves. The government plans to build three new storage facilities in Chandikhole (Odisha), Bikaner (Rajasthan), and Rajkot (Gujarat). These will complement existing reserves in Visakhapatnam, Mangaluru, and Padur, significantly increasing India’s emergency storage capacity.

These reserves act as a national safeguard, ensuring a continuous oil supply during crises such as wars or international sanctions. By increasing its oil storage infrastructure, India aims to enhance energy security, reduce vulnerability to global uncertainties, and maintain economic stability during supply chain interruptions. This strategic move ensures the country is better prepared for future energy challenges.

Top 10 Countries with the Largest Oil Reserves 2025 FAQs

Q1: Which country has the most oil reserves in 2025?

Ans: Venezuela holds the largest proven oil reserves in 2025, with over 300 billion barrels, surpassing countries like Saudi Arabia, Canada, and Iran.

Q2: What top 10 countries use the most oil?

Ans: Top 10 oil-consuming countries are the U.S., China, India, Japan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, South Korea, Germany, and Canada, driven by industries and transportation.

Q3: Is India rich in oil reserves?

Ans: India has modest oil reserves, mainly in Assam, Mumbai High, and Rajasthan, but it heavily depends on imports to meet over 80% of its oil demand.

Q4: Which country is the top 5 oil reserves?

Ans: Top five countries by oil reserves in 2025 are Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Canada, and Iraq, all holding substantial proven petroleum reserves.

Second World Summit for Social Development 2025

November 6, 2025
Second World Summit for Social Development 2025

Second World Summit for Social Development 2025 Latest News

The Minister for Labour & Employment is representing India at the World Summit for Social Development (WSSD-2) held in Doha, Qatar.

About Second World Summit for Social Development 2025

  • It is a United Nations convened summit which reaffirms to eradicate poverty, promote full and productive employment and decent work for all, and foster social inclusion.
  • It is designed to align with other recent global processes, such as the 2023 SDG Summit Political Declaration, the Pact of the Future and the forthcoming Fourth International Conference on Financing for Development (FfD4).
  • History: The first World Summit for Social Development was held in Copenhagen in March 1995.
  • The second World Summit for Social Development is held in Doha, Qatar.

Main Objectives of Second World Summit for Social Development 2025

  • Global solidarity and accelerate action on social development by assessing progress, addressing gaps.
  • Strengthening implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals.
  • Reaffirm the 10 Commitments of the Copenhagen
    Declaration
  • Promote equality, inclusion, and well-being for all
  • Strengthen global solidarity and cooperation

Source: DD News

Second World Summit for Social Development 2025 FAQs

Q1: What is the theme of the Second World Summit for Social Development?

Ans: "Putting People First: Advancing Global Social Development and Social Justice"

Q2: Where is the Second World Summit for Social Development being held?

Ans: Doha, Qatar

Q3: What is the primary objective of the Second World Summit for Social Development?

Ans: To reaffirm global commitment to social development and the 2030 Agenda.

Emissions Gap Report 2025

November 6, 2025
Emissions Gap Report 2025

Emissions Gap Report 2025 Latest News

Emissions Gap Report 2025 assessment has found that updated global climate pledges have resulted in only marginal progress towards limiting global warming.

About Emissions Gap Report 2025

  • Emissions Gap Report is an annual report published by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
  • The EGR series tracks our progress in limiting global warming well below 2°Cand pursuing 1.5°C in line with the Paris Agreement.
  • It is launched every year ahead of the UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP).
  • The EGR is co-produced by UNEP, the UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre (UNEP-CCC) and partners.

Key Highlights of Emissions Gap Report 2025

  • Even after countries fully implement their latest Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) under the Paris Agreement, global temperatures are projected to rise by 2.3-2.5 degrees Celsius (°C) this century.
  • Global GHG emissions rose 2.3% in 2024, reaching 57.7 gigatonnes of CO₂ equivalent.
  • Only 60 Parties, covering 63% of global emissions, have submitted new NDCs for 2035.
  • To align with the 1.5°C target, emissions would need to fall by 55 per cent by 2035. 

Source: DTE

Emissions Gap Report 2025 FAQs

Q1: What is the primary objective of UNEP?

Ans: To promote sustainable development and protect the environment

Q2: Where is the headquarters of UNEP located?

Ans: Nairobi, Kenya

Q3: Which organization publishes the Emissions Gap Report?

Ans: United Nations Environment Programme

Project Suncatcher

November 6, 2025
Project Suncatcher

Project Suncatcher Latest News

Recently, Google announced a new research initiative called Project Suncatcher.

About Project Suncatcher

  • It is a research initiative exploring how constellations of solar-powered satellites could host data centres in space. 
  • It is an initiative of Google.
  • Google aims to deploy high-performance AI accelerators in space and build a space-based infrastructure.

Features of Project Suncatcher

  • Project Suncatcher will build modular satellite arrays linked by high-speed free-space optical communication, supporting data transfer at tens of terabits per second.
  • It will send AI data centers into space by launching solar-powered satellites equipped with its Tensor Processing Units (TPUs), specialised AI chips.
  • The plan includes launching two prototype satellites in partnership with Planet Labs by early 2027 to test the hardware’s durability and performance in space.
  • The proposed system consists of a constellation of networked satellites, likely operating in a dawn–dusk sun-synchronous low earth orbit.
  • Early tests have shown Google’s Trillium-generation TPUs withstand radiation at levels similar to those found in space.

Source: TH

Project Suncatcher FAQs

Q1: What is the primary objective of Google's Project Suncatcher?

Ans: To explore scalable AI computing systems in space

Q2: When does Google plan to launch its prototype satellites for Project Suncatcher?

Ans: Early 2027

Alprazolam

November 6, 2025
Alprazolam

Alprazolam Latest News

Recently, the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) has busted a clandestine factory manufacturing alprazolam in Valsad under “Operation White Cauldron”.

About Alprazolam

  • Alprazolam is a psychotropic substance under the Narcotics, Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act 1985.
  • This drug falls under the benzodiazepines class of drugs, and is a tranquillizing agent used in the treatment of anxiety disorders.
  • Benzodiazepines belong to the group of medicines called central nervous system (CNS) depressants, which are medicines that slow down the nervous system.
  • It is used to treat anxiety disorders, panic disorders, and anxiety caused by depression.

Key Facts about Narcotics, Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act 1985

  • It prohibits any individual from engaging in any activity consisting of the production, cultivation, sale, purchase, transport, storage, and/or consumption of any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance.

Objectives of  NDPS Act 1985

  • To take measures for preventing, combating, and regulating operations relating to narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
  • To provide for the forfeiture of property derived from or used in, illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
  • To implement the provisions of the international conventions on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances and for all relevant matters.
  • To add or omit the list of psychotropic substances.

Source: PIB

Alprazolam FAQs

Q1: What is the primary use of Alprazolam?

Ans: Anti-anxiety medication

Q2: What is a common side effect of Alprazolam?

Ans: Drowsiness

National Cooperative Development Corporation

November 6, 2025
National Cooperative Development Corporation

National Cooperative Development Corporation Latest News

The National Cooperative Development Corporation remains a cornerstone of India’s cooperative growth and has demonstrated its pivotal role in fostering self-reliance and inclusive development.

About National Cooperative Development Corporation

  • It is a statutory organisation established in 1963, under the Ministry of Cooperation, Government of India.

Functions of National Cooperative Development Corporation

  • Promoting and strengthening farmer cooperatives: It aims to increasing production, productivity by developing farmer cooperatives and instituting post-harvest facilities
  • Postharvest Facilities: It provides assistance for developing processing, storage, cold chain and marketing of agricultural produce and the supply of seeds, fertilizer and other agricultural inputs etc.
  • It also supports income-generating cooperatives across various non-farm sectors such as weaker section activities which include dairy, livestock, handloom, sericulture etc.
  • It provides financial assistance to the cooperative sector for their economic development and social upliftment through NCDC Sponsored schemes and various GoI schemes implemented by NCDC

Initiatives of National Cooperative Development Corporation

  • Yuva Sahakar-Cooperative Enterprise Support and Innovation Scheme
    • It is designed to promote cooperative start-ups across diverse sectors by supporting newly formed cooperatives with innovative ideas.
    • It gives preferential support extended to cooperatives in the North Eastern Region, those operating in Aspirational Districts  and cooperatives comprising exclusively women, SC, ST, or PwD members.
  • Ayushman Sahakar: It adopts a holistic approach to strengthening the healthcare ecosystem through cooperative institutions.

Source: PIB

National Cooperative Development Corporation FAQs

Q1: What is the primary objective of the National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)?

Ans: To support the growth of cooperative societies

Q2: What is the primary function of NCDC?

Ans: Supporting the growth of cooperative societies

State of Food and Agriculture (SOFA) Report 2025

November 6, 2025
State of Food and Agriculture (SOFA) Report 2025

State of Food and Agriculture (SOFA) Report 2025 Latest News

According to the State of Food and Agriculture (SOFA) Report 2025 land degradation affects 1.7 billion people, threatening food security and ecosystems.

About State of Food and Agriculture (SOFA) Report 2025

  • It is published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
  • It provides the most comprehensive analysis about human-driven land degradation impacts crop yields, identifies global vulnerability hotspots, and examines where these losses intersect with poverty, hunger and other forms of malnutrition.

Key Highlights of State of Food and Agriculture (SOFA) Report 2025

  • It stated that agricultural expansion remained the primary driver of global deforestation, accounting for nearly 90 per cent of forest loss.
  • It has reshaped global land use and transformed land-use patterns across the planet over centuries.
  • The largest affected populations were concentrated in eastern and southern Asia regions burdened by extensive degradation and high population density.
  • India had some of the highest yield gaps due to human-induced land degradation. 
  • It highlighted that around 3.6 mha of croplands were abandoned annually, with land degradation likely playing a significant role in these losses. 

Source: DTE

State of Food and Agriculture (SOFA) Report 2025 FAQs

Q1: What is the primary focus of the State of Food and Agriculture (SOFA) Report 2025?

Ans: Sustainable Land Use

Q2: What is the primary driver of land degradation, according to the SOFA Report 2025?

Ans: Anthropogenic causes like deforestation, overgrazing, and unsustainable cropping practices.

Striped Hyena

November 6, 2025
Striped Hyena

Striped Hyena Latest News

Recently, a rare striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) was spotted in the Kali Tiger Reserve in Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka.

About Striped Hyena

  • The Striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) is a mammal belonging to the family Hyaenidae.
    • The Hyaenidae family has four members: Striped hyenas, Spotted hyenas, Brown hyenas, and the aardwolf (which is not a wolf).
  • Appearance: It is a bit smaller than the spotted hyenas and has stripes all over their bodies. 
  • Distribution: It is mainly found in South Asia (India, Nepal, Afghanistan), North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Western Asia, and Central Asia.
  • Habitat: It lives in open savannas, grasslands, and scrub woodlands in arid to semi-arid environments.

Characteristics of Striped Hyena

  • They are territorial creatures and scent-mark their territorial boundaries as a warning to their rivals.
  • Food Habit: Striped hyenas are primarily scavengers and eat mainly carrion and human refuse
  • Adult Striped hyena females are dominant over males and aggressive toward other females.
  • The striped hyena is generally considered solitary, but has some social organization.

Conservation Status of Striped Hyena

  • IUCN: Near Threatened.
  • Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I

Source: TOI

Striped Hyena FAQs

Q1: What is the scientific name of the Striped Hyena?

Ans: Hyaena hyaena

Q2: What is the primary diet of the Striped Hyena?

Ans: Scavenger

Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana

November 6, 2025
Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana

Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana Latest News

Recently, there are glaring irregularities found in the execution of Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) and the skill Ministry blacklisted 178 training partners. 

About Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana

  • It is a skill development programme launched by the government of India in 2015.
  • It aims to empower the youth of India to engage in industry relevant skill training and secure a better livelihood.
  • Implementing Agency: It is being implemented by the National Skill Development Corporations in partnership with multiple stakeholders.

Eligibility Criteria of Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana

  • Age Limit: Candidates aged 14 to 35 years are generally eligible for PMKVY training programs.
  • Nationality: Applicants must be Indian citizens to qualify for the scheme.
  • Educational Qualifications: PMKVY caters to individuals from diverse educational backgrounds, including those without formal education.
  • Employment Status: Priority is given to unemployed or underemployed individuals to enhance their employability.
  • Aadhar Card: An Aadhar card is often a mandatory requirement for applying to PMKVY programs.

Features of Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana

  • Industry experts are consulted regularly in order to ensure that updated skill training is provided according to industry demands. 
  • Short term training courses make it easy for people to acquire new skills within a short period of time. 
  • Recognition to Prior Learning is also acknowledged through certification without undergoing the same training. 
  • The scheme also aims to provide placement assistance for all the candidates trained in a certain skill.

Source: IE

Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana FAQs

Q1: Which ministry is responsible for implementing Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana ?

Ans: Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship

Q2: What is the primary objective of PMKVY?

Ans: To promote skill development and employability

India’s First Household Income Survey – Explained

November 6, 2025
Income Survey

Income Survey Latest News

  • India is set to launch its first-ever Household Income Survey in 2026 to directly measure household incomes.

Background

  • India is preparing to launch its first-ever Household Income Survey (HIS) in 2026, an ambitious effort aimed at capturing a detailed picture of household incomes, expenditures, and socio-economic conditions across the country. 
  • For policymakers, the survey promises to fill a critical data gap that has long hindered accurate assessment of income distribution and inequality. 
  • However, the sensitive nature of income-related questions and challenges in ensuring data accuracy pose significant hurdles to its successful execution.

The Need for Reliable Income Data

  • Until now, India has relied on indirect methods or partial data to estimate household income. 
  • The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) captures wages and salaries through a labour market lens, focusing mainly on employment patterns rather than total household income. 
  • The Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) infers income based on spending patterns, a proxy that often fails to reflect ground realities. 
  • Similarly, the RBI’s Consumer Confidence Survey only tracks perceived changes in income rather than actual figures.
  • The Household Income Survey 2026 represents a crucial step forward. For the first time, it will measure income directly, linking it to social, occupational, and demographic variables to present a holistic picture of India’s income structure.

Scope and Design of the Household Income Survey 2026

  • The survey will collect a comprehensive dataset covering:
    • Household characteristics: Social group, religion, occupation, and whether the household is engaged in agriculture or non-agricultural activities.
    • Assets and property details: Land ownership, dwelling type, property value, and loans taken.
    • Income components:
      • Regular salaried workers: Salaries, overtime pay, performance-based bonuses, stock options, leave encashments, and severance payments.
      • Casual workers: Number of days worked, daily wages, and tips earned.
      • Self-employed individuals: Crop sales (quantity and value), business sector, and gross receipts.
  • This detailed approach will allow for direct income measurement and enable cross-comparison with expenditure, debt, and asset data to assess class dynamics and income inequality more precisely.

Linking Income with Expenditure and Welfare Benefits

  • The survey also borrows elements from the HCES to ensure a balanced income-expenditure analysis. 
  • Respondents will report input costs for farming (such as seeds, labour, and transportation) and for non-farm enterprises (such as raw materials and rent). 
  • Collecting both income and expense data enables accurate profit margin estimations, a critical insight into household financial health.
  • In addition, the survey will record pensions, family transfers, and remittances, alongside funds received under State-specific welfare schemes like Tamil Nadu’s Kalaignar Magalir Urimai Thittam and various Union government initiatives. 
  • This data will help assess how welfare transfers contribute to total household income, particularly for marginalised and low-income groups.

Key Challenges Identified in Pilot Testing

  • A pilot survey conducted in August 2025 across randomly selected households revealed major challenges:
  • Reluctance to Disclose Income:
    • Around 95% of respondents considered income-related questions sensitive. Many refused to answer queries about income tax payments, fearing misuse of information or privacy breaches.
  • Recall Errors and Misreporting:
    • Respondents often overstated expenses or miscalculated their income, especially in urban and affluent households. Many could not recall details about interest earned on savings or fixed deposits.
  • Variation in Comfort Levels:
    • Rural respondents showed greater willingness to answer questions than urban respondents, particularly those in gated communities or higher-income brackets, who demanded clarifications and privacy assurances.
  • To address this, the government is considering introducing a self-compilation option for affluent households, wherein respondents can submit income details privately after receiving written communication explaining the survey’s objectives.

Institutional Efforts to Build Trust and Improve Accuracy

  • Recognising the sensitivity of income-related data, the survey authorities are planning:
    • Public awareness campaigns to explain the purpose and confidentiality safeguards of the survey.
    • Use of local language enumerators to enhance trust and accuracy during interviews.
    • Training programs for field staff to standardise data collection methods and minimise errors.
  • These efforts are essential to ensure participation and data reliability, given India’s diverse socio-economic and cultural landscape.

Significance for Policymaking and Economic Planning

  • The Household Income Survey 2026 will provide the first authentic, nationally representative income database for Indian households. Its findings will help:
    • Accurately map income inequality across regions, social groups, and occupations.
    • Assess the impact of welfare schemes and government transfers.
    • Enable data-driven policymaking in areas like taxation, employment generation, and poverty alleviation.
    • Verify progress on policy goals such as “Doubling Farmers’ Income” and inclusive economic growth.
  • Such comprehensive data will also improve the credibility of India’s economic statistics globally, strengthening the foundation for evidence-based policymaking.

Source: TH | IE

Income Survey FAQs

Q1: What is the Household Income Survey 2026?

Ans: It is India’s first national survey designed to directly measure household income, expenses, and related socio-economic factors.

Q2: Why is the survey significant?

Ans: It fills a long-standing data gap by providing reliable income statistics to support evidence-based policymaking.

Q3: What challenges were found during pilot testing?

Ans: Respondents were hesitant to disclose income details, leading to accuracy concerns and refusal to answer sensitive questions.

Q4: How will the survey ensure accurate data collection?

Ans: Through public awareness drives, local-language field staff, and optional self-compilation for affluent households.

Q5: What insights will the survey provide?

Ans: It will reveal income patterns, class dynamics, and the economic impact of government welfare schemes across India.

India’s New AI Governance Guidelines: Innovation with Guardrails

November 6, 2025
India AI Governance Guidelines

India AI Governance Guidelines Latest News

  • The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) released the India AI Governance Guidelines, advocating a light-touch, innovation-friendly approach to regulating artificial intelligence.
  • The document, a revised version of the January 2025 draft, was prepared by a committee led by Balaraman Ravindran, head of the Department of Data Science and AI at IIT Madras, while the earlier framework was overseen by Principal Scientific Adviser Ajay K. Sood.
  • These guidelines are independent of the recently released draft IT Rules amendment (2021), which seeks to mandate labelling of AI-generated content on social media.

Key Highlights of the India AI Governance Guidelines

  • The goal is to harness AI’s transformative power for inclusive development and global competitiveness while addressing risks to individuals and society.
  • The framework is structured into four parts: Key Principles, Key Recommendations, Action Plan, and Practical Guidelines.

Part 1 – Key Principles (Seven Sutras)

  • The seven guiding sutras shape India’s AI philosophy across all sectors:
    • Trust is the Foundation: Without public trust, innovation and adoption will stagnate.
    • People First: Human-centric design, oversight, and empowerment.
    • Innovation over Restraint: Prioritise responsible innovation rather than excessive caution.
    • Fairness & Equity: Ensure inclusivity and prevent discrimination.
    • Accountability: Clear allocation of responsibility and enforcement mechanisms.
    • Understandable by Design: Transparent, explainable AI systems for users and regulators.
    • Safety, Resilience & Sustainability: Build robust, secure, and environmentally responsible AI systems.

Part 2 – Key Recommendations (Six Pillars)

  • Infrastructure:
    • Expand access to data, compute, and digital public infrastructure (DPI).
    • Encourage investments and innovation through national platforms like AI Kosh.
  • Capacity Building:
    • Strengthen education, skilling, and awareness programmes for citizens and regulators.
    • Empower small businesses and government officials to responsibly use AI.
  • Policy & Regulation:
    • Adopt agile, flexible, and balanced frameworks.
    • Review existing laws, identify gaps, and introduce targeted amendments for AI-specific risks.
  • Risk Mitigation:
    • Develop India-specific risk assessment frameworks based on real-world harms.
    • Introduce voluntary, techno-legal, and context-specific safeguards for sensitive AI use.
  • Accountability:
    • Implement a graded liability system based on risk and function.
    • Increase transparency about actors in the AI value chain and their compliance.
  • Institutions:
    • Adopt a whole-of-government approach.
    • Establish an AI Governance Group (AIGG) and Technology & Policy Expert Committee (TPEC) for oversight.
    • Strengthen the AI Safety Institute (AISI) to provide technical expertise on trust and safety.

Part 3 – Action Plan (Short, Medium & Long-Term Goals)

  • Short-term
    • Key Priorities - Establish AIGG, TPEC, and risk frameworks; suggest legal changes; adopt voluntary commitments; expand infrastructure; launch awareness campaigns.
    • Expected Outcomes - Strong institutions, trust-building, readiness for AI risk management.
  • Medium-term
    • Key Priorities - Publish standards, operationalise AI incident systems, amend laws, pilot regulatory sandboxes, and integrate DPI with AI.
    • Expected Outcomes - Safe experimentation and improved accountability.
  • Long-term
    • Key Priorities - Continuous review, horizon scanning, and new laws for emerging risks.
    • Expected Outcomes - Sustainable, future-ready AI governance ecosystem.

Part 4 – Practical Guidelines

  • For Industry:
    • Comply with Indian laws and adopt voluntary standards and transparency reports.
    • Create grievance redressal mechanisms and apply techno-legal risk mitigation tools.
  • For Regulators:
    • Support innovation while mitigating real harms.
    • Prefer flexible, periodic, and non-burdensome frameworks over heavy compliance.
    • Use techno-legal approaches (e.g., bias detection, privacy preservation) to implement policies.

India AI Governance Guidelines: Key Analysis

  • Shift from Risk Control to Innovation Enablement
    • The new framework marks a departure from earlier drafts that focused heavily on risk mitigation.
    • It now prioritises “innovation with guardrails”, scaling back references to NITI Aayog and OECD principles that influenced the previous approach.
    • The emphasis is on creating an adaptive governance model that balances growth and safety in AI deployment.
  • No Immediate Plan for a Dedicated AI Law
    • While acknowledging that future legislation may be needed, the report suggests drafting new laws only when “emerging risks and capabilities” warrant it.
  • Linked to Global AI Initiatives
    • The launch aligns with preparations for the Delhi AI Impact Summit (February 2026) — part of a global series of AI governance events following those at Bletchley Park (UK), Seoul, and Paris.
    • The guidelines are designed to position India as a responsible yet innovation-driven global AI player.

Conclusion

  • India’s AI Governance Guidelines propose a balanced, agile, pro-innovation, and future-ready framework — enabling AI-driven growth, inclusion, and competitiveness, while safeguarding individuals and society through trust, transparency, and accountability.

Source: TH | PIB | LM

India AI Governance Guidelines FAQs

Q1: What are the India AI Governance Guidelines?

Ans: Released by MeitY in November 2025, they outline India’s vision for responsible AI — balancing innovation, inclusion, and accountability through a non-restrictive governance model.

Q2: Who drafted the AI Governance Guidelines?

Ans: The committee was chaired by Balaraman Ravindran from IIT Madras, following a revision of the earlier draft overseen by Principal Scientific Adviser Ajay K. Sood.

Q3: What are the seven guiding principles of India’s AI policy?

Ans: Trust, People-Centricity, Responsible Innovation, Equity, Accountability, Understandability, and Safety, Resilience & Sustainability form the core of India’s AI governance framework.

Q4: Will India introduce a separate AI law?

Ans: Not immediately. MeitY clarified that new AI legislation will be considered only when “emerging risks and capabilities” justify legal intervention.

Q5: How will India implement these AI guidelines?

Ans: Through short- and medium-term actions: establishing AI governance institutions, developing risk frameworks, amending laws, and integrating digital public infrastructure with AI systems.

India’s Road Accidents 2024: Fatalities Rise Despite State-Level Gains

November 6, 2025
Road Accidents

Road Accidents Latest News

  • According to a provisional Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) report, Uttar Pradesh recorded one of the deadliest road safety records in 2024, with one death in every two crashes — among the highest in India.
  • While India’s total road accidents and fatalities are expected to exceed 2023 levels, nine states, including Gujarat, Haryana, and Punjab, reported a decline in both accidents and deaths.
  • In contrast, Kerala recorded the lowest accident severity, with one death per 13 accidents, highlighting regional disparities in road safety outcomes.

India’s Road Safety Data Shows Rising Trend in Accidents and Fatalities

  • The Transport Research Wing (TRW) of the MoRTH recorded 4.73 lakh road accidents and 1.70 lakh deaths across 35 states and Union Territories in 2024, with West Bengal’s data still pending.
  • In 2023, India had 4.80 lakh accidents and 1.73 lakh fatalities. 
    • Since West Bengal alone reported 13,795 accidents and 6,027 deaths that year, inclusion of its 2024 data will likely push national totals beyond 2023 levels.
    • This continues the upward trend in crashes and fatalities seen since the pandemic lull of 2020–21.

About the Road Safety Data

States Showing Improvement in Road Safety

  • Despite India’s rising national road accident figures, nine states and Union Territories recorded a decline in both accidents and fatalities between 2023 and 2024.
  • This indicates encouraging progress in road safety enforcement and awareness.

Larger States with Declining Numbers

  • Gujarat: Accidents fell from 16,349 (2023) to 15,588 (2024); fatalities dropped slightly from 7,854 to 7,717.
  • Haryana: Accidents declined from 10,463 to 9,806, while fatalities reduced from 4,968 to 4,689.
  • Punjab: Reported 6,063 accidents and 4,759 deaths in 2024, down from 6,269 accidents and 4,829 deaths the previous year.
    • These consistent reductions reflect stronger traffic enforcement and safety initiatives in these states.

Smaller States and UTs Making Gains

  • Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Manipur, Nagaland, and the Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir also reported improvements in both key metrics.
  • Notably, Nagaland achieved a dramatic fall in road crashes — from 303 in 2023 to 129 in 2024 — demonstrating the potential impact of localized safety interventions.

Key Takeaway

  • The trend suggests that focused state-level efforts—such as safer infrastructure, stricter enforcement, and public awareness—can yield tangible results in reducing both accidents and fatalities, even as the national totals continue to rise.

States with Mixed Road Safety Performance in 2024

  • Several states and Union Territories displayed mixed outcomes in 2024 — with reductions in accidents but rises in fatalities, or vice versa — highlighting uneven progress in road safety implementation.

States with Fewer Accidents but More Deaths

  • Andhra Pradesh: Accidents dropped slightly from 19,949 to 19,557, but fatalities rose from 8,137 to 8,346.
  • Karnataka: Accidents decreased from 43,440 to 43,062, yet fatalities edged up from 12,321 to 12,390.
  • Delhi: Recorded fewer crashes (5,834 to 5,657), but more deaths (1,457 to 1,551).
  • Ladakh (UT): Accidents fell from 289 to 264, while fatalities rose marginally from 59 to 61.
  • These cases suggest that severity of crashes, rather than frequency, remains a key concern.

States with More Accidents but Fewer Deaths

  • Kerala: Accidents rose from 48,091 to 48,789, but fatalities declined from 4,080 to 3,846.
  • Tripura: Accident numbers remained steady (577 to 578), yet deaths dropped from 261 to 226, reflecting improved emergency response and medical care.

States with Highest Overall Accident Counts

  • In 2024, Tamil Nadu continued to report the most road accidents for the seventh consecutive year, with 67,526 cases, followed by Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, and Karnataka.
  • The mixed trends reveal that reducing fatalities requires more than lowering accident frequency — it calls for safer road design, better vehicle standards, faster trauma response, and consistent enforcement across states.

India’s Road Safety Crisis: The Bigger Picture

  • Despite multiple government campaigns and road safety programs, India continues to witness a steady rise in accidents and fatalities. 
  • The data reveal that Indian roads are becoming increasingly unsafe, underscoring the need for stronger implementation and accountability.

India Tops Global Road Fatalities List

  • According to World Road Statistics (International Road Federation), India ranks first globally in the total number of road deaths, followed by China and the United States.
  • While Iran records the highest fatality rate per lakh population, India’s rate remains significantly higher than countries such as Pakistan, Nigeria, Ethiopia, and China, even after adjusting for population size.

Root Causes: Poor Engineering and Planning

  • Union Minister Nitin Gadkari has attributed the rise in road accidents to poor civil engineering and substandard Detailed Project Reports (DPRs).
  • At the Global Road Infratech Summit & Expo (GRIS) in March, he said that engineering errors and design flaws in road construction projects are a major cause of preventable deaths.

Key Takeaway

  • The persistence of high accident rates despite reforms points to systemic flaws in road design, project execution, and enforcement.
  • Improving engineering quality, infrastructure audits, and accountability will be essential for making Indian roads truly safe in the coming decade.

Source: IE | ToI

Road Accidents FAQs

Q1: How many road accidents occurred in India in 2024?

Ans: According to MoRTH’s provisional data, India reported 4.73 lakh road accidents and 1.70 lakh deaths across 35 states and UTs in 2024.

Q2: Which states showed improvement in road safety?

Ans: Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Manipur, Nagaland, and Jammu & Kashmir recorded declines in both accidents and fatalities.

Q3: Which states showed mixed results?

Ans: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Delhi, Tripura, and Ladakh saw either fewer accidents but more deaths or vice versa, reflecting uneven safety outcomes.

Q4: Which state had the highest number of accidents?

Ans: Tamil Nadu topped for the seventh consecutive year with 67,526 accidents, followed by Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, and Karnataka.

Q5: Why are road fatalities rising despite reforms?

Ans: Experts and Union Minister Nitin Gadkari blame poor civil engineering and flawed road project reports (DPRs), calling for stricter design audits and accountability.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

November 6, 2025
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Latest News

According to the World Health Organization, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the fourth-leading cause of death worldwide, causing 3.5 million deaths in 2021. 

About Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

  • It is a condition caused by damage to the lungs that results in breathing difficulties.
  • The damage, which is inflammation and scarring, can be in the airways to the lungs, in the air sacs of the lungs, or both.
  • Causes: One of the main causes of COPD is smoking. And another is indoor air pollution.

Types of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

  • Chronic bronchitis: It is caused by inflammation of the lining of the airways, or the tubes that bring air into your lungs.
    • When these bronchi, are inflamed, they become narrower, leading to restricted airflow, and causing the formation of extra, thick mucus.
  • Emphysema: It develops when the air sacs of the lungs, known as alveoli, are damaged. This makes it difficult for the lungs to pass adequate oxygen into the bloodstream, causing shortness of breath.

Symptoms of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

  • A cough with mucus that lasts for three months or more at a time;
  • Experiencing tightness in the chest;
  • Shortness of breath especially during physical activities;
  • Wheezing or whistling sounds in the breath;
  • Frequent chest infections and fatigue or extreme tiredness.
  • Treatment: There is no cure for COPD. Treatment is based on the severity and is focused on managing symptoms and reducing flare ups.

 Source: TH

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease FAQs

Q1: What is the primary cause of COPD?

Ans: Smoking

Q2: What is the purpose of pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD management?

Ans: To improve exercise tolerance and quality of life.

Reforming India’s Special Economic Zone (SEZ) Policy Amid US Tariff Pressures

November 6, 2025
Special Economic Zone

Special Economic Zone (SEZ) Latest News

  • A government panel comprising officials from the Commerce and Industry Ministry, NITI Aayog, and exporters is formulating new Special Economic Zone (SEZ) norms to revive manufacturing and support exporters adversely affected by steep US tariffs. 
  • The move comes amid rising requests for de-notification of SEZ units and demands for a reverse job work policy to enable better domestic market integration.

SEZs in India

  • Meaning: SEZs in India are geographically delineated, duty-free enclaves that are treated as foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations, duties, and tariffs. 
  • Objectives: They are industrial areas designed to promote exports, attract domestic and foreign investment, generate employment, and develop robust infrastructure by offering a more stable and business-friendly regulatory environment with a variety of incentives. 
  • History:
    • 1965 - India’s first Export Processing Zone (EPZ) was set up in Kandla, Gujarat.
    • 2000 - India introduced SEZ policy to increase exports and attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).
    • 2005 - The SEZ Act was passed, formalising SEZ regulation in India.
    • 2006 - SEZ rules were notified, leading to rapid growth in SEZ approvals.
  • Administration: SEZs are managed through a three-tier structure - 
    • The Board of Approval (BoA) for approving SEZ establishments, 
    • The Unit Approval Committee (UAC) at the zone level for unit approvals, and 
    • The Development Commissioner (DC) who oversees daily operations. 
  • Operations: 
    • Operational flexibility is provided through aspects like allowing 100% FDI in most sectors via the automatic route and the requirement for units to be a "Net Foreign Exchange Earner" over a five-year period. 
    • India currently has nearly 276 operational SEZs across different states, focusing on a wide array of industries including IT, pharmaceuticals, and engineering.

SEZs and Their Challenges

  • Export performance: India’s SEZ exports in FY25 stood at $172 billion from nearly 276 units, with only 2% of production catering to the domestic market.
  • Comparative lag: Indian SEZs have underperformed compared to China’s SEZ model, which transformed its industrial base through large-scale manufacturing, logistics integration, and export-led growth.
  • Current crisis: Several SEZ units catering primarily to the US market face reduced competitiveness due to tariff hikes, leading to production losses and job risks.

Key Policy Demand - Reverse Job Work

  • What is reverse job work? A proposed policy allowing SEZ units to perform production or processing work for the domestic tariff area (DTA) instead of exclusively for exports.
  • Rationale behind the demand:
    • Optimal utilisation: SEZ units face seasonal export demand, resulting in underused labour and equipment capacity.
    • Efficiency boost: Integration with the domestic market could enhance productivity and resource utilisation.
    • Fair competition: The challenge lies in ensuring parity in duty exemptions between SEZ and domestic units so that domestic producers are not disadvantaged.

Sectoral Focus - Gems and Jewellery Industry

  • Dominant share: Nearly 65% of India’s studded jewellery exports originate from SEZ units.
  • Tariff impact: The US, being the largest destination, has severely affected this sector.
  • Industry demands:
    • Allow reverse job work and DTA sales.
    • Extend export obligation periods.
    • Grant interest moratorium on packing credit and working capital loans.
    • Keep factories and artisans engaged and safeguard employment.
  • Trade imbalance concern: Rising imports of raw materials and marginal growth in exports are leading to a negative trade balance within SEZs.

Structural Challenges in SEZs

  • Declining unit numbers: For example, before 2019 there were 500 gems and jewellery units, which reduced to around 360 units in 2021-22, reflecting policy uncertainty and reduced fiscal incentives.
  • Low R&D investment: Only 4 of 14 surveyed SEZ units invested in R&D, revealing minimal innovation focus.
  • Skill and technology gaps: Lack of modern training, inadequate funds, and poor quality of upskilling programmes.
  • Weak FDI: 
    • FDI inflows remain low due to -
      • Absence of investment protection agreements (unlike Vietnam).
      • Negative perception of Indian SEZs.
      • Weak brand promotion and marketing efforts.
    • FDI is crucial for technology transfer, brand building, and global networking.

Institutional and Policy Response

  • Instead of waiting for a comprehensive SEZ Bill, the government is considering faster administrative measures.
  • However, the Finance Ministry’s reservations on potential revenue loss have delayed immediate implementation.
  • The ICRIER has recommended a review of trade balance mechanisms after the removal of the Net Foreign Exchange (NFE) earnings criteria.

Way Forward

  • Adopt reverse job work policy: Allow limited DTA access under transparent norms ensuring fairness with domestic manufacturers.
  • Promote R&D and skill development: Establish dedicated innovation funds and training centres within SEZs.
  • Enhance FDI attractiveness: Introduce investment protection agreements and marketing initiatives to improve SEZ image.
  • Streamline SEZ governance: Simplify compliance and integrate SEZs within the logistics and industrial corridors.
  • Sectoral support measures: Particularly for gems and jewellery, offer credit relief, export extensions, and infrastructure upgrades.

Conclusion

  • India’s SEZ policy is at a crossroads. While global trade disruptions and US tariffs have exposed structural weaknesses, they also present an opportunity to restructure SEZs for long-term competitiveness. 
  • It is essential to revitalise SEZs as engines of export-led industrial growth, ensuring both resilience and job preservation in key manufacturing sectors.

Source: IE

Special Economic Zone (SEZ) FAQs

Q1: What is the objective behind the government’s ongoing reform of Special Economic Zone (SEZ) norms?

Ans: To boost manufacturing competitiveness, support exporters hit by US tariffs, and integrate SEZs more effectively with the domestic market.

Q2: What is the concept of ‘reverse job work’ policy proposed for SEZs?

Ans: It allows SEZ units to undertake production for the domestic market, helping optimise capacity utilisation and sustain employment during low export demand.

Q3: Why is the gems and jewellery sector particularly affected by the recent US tariff hike?

Ans: Because nearly 65% of India’s studded jewellery exports originate from SEZs that heavily depend on the US market.

Q4: What are the key structural challenges faced by Indian SEZs?

Ans: Low R&D investment, declining units, limited FDI, inadequate skill upgradation, and weak marketing and policy stability.

Q5: What measures are needed to revitalise India’s SEZs?

Ans: Implement reverse job work, incentivise R&D and FDI, streamline SEZ governance, etc.

VAIBHAV Fellowship Programme

November 6, 2025
VAIBHAV Fellowship Programme

VAIBHAV Fellowship Programme Latest News

Recently, the Union Minister of State for Science and Technology interacted with Vaishvik Bhartiya Vaigyanik (VAIBHAV) Fellows from across the world.

About VAIBHAV Fellowship Programme

  • It is awarded to outstanding scientists/technologists of Indian origin (NRI/OCI/PIO) who are engaged in research activities in their respective countries.
  • The VAIBHAV Fellow would identify an Indian Institution for collaboration and may spend up to two months in a year for a maximum of 3 years.
  • Funding: The government offers the researchers an amount of INR 4,00,000 per month for the entire period.
  • Aim: Improving the research ecosystem of India’s Higher Educational Institutions by facilitating academic and research collaborations between Indian Institutions and the best institutions in the world.
  • It connects Indian diaspora scientists with Indian institutions by simplifying travel, extending fellowships, and creating structured student mobility. 
  • Eligibility:
    • Researchers from institutions featuring in the top 500 QS World University Rankings will be eligible for the fellowship.
    • The applicant must have obtained a Ph.D/M.D/M.S degree from a recognized University.
  • The 75 selected fellows would be invited to work in 18 identified knowledge verticals including quantum technology, health, pharma, electronics, agriculture, energy, computer sciences, and material sciences amongst others.
  • Nodal Ministry: Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology.

Source: DD News

VAIBHAV Fellowship Programme FAQs

Q1: What is the primary objective of the VAIBHAV Fellowship Programme?

Ans: To promote research collaboration between Indian diaspora and Indian academic institutions.

Q2: Which department is responsible for implementing the VAIBHAV Fellowship Programme?

Ans: Department of Science and Technology (DST)

Daily Editorial Analysis 6 November 2025

November 6, 2025
Daily Editorial Analysis

In Brazil, COP30 and the Moment of Truth

Context

  • In November 2025, global attention turns to Belém, in the heart of the Amazon rainforest, where world leaders gather ahead of COP30.
  • The summit opens with a call for a new kind of climate conference, the COP of Truth; This moment marks a turning point in global environmental politics: a demand that the world move beyond speeches and symbolic commitments toward decisive, collective action.
  • The gathering embodies a clear message — that protecting the planet requires not only scientific understanding but also moral courage, political will, and global solidarity.

Historical Context and Purpose

  • The return of the international community to Brazil evokes the spirit of the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, which produced landmark conventions on climate change, biodiversity, and desertification.
  • Over three decades later, the world meets once again on Brazilian soil, not in the capital, but in the Amazon itself.
  • This symbolic setting represents both the lungs of the planet and the frontline of the climate struggle.
  • The purpose of this renewed gathering is to transform the ideals of 1992 into real, measurable progress.
  • Brazil’s hosting of COP30 reflects its ongoing commitment to environmental diplomacy and its determination to restore faith in multilateral cooperation as a force for global good.

Brazil’s Leadership and Innovation

  • Brazil positions itself as a model of climate leadership rooted in action.
  • In just two years, deforestation in the Amazon has been reduced by half, showing that concrete progress is possible.
  • The nation’s energy matrix stands among the cleanest in the world, with 88% of its electricity generated from renewable sources such as hydro, wind, solar, and biofuels.
  • A cornerstone of this leadership is the Tropical Forests Forever Facility (TFFF), an innovative investment fund that rewards the preservation of forests rather than depending on charity or donations.
  • With an initial $1 billion contribution, Brazil demonstrates its commitment to sustainable finance and expects other nations to join this effort.
  • The country’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), pledging to cut emissions by 59% to 67%, strengthens its claim to genuine climate responsibility.
  • These measures transform Brazil’s environmental vision into tangible, scalable policy.

Justice and Common Responsibility and Climate Action as Social Justice

  • Justice and Common Responsibility

    • The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities remains the foundation of global climate cooperation.
    • Developing nations of the Global South insist on greater access to resources, not as charity, but as a matter of justice.
    • The world’s wealthiest countries, having benefited the most from a carbon-based economy, now bear a moral obligation to support sustainable transitions elsewhere.
    • This is not merely an economic demand; it is a call to correct historical imbalances and acknowledge shared humanity.
    • Only through equitable participation and financing can global climate efforts achieve legitimacy and effectiveness.

  • Climate Action as Social Justice

    • Climate policy cannot be separated from the fight against poverty, hunger, and inequality.
    • The commitment to launch a Declaration on Hunger, Poverty and Climate links environmental responsibility directly to human welfare.
    • Today, two billion people lack access to clean energy for cooking, and 673 million still suffer from hunger.
    • The call for a just, inclusive energy transition recognises that the burdens of climate change fall hardest on the poor and vulnerable.
    • Sustainable development must therefore place people at the centre of decision-making, ensuring that environmental progress also delivers dignity, equality, and opportunity for all.

The Path Forward: Reforming Global Governance

  • True progress demands the renewal of global institutions.
  • The paralysis of the United Nations Security Council has shown that existing structures are ill-equipped to address today’s most urgent challenges.
  • To restore faith in collective action, the creation of a UN Climate Change Council, directly linked to the General Assembly, is essential.
  • Such a body would possess both the authority and legitimacy to enforce climate commitments and hold nations accountable for their promises.
  • This proposal represents a bold step toward reinvigorating multilateralism and ensuring that the global response to climate change is guided by coherence, fairness, and accountability.

Conclusion

  • The vision emerging from Belém is one of truth, justice, and transformation; The world can no longer afford a cycle of summits filled with promises but devoid of progress.
  • The COP of Truth calls for integrity over inertia, courage over convenience, and solidarity over self-interest.
  • Brazil’s leadership demonstrates that climate action is possible when science, policy, and morality align.
  • Through honesty, cooperation, and determination, the world can turn the promise of climate justice into lasting reality.

In Brazil, COP30 and the Moment of Truth FAQs

 Q1. What is meant by the term “COP of Truth”?
Ans. The term “COP of Truth” refers to a call for global leaders to move beyond speeches and make real, measurable commitments to fight climate change.

Q2. Why is Brazil significant in the global climate movement?
Ans. Brazil is significant because it hosts COP30 in the Amazon, has halved deforestation, and maintains one of the world’s cleanest energy systems.

Q3. What is the Tropical Forests Forever Facility (TFFF)?
Ans. The TFFF is an investment fund that rewards countries for keeping forests standing, encouraging sustainable forest conservation.

Q4. How does the text link climate action to social justice?
Ans. It connects climate action to social justice by emphasizing that combating global warming must also address poverty, hunger, and inequality.

Q5. What reform is proposed for global governance?
Ans. The text proposes creating a UN Climate Change Council to ensure accountability and enforce international climate commitments.

Source: The Hindu

The Malleable Code of Conduct

Context

  • B.R. Ambedkar’s observation that even the finest Constitution can fail in the hands of those who administer it captures a timeless truth about governance: laws are only as effective as the integrity of those who implement them.
  • This insight applies with equal force to India’s Model Code of Conduct (MCC), a moral and procedural framework meant to guide political parties and candidates during elections.
  • Though designed to uphold fairness and probity, the MCC’s repeated violations expose deep flaws in both political ethics and institutional enforcement.

The Nature and Purpose of the MCC

  • The Model Code of Conduct is a consensus-based set of norms developed by political parties and enforced by the Election Commission of India (EC).
  • Operational from the announcement of election dates until the declaration of results, the MCC seeks to maintain a level playing field between ruling and opposition parties.
  • It prohibits the use of government machinery or public resources for electoral advantage, disallows new policy announcements, and restricts financial grants that could influence voters.
  • Since its strict implementation in the 1990s and revision in 2013, the MCC has been central to India’s electoral ethos.
  • Yet, as the text reveals, its moral authority often clashes with the realpolitik of Indian elections.

The Problem of Enforcement and Political Circumvention

  • A fundamental limitation of the MCC is that it is not legally enforceable. Its moral binding depends on the goodwill of political actors, an expectation often betrayed in practice.
  • Violations related to hate speech or bribery can be pursued under existing criminal laws or the Representation of the People Act (1951), but the timing of welfare schemes or project announcements falls into a grey zone.
  • As the author aptly notes, politicians have mastered the art of circumventing the code.
  • The Shakespearean phrase more honoured in the breach than in the observance finds a disturbing resonance here: the MCC, intended as a moral compass, has become a ritualistic document honoured largely in rhetoric.

Case Study: Cash Politics and the Bihar Example

  • The launch of the Mukhyamantri Mahila Rojgar Yojana (MMRY) in Bihar in 2025 exemplifies this subversion.
  • Announced barely weeks before the elections, the scheme disburses ₹10,000 to women for self-employment, an initiative that, though beneficial in itself, becomes ethically dubious when rolled out during the election period.
  • The ruling party’s justification that it was an ongoing scheme underscores how welfare policies can be weaponised for electoral gain.
  • Such practices blur the line between social welfare and electoral inducement, eroding public trust and transforming democracy into a cash-mediated transaction.

Institutional Response and Reform Debates

  • While some advocate making the MCC legally binding, the Election Commission has resisted the idea, citing the short duration of election periods and the slow pace of judicial proceedings.
  • The text rightly observes that even if the code were made enforceable, political ingenuity and opportunism would likely find new ways around it.
  • This raises a deeper question: can ethics be legislated?
  • It may be better to scrap unenforceable provisions rather than preserve a façade of morality, reflects both frustration and realism.
  • It also strengthens the case for simultaneous elections, reducing the frequency of MCC restrictions that currently paralyse governance.

Conclusion

  • The repeated breaches of the Model Code of Conduct underscore a profound moral crisis in Indian politics.
  • The MCC, conceived as a guardian of electoral fairness, risks becoming an empty ritual unless political morality itself is revitalised.
  • Ultimately, the health of a democracy depends not merely on codes and commissions, but on the ethical conviction of its leaders and the vigilance of its citizens.
  • Until that moral awakening occurs, the MCC will remain a noble document trapped in a cynical political reality.

The Malleable Code of Conduct FAQs

 Q1. What is the main purpose of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) in India?
Ans. The main purpose of the MCC is to ensure free and fair elections by preventing ruling parties from using government power or resources for electoral advantage.

Q2. Why is the MCC often violated despite its importance?
Ans. The MCC is often violated because it is not legally enforceable and depends on the goodwill and ethics of political leaders, which are frequently lacking.

Q3. How does the Bihar MMRY scheme illustrate a breach of the MCC?
Ans. The MMRY scheme was launched just before elections, and cash transfers to women beneficiaries were made during the campaign period, indirectly influencing voters in favor of the ruling party.

Q4. What is the Election Commission’s stance on making the MCC legally binding?
Ans. The Election Commission opposes making the MCC legally binding because elections occur within a short period, while legal proceedings take much longer.

Q5. What broader issue does the violation of the MCC reveal about Indian politics?
Ans. The violation of the MCC reveals a deep moral and ethical crisis in Indian politics, where leaders prioritize electoral gain over democratic integrity.

Source: The Hindu

Daily Editorial Analysis 6 November 2025 FAQs

Q1: What is editorial analysis?

Ans: Editorial analysis is the critical examination and interpretation of newspaper editorials to extract key insights, arguments, and perspectives relevant to UPSC preparation.

Q2: What is an editorial analyst?

Ans: An editorial analyst is someone who studies and breaks down editorials to highlight their relevance, structure, and usefulness for competitive exams like the UPSC.

Q3: What is an editorial for UPSC?

Ans: For UPSC, an editorial refers to opinion-based articles in reputed newspapers that provide analysis on current affairs, governance, policy, and socio-economic issues.

Q4: What are the sources of UPSC Editorial Analysis?

Ans: Key sources include editorials from The Hindu and Indian Express.

Q5: Can Editorial Analysis help in Mains Answer Writing?

Ans: Yes, editorial analysis enhances content quality, analytical depth, and structure in Mains answer writing.

Gravity Energy Storage

November 6, 2025
Gravity Energy Storage

About Gravity Energy Storage: 

  • It is a new technology that stores energy using gravity.
  • How does it work?
    • It involves lifting a heavy mass during excess energy generation and releasing it to produce electricity when demand rises or solar energy is unavailable. 
    • The types of weights used are often water, concrete blocks or compressed earth blocks.
    • Unlike pumped-hydro energy storage, gravity energy storage offers more flexibility in site selection. 
    • A typical setup involves a heavy piston within a fluid-filled cylindrical container.
    • When solar energy production exceeds demand, surplus electricity lifts the piston, converting the surplus electrical energy into stored energy. 
    • When demand surpasses supply, the piston descends, driving water through a turbine to generate electricity supply to meet demand.
  • Advantages
    • It can last for decades with minimal maintenance, unlike batteries that degrade over time.
    • It avoids harmful chemical reactions, reducing environmental impact and disposal issues, an important consideration in the move towards a greener planet.
    • It can also be more cost-effective for large-scale applications, with lower level costs of energy and storage.
    • It is particularly advantageous in areas with space constraints or environmental concerns that restrict the deployment of other storage systems.

Q1: What is Renewable energy?

It is energy derived from natural sources that are replenished at a higher rate than they are consumed. Sunlight and wind, for example, are such sources that are constantly being replenished. Renewable energy sources are plentiful and all around us.

News: How gravity can be harnessed to store renewable energy

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