upsc current affairs for 21 November 2025

Governor’s Powers Latest News

• The Supreme Court ruled that Governors cannot hold on to state legislature Bills indefinitely, emphasising that cooperative federalism requires constructive engagement with elected governments, not obstruction.
• However, the Constitution Bench also held that courts cannot impose fixed timelines on Governors or the President for granting assent, nor can they create a doctrine of “deemed assent” or force the President to seek judicial advice on pending Bills.
• The five-judge Bench—headed by Chief Justice B R Gavai—gave this opinion on a presidential reference asking whether constitutional courts could set deadlines for action under Articles 200 and 201, which deal with gubernatorial and presidential assent to Bills.

Background of the Presidential Reference: Why the Issue Reached the Supreme Court

• President Droupadi Murmu invoked Article 143(1) to seek the Supreme Court’s advice after controversy arose over delays by Governors and the President in acting on state Bills.
• The trigger was an April 8 judgment in a Tamil Nadu case, where a two-judge Bench laid down strict timelines for Governors and the President to decide on Bills.
• It also used Article 142 and declared 10 Tamil Nadu Bills as having received “deemed assent” because the Governor had not acted for long periods. 
• This unprecedented move raised constitutional concerns.
• To resolve the ambiguity, the President submitted a five-page reference with 14 key questions.
• These questions asked: 
  • whether courts can impose deadlines on constitutional authorities, 
  • whether “deemed assent” is valid, and 
  • what limits govern gubernatorial and presidential powers under Articles 200 and 201.

Supreme Court’s Stand on 14 Key Questions on Governor–President Powers

• Governor’s Options on Bills Under Article 200 - The Court held that a Governor has only three options: Grant assent; Reserve the Bill for the President. Withhold assent by returning the Bill for reconsideration. There is no power to withhold assent indefinitely.
  • Article 200 - Governor’s Assent to State Bills

• Governor’s Discretion Under Article 200 - The Governor is not bound by the Cabinet’s advice when deciding on assent, return, or reservation of Bills. This function involves independent constitutional discretion.

• Justiciability of Governor’s Actions - Courts cannot review the merits of the Governor’s decision, but prolonged, unexplained inaction is justiciable. The Court may direct the Governor to act.
• Article 361 Immunity Not Absolute - Article 361 protects the individual Governor, not the institutional office. Immunity cannot be used to justify indefinite delays.
  • Article 361 (Immunity of President and Governors) - Provides personal immunity to the President and Governors from court proceedings during their term, ensuring unhindered functioning in their constitutional roles.
• No Court-Imposed Timelines on Governor - Courts cannot prescribe deadlines for Governors to act on Bills. Article 200’s phrase “as soon as possible” does not permit fixed judicial timelines.
• President’s Discretion Under Article 201 - The President’s merit-based decision on assent or withholding assent to state Bills is not open to judicial review.
• No Timelines for President Either - Courts cannot fix time limits for the President under Article 201.
  • Article 201 – President’s Assent to Reserved Bills
• President Not Required to Seek SC Opinion - The President need not consult the Supreme Court under Article 143 whenever a Bill is reserved for consideration.
  • Article 143 (Presidential Reference to Supreme Court) - Allows the President to seek the Supreme Court’s advisory opinion on significant questions of law or fact. The Court’s advice is not binding; the President may accept or reject it.
• Courts Cannot Review Bills Before They Become Law - Judicial review applies only to laws, not Bills. Courts cannot examine the content or validity of a pending Bill.
• Article 142 Cannot Substitute Constitutional Powers - The Supreme Court cannot use Article 142 to create “deemed assent” or otherwise replace the Governor/President’s constitutional role.
• No Law Without Governor’s/President’s Assent - A Bill cannot become law unless the Governor or President formally grants assent.
• No Answer on Mandatory Referral Under Article 145(3) - The Court declined to answer whether all issues requiring constitutional interpretation must first be tested under Article 145(3).
  • Article 145(3) (Constitution Bench Requirement) - Mandates that a Bench of at least five judges must hear cases involving substantial questions of constitutional interpretation or any Presidential Reference under Article 143.
• Scope of Article 142 - The Court refused a broad interpretation but reiterated that Article 142 cannot override the Constitution, especially requirements like legislative assent.
  • Article 142 (Complete Justice Provision) - Empowers the Supreme Court to issue any order necessary to ensure complete justice in cases before it.
• On Article 131 Jurisdiction - The Court declined to answer whether Article 131 is the exclusive route for resolving Centre–State disputes.
  • Article 131 (Centre–State Disputes) - Grants the Supreme Court exclusive original jurisdiction to adjudicate legal disputes between the Union and States or among States themselves.
• No Judicial Substitution of Executive Power - Reaffirming earlier answers, the Court clarified that judicial powers cannot replace or replicate constitutionally assigned executive functions.

Source: IE | ToI | NDTV