Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (AME)

Amoebic Meningoencephalitis Latest News

The Kerala State Public Health Laboratory, one of the apex referral laboratories in Kerala, recently developed its own molecular diagnostic test kits to identify five common species of free-living amoeba (FLA) which are toxic to humans and which can cause amoebic meningoencephalitis.

About Amoebic Meningoencephalitis 

• It is an infection of the brain and the membranes covering the brain (which are called the meninges). 
• It is caused by free-living amoebae (a microscopic single-celled organism) found in water.
• This is a very rare, but serious disease with a mortality rate of more than 95%.
• It affects mainly young, active people.
• It is classified into two main types: Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) and Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE). 
  • PAM is caused by Naegleria fowleri, while GAE is typically associated with Acanthamoeba species and Balamuthia mandrillaris.
  • PAM tends to progress rapidly and is often fatal within a few days, whereas GAE develops more slowly but is equally deadly if not treated promptly. 

Amoebic Meningoencephalitis Transmission

• The amoeba that causes the infection occurs in shallow surface waters and incorrectly maintained swimming pools, hot tubs, and spas, particularly in warm climates. 
• Swimming in salt water has not been associated with this disease.
• Infection occurs when infected water enters the nose. This can happen when diving, jumping, or swimming in freshwater. 
• The amoeba then invades the brain and meninges through the nose. 

Amoebic Meningoencephalitis Symptoms

• sore throat
• headache and pain in the forehead
• hallucinations (sensory experiences that are created in the mind)
• confusion
• nausea and vomiting
• high fever
• neck stiffness and pain
• disturbances of taste and smell
• seizures (fits)

Amoebic Meningoencephalitis Treatment

Swift diagnosis and treatment with specific antibiotics may be useful, but recovery is rare.

Amoebic Meningoencephalitis FAQs

Q1. What is Amoebic Meningoencephalitis?

Ans. An infection of the brain and meninges caused by amoebae.

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Q2. Which form of Amoebic Meningoencephalitis is caused by Naegleria fowleri?

Ans. Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)

Q3. What is the mortality rate for Amoebic Meningoencephalitis?

Ans. More than 95%.

Source: TH