Articles on 12 September 2025

by Vajiram & Ravi - 12 September 2025

Vajiram & Ravi provides Daily articles for 12 September 2025, tailored for aspirants. We cover all relevant news and events crucial for the exam, ensuring you stay updated & well-prepared.

Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance, Features, Importance, Advantages

September 12, 2025
Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance

Gregor Mendel’s Law of Inheritance are fundamental genetic principles that describe the transmission of characteristics from one generation to another. Mendel conducted systematic experiments on pea plants to introduce the concepts of dominance, segregation and independent assortment, uncovering predictable heredity patterns and establishing the base of modern science. In this article, we are going to cover Mendel’s Law of Inheritance, its features, importance and recent developments. 

Mendel’s Law of Inheritance

Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance was introduced in the 19th century as the cornerstone of classical genetics. By conducting studies with pea plants, Mendel identified the governing rules of trait transmission. He formulated three central laws: 

  • Law of Dominance: In hybrids, one allele can mask the effect of another, with the dominant allele deciding the visible character.
  • Law of Segregation: During gamete formation, allele pairs separate, ensuring each gamete receives only a single allele from a gene pair.
  • Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits assort independently if they are located on separate chromosomes.

Mendel’s discoveries clarified hereditary mechanisms and offered predictive clarity across generations. Initially neglected, his work was later rediscovered, profoundly shaping biology and medicine. His laws continue to explain genetic variation and remain critical in understanding hereditary disorders, plant breeding, and evolutionary studies.

Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance Features 

Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance features explain how traits are constantly inherited. These features include:

  • Unit Factors (Genes): Traits are governed by discrete units, or genes, existing in pairs called alleles.
  • Dominance and Recessiveness: One allele may dominate, determining the trait, while the other remains recessive.
  • Law of Segregation: Allele pairs separate during gamete formation so each gamete carries one allele.
  • Law of Independent Assortment: Traits assort independently during gamete formation if not linked.
  • Predictable Ratios: Offspring often display traits in ratios like 3:1 in monohybrid crosses.
  • Universal Application: The laws apply across sexually reproducing species, though exceptions exist.
  • Basis of Variation: Random segregation and assortment drive diversity within populations.

Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance Importance

The importance of Mendel’s work lies in offering guidelines to decode heredity and variation. The importance includes

  • Basis of Modern Genetics: These laws provide the foundation for classical genetics.
  • Predictability of Inheritance: Traits can be forecast from parental combinations.
  • Insights into Variation: Allele segregation and assortment explain population diversity.
  • Agricultural Uses: Breeding programs rely on these principles to improve crops and livestock.
  • Medical Relevance: Patterns of genetic disorders can be traced and predicted.
  • Biotechnology: Mendel’s principles underpin genetic engineering, CRISPR, and genomics.
  • Universal Reach: Though based on pea plants, the laws apply broadly to all sexually reproducing organisms.
    Mendel transformed biology into a measurable science, influencing medicine, agriculture, and evolutionary theory.

Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance Advantages

The Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance has the following advantages: 

  • The law helps anticipate inheritance patterns in progeny and in the predictability of traits. 
  • It simplifies the genetic study by providing a clear framework for analysing heredity. 
  • The law has a universal relevance as it is applicable to all sexually reproducing life forms. 
  • The Mendel Law of Inheritance guides genetic risk assessments and family planning.
  • The law enables selective breeding for better crops and livestock. 
  • It fuels genetic engineering, CRISPR, and related biotechnology. 
  • It helps with evolutionary insights by explaining variation necessary for adaptation and selection. 
  • Mendel’s law of inheritance is an indispensable part of genetics, providing a broad scientific utility. 

Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance Recent Developments 

The future of Mendelian genetics lies in blending classical laws with molecular tools. Research into polygenic traits, epigenetics, and environment-gene interactions will refine inheritance models, while CRISPR and big data promise deeper applications in healthcare, agriculture, and evolutionary biology.Modern science has been built upon Mendel’s principles of inheritance by integrating molecular biology with genomics. The recent developments include:

  • Expanding Concepts:
    • Epigenetics: Shows how gene expression can be altered by non-genetic factors.
    • Polygenic Traits: Many traits arise from multiple genes, not single ones.
  • Gene Interactions:
    • Pleiotropy: One gene can affect multiple traits.
    • CRISPR and Gene Editing: Technologies validate and refine Mendelian predictions.
  • Molecular Basis:
     Genomic mapping explains the molecular mechanisms of segregation and assortment.
  • Exceptions to Laws: Cases such as linkage, imprinting, and mitochondrial inheritance provide nuance.
  • Applications:
    Medicine: Used in personalized healthcare and genetic disorder studies.
    • Agriculture: Enhances breeding efficiency with genomic tools.
  • Big Data Integration:
    Genomic studies and bioinformatics reinterpret classical Mendelian patterns.
  • Such advances confirm Mendel’s influence while refining his concepts for modern biology.

Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance FAQs

Q1: What is the Mendel law of inheritance?

Ans: Mendel’s law of inheritance explains how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring through specific genetic principles.

Q2: What are the three Mendelian laws?

Ans: The three Mendelian laws are the Law of Dominance, the Law of Segregation, and the Law of Independent Assortment.

Q3: What is the 1st and 2nd Mendel's law of inheritance?

Ans: The 1st law is the Law of Dominance, and the 2nd law is the Law of Segregation.

Q4: What is CRISPR?

Ans: CRISPR is a modern gene-editing technology that allows scientists to precisely modify DNA sequences.

Q5: What is the Law of Segregation?

Ans: The Law of Segregation states that during gamete formation, paired alleles separate so each gamete receives only one allele.

UPSC Daily Quiz 12 September 2025

September 12, 2025
UPSC Daily Quiz

The Daily UPSC Quiz by Vajiram & Ravi is a thoughtfully curated initiative designed to support UPSC aspirants in strengthening their current affairs knowledge and core conceptual understanding. Aligned with the UPSC Syllabus 2025, this daily quiz serves as a revision resource, helping candidates assess their preparation, revise key topics, and stay updated with relevant issues. Whether you are preparing for Prelims or sharpening your revision for Mains, consistent practice with these Daily UPSC Quiz can significantly enhance accuracy, speed, and confidence in solving exam-level questions.

[WpProQuiz 68]  

UPSC Daily Quiz FAQs

Q1: What is the Daily UPSC Quiz?

Ans: The Daily UPSC Quiz is a set of practice questions based on current affairs, static subjects, and PYQs that help aspirants enhance retention and test conceptual clarity regularly.

Q2: How is the Daily Quiz useful for UPSC preparation?

Ans: Daily quizzes support learning, help in revision, improve time management, and boost accuracy for both UPSC Prelims and Mains through consistent practice.

Q3: Are the quiz questions based on the UPSC syllabus?

Ans: Yes, all questions are aligned with the UPSC Syllabus 2025, covering key areas like Polity, Economy, Environment, History, Geography, and Current Affairs.

Q4: Are solutions and explanations provided with the quiz?

Ans: Yes, each quiz includes detailed explanations and source references to enhance conceptual understanding and enable self-assessment.

Q5: Is the Daily UPSC Quiz suitable for both Prelims and Mains?

Ans: Primarily focused on Prelims (MCQ format), but it also indirectly helps in Mains by strengthening subject knowledge and factual clarity.

Base Erosion and Profit Shifting, Impact, OECD BEPS Project

September 12, 2025
Base Erosion and Profit Shifting

Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) has emerged as a critical global tax challenge. It leads to substantial revenue losses for governments and poses a deeper threat to developing nations like India that rely heavily on tax income for growth.

Base Erosion and Profit Shifting

Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) refers to tax avoidance strategies used by multinational companies to exploit gaps and mismatches in tax laws. Firms generate profits in one country but deliberately shift them to low or no-tax jurisdictions, taking advantage of favorable tax rules. As a result, they avoid paying taxes in the country where the actual economic activity and value creation take place.

Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Impact

  • According to OECD data, BEPS causes countries to lose between $100 billion and $240 billion annually in tax revenue. This amounts to nearly 4-10% of global corporate income tax collections. 
  • The practice gives multinational corporations an unfair edge over domestic businesses, weakening the integrity and fairness of tax systems. 
  • When people observe large corporations avoiding taxes legally, it erodes trust and encourages tax evasion among ordinary taxpayers. 
  • For developing countries, the issue is even more critical since they rely heavily on corporate income tax, particularly from multinational enterprises.

BEPS Project of OECD

The OECD launched the BEPS Project to curb tax avoidance, promote transparency, and create greater alignment in international tax systems. The project is structured around 15 Action Plans, adopted by over 135 countries. These action points equip governments with tools to ensure companies are taxed where profits are actually generated. They also help reduce tax-related disputes between nations.

Recent Efforts by India to Curb BEPS

India has signed the Multilateral Instrument (MLI) to prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting. The MLI updates international tax treaties and reduces opportunities for tax avoidance by multinational enterprises. It ensures that profits are taxed in jurisdictions where substantial economic activities take place.

India has also signed the Inter-Government Agreement (IGA) on the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) with the United States. In 2015, India became a signatory to the Multilateral Competent Authority Agreement on the Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information.

India and the US further signed an agreement for the automatic exchange of Country-by-Country (CbC) reports filed by parent entities of multinational enterprises, applicable from January 1, 2016.

The Union Budget 2016 introduced a 6% equalisation levy on payments exceeding ₹1 lakh made to non-resident online advertising service providers. India was the first country to impose such a levy after the OECD action plans. A tax panel has suggested expanding this levy to cover services like website design, hosting, cloud computing, online marketing, software downloads, and e-commerce platforms.

Through the Finance Act 2016, India introduced Country-by-Country reporting requirements into the Income Tax Act, effective April 1, 2016. India is also actively engaged in negotiations on the G7’s Framework for a Global Minimum Tax.

Base Erosion and Profit Shifting FAQs

Q1: What is the OECD base erosion and profit shifting initiative?

Ans: OECD’s BEPS initiative targets tax planning strategies by multinational companies that shift profits to low-tax jurisdictions, eroding tax bases of high-tax countries.

Q2: What is an example of base erosion?

Ans: A company deducting excessive interest payments in India and routing profits to a tax haven reduces India’s taxable income, example of base erosion.

Q3: What is profit shifting?

Ans: Profit shifting occurs when multinationals move profits from high-tax to low-tax countries through transfer pricing, royalties, or intra-company transactions to minimize taxes.

Q4: What is profit erosion?

Ans: Profit erosion refers to reduction in a country’s taxable profits due to aggressive tax planning, deductions, or offshore shifting by companies.

Q5: What are the three pillars of BEPS?

Ans: Three pillars: Pillar 1: Reallocation of taxing rights, Pillar 2: Global minimum tax, Pillar 3: Transparency and reporting standards.

Central Zoo Authority, Establishment, Headquarter, Functions

September 12, 2025
Central Zoo Authority

The Central Zoo Authority (CZA) serves as an important institution for wildlife protection and conservation in India. Through its focus on conservation, research, and breeding programs, it has contributed significantly to safeguarding endangered species and preserving biodiversity.

Central Zoo Authority

The Central Zoo Authority (CZA) is a statutory autonomous body functioning under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India. It was established in 1992 under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, with the primary objective of enforcing minimum standards for the upkeep and healthcare of animals in Indian zoos. The Authority monitors zoo management across the country and extends technical as well as financial support when required. Importantly, every zoo in India must secure recognition from the CZA to operate legally. This recognition is granted after evaluating the zoo against prescribed parameters laid down in the Rules.

Central Zoo Authority Establishment

  • The Central Zoo Authority was set up to address several pressing issues, such as the unchecked growth of zoos without proper planning, scientific principles, or financial resources. India needed a dedicated body with the exclusive mandate to oversee and regulate all zoos in the country. 
  • With its establishment, the CZA played a pivotal role in improving zoo standards and facilitating the development of several zoological parks that meet international benchmarks.

Central Zoo Authority Functions

  • Laying down minimum standards for housing, upkeep, and veterinary care of zoo animals.
  • Evaluating and monitoring zoos to ensure compliance with prescribed norms.
  • Granting and withdrawing recognition of zoos based on performance.
  • Identifying endangered species for captive breeding and assigning this responsibility to specific zoos.
  • Coordinating and implementing training programmes for zoo personnel in India and abroad.
  • Promoting research in captive breeding and designing educational initiatives for zoos.
  • Providing technical, scientific, and financial support for better zoo management and development.
  • Undertaking ex-situ research, including biotechnology-based interventions, to complement in-situ conservation efforts.

Central Zoo Authority Achievements

  • The Central Zoo Authority has worked diligently to improve the overall quality of zoos in India.
  • Strong legislation and strict enforcement have enabled it to close down zoos that failed to meet the required standards.
  • These closures were carried out even after providing support, guidance, and opportunities for improvement.
  • The Authority has ensured that all recognized zoos follow minimum standards for animal housing, husbandry, and healthcare.
  • Regular evaluations are conducted to monitor compliance with these standards.
  • Its efforts have strengthened scientific zoo management and enhanced animal welfare across the country.

Central Zoo Authority Issues

  • Although the Central Zoo Authority stresses the importance of zoo education, it has not succeeded in ensuring its widespread implementation.
  • Only a limited number of zoos have set up dedicated ‘Zoo Cells’, which has left India far behind many other countries in this area.
  • Proper zoo record-keeping is vital for maintaining a centralized database, yet this practice remains poorly implemented in India.

Central Zoo Authority Challenges

  • Inadequate Infrastructure - Many zoos still operate with outdated facilities and poor infrastructure, which affects the quality of animal housing and care.
  • Inadequate Training - There is a shortage of well-trained zoo and forest personnel, limiting the effectiveness of conservation and management efforts.
  • Resource Constraints - Insufficient financial resources and irregular funding make it difficult to maintain zoos and carry out conservation programmes.

Compliance Issues - Ensuring that all zoos consistently follow the prescribed standards remains a challenge, especially in remote or poorly managed areas.

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Central Zoo Authority FAQs

Q1: Where is the headquarter of Central Zoo Authority?

Ans: The Central Zoo Authority (CZA) headquarters is in New Delhi, India.

Q2: Who is the chairman of the Central Zoo Authority?

Ans: The Union Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change is the ex-officio Chairman of CZA.

Q3: Is the Central Zoo Authority a statutory body?

Ans: Yes, CZA is a statutory body, established under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

Q4: Which ministry is CZA under?

Ans: It functions under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).

Q5: Who is the largest zoo in India?

Ans: The Arignar Anna Zoological Park (Vandalur Zoo), Chennai is the largest zoo in India.

Regulatory Bodies in India, Types, Duties, Importance, Challenges

September 12, 2025
Regulatory Bodies in India

Regulatory Bodies in India are institutions established by the government to oversee, guide, and control different sectors, ensuring they operate within legal and ethical frameworks. They play a vital role in maintaining transparency, accountability, and fairness. By enforcing regulations and standards, these bodies help prevent misuse, protect public interest, and promote good governance. They also support sustainable growth by monitoring sectoral performance and resolving disputes. This article examines the types of regulatory bodies in India, the challenges they face, and the proposed reforms to enhance their effectiveness.

Regulatory Bodies in India

Regulatory Bodies in India are key institutions set up by the government to oversee, guide, and regulate various sectors, ensuring compliance with laws and ethical standards. In India, they operate across domains such as banking, insurance, healthcare, and education. These bodies maintain order, fairness, and efficiency within critical sectors, acting as safeguards against malpractice. Their functions complement the broader governance framework, promoting transparency, accountability, and public trust in the system.

Types of Regulation in India

  • Economic Regulation: Aims to prevent market failures by controlling monopolistic practices and promoting healthy competition.
  • Environmental Regulation: Seeks to protect the environment in line with constitutional provisions, including Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy, and Fundamental Duties.
  • Regulation in Public Interest: Ensures the welfare of citizens by maintaining the quality, safety, and reliability of goods and services.

Regulatory Bodies in India Types

  • Statutory Independent Regulatory Agencies: These are autonomous bodies created by law to operate independently of government departments. They originated in the USA and have been adopted globally to ensure fairness and protect public interest in liberalized economies. Examples in India include SEBI, TRAI, and RBI.
  • Self-Regulatory Authorities: These institutions regulate themselves through their own rules, within the framework of existing laws. An example is the Press Council of India.

Regulatory Bodies in India Duties

  • Supervise regulated practices and preserve reserved titles or practices.
  • Establish conditions for registration and ensure compliance with laws.
  • Promote professional ethics and address professional misconduct or incompetence.
  • Implement transparent, objective, and impartial disciplinary procedures.
  • Monitor continuing competency programs to enhance practice standards.

Elements of High-Performance Regulator

  • Clarity of Purpose: Clear, conflict-free objectives prevent inefficiency and overlapping mandates.
  • Regulatory Board Composition: Predominantly non-executive members for independent oversight; oversee organizational structure, processes, and budget.
  • Legislative Process: Regulations drafted through structured procedures with public consultations, cost-benefit analyses, and transparent finalization.
  • Executive Process: Licensing and investigations must be fair, equitable, and ensure due process for applicants.
  • Judicial Process: Administrative law departments ensure separation of powers, transparent hearings, reasoned orders, and avenues for appeal.
  • Reporting and Accountability: Publish comprehensive reports focusing on regulatory performance, not external economic conditions.
  • Role of Parent Department: Clearly defined role; support the regulator while maintaining its autonomy.

Regulatory Bodies in India Importance

Regulatory Governance in India Challenges

  • Regulatory Bodies in India often adopt a reactionary approach, which delays timely and effective decision-making.
  • Many of them lack true independence, functioning as extensions of ministries and facing government interference.
  • Overlapping mandates and poor coordination between regulatory bodies create inefficiencies and conflicts.
  • The absence of specialized expertise weakens their ability to make sound decisions and enforce regulations effectively.
  • Financial dependence on government allocations makes them vulnerable to political influence and pressure.
  • In some cases, corruption and nepotism arise due to opaque appointment processes and inadequate auditing.
  • Chronic vacancies and understaffing, along with the posting of non-specialist officers, further reduce their efficiency.

Proposed Reforms for Effective Regulatory Governance

  • Regulatory Bodies in India should conduct regular self-evaluations and publish their findings to promote transparency and informed public debate.
  • Functional and financial autonomy can be strengthened by charging their budgets to the Consolidated Fund of India, reducing reliance on government allocations.
  • A transparent appointment process for regulatory heads is essential to eliminate favoritism and build credibility.
  • Using Regulatory Impact Assessments (RIA) can help weigh the costs and benefits of regulations, improving policy quality.
  • Parliament should periodically review the performance of regulatory bodies and implement reforms through legislative amendments.
  • Providing specialized technical assistance will enhance decision-making and enforcement capacity.
  • Granting quasi-judicial powers to regulatory bodies can streamline dispute resolution and ease the judiciary’s burden.
  • Establishing a “Regulator of Regulators,” as suggested by the Punchhi Commission, can ensure accountability and uniformity.
  • Better interdepartmental coordination will reduce overlapping functions and improve overall efficiency.

Regulatory Bodies in India FAQs

Q1: How many regulatory bodies are there in India?

Ans: India has around 25+ key regulatory bodies across sectors like finance, telecom, education, health, environment, and infrastructure.

Q2: What are regulatory bodies?

Ans: Regulatory bodies are government-established authorities that frame rules, supervise compliance, and ensure fairness, safety, and accountability in specific sectors.

Q3: What are the regulatory bodies in India financial?

Ans: Major financial regulators: RBI, SEBI, IRDAI, PFRDA, NABARD. They oversee banking, stock markets, insurance, pensions, and rural credit.

Q4: What are the statutory regulatory bodies in India?

Ans: Examples: RBI, SEBI, TRAI, UGC, AICTE, NGT, CCI, IRDAI—created by Acts of Parliament with legal powers.

Q5: How many types of regulatory are there?

Ans: Broadly four: Financial, Infrastructure, Education, and Environmental regulators in India, each ensuring sector-specific oversight and governance.

Net Neutrality, Principles, Impacted Stakeholders, Importance

September 12, 2025
Net Neutrality

Net neutrality is the principle that guarantees equal access to all internet content and services, without discrimination by Internet Service Providers (ISPs). It ensures that ISPs cannot block, slow down, or give preferential treatment to certain websites, apps, or platforms. By promoting a free and open internet, net neutrality safeguards digital rights, encourages innovation, and fosters healthy competition. It prevents monopolistic practices by powerful service providers and ensures that both established players and new entrants have an equal chance to reach users.

Net Neutrality

Net Neutrality is the principle of treating all internet traffic equally, without discrimination by intermediary networks on the basis of content, application, service, device, sender, or recipient. In simple terms, it requires networks to remain neutral to the data they transmit, ensuring equal access to online information and services. This principle prevents unfair advantages to large corporations or wealthy users and safeguards smaller websites and startups from being sidelined. The term “Net Neutrality” was first introduced by Columbia Law School professor Tim Wu in his 2003 paper Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination.

Net Neutrality Principles

  • Equal Treatment of Data: All internet traffic must be treated equally, irrespective of content, platform, application, or user.
  • No Blocking: ISPs cannot block access to lawful websites, applications, or services.
  • No Throttling: ISPs are not allowed to slow down or degrade specific websites, apps, or online services.
  • No Paid Prioritization: ISPs cannot create paid “fast lanes” that give preferential speed or access to certain platforms.
  • Transparency: ISPs must openly disclose their network management policies, performance, and service terms to consumers.
  • Non-Discrimination: ISPs must not favor or disadvantage any website, service, or device.

Net Neutrality Impacted Stakeholders

The Net Neutrality Impacted Stakeholders include various groups whose interests, roles, and responsibilities are directly affected by the principle of equal access to the internet. The table below summarises the key stakeholders, highlighting how they benefit from or contribute to maintaining a neutral and open internet ecosystem.

Net Neutrality Impacted Stakeholders
Stakeholder Role / Impact

Consumers

Access content and services freely without extra costs or throttling; violations reduce choices and may increase expenses.

Content Providers

Depend on equal data treatment to reach users; smaller providers risk being disadvantaged if ISPs prioritize paid services.

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

Often seek flexibility for traffic management or premium services; must comply with net neutrality regulations.

Governments & Regulators

Frame and enforce policies to protect competition, innovation, and consumer rights in digital space.

Startups & Small Businesses

Rely on an open internet to compete fairly with larger companies without facing throttling or extra fees.

Advocacy Groups & Civil Society

Campaign for net neutrality to protect freedom of expression, digital equality, and innovation.

Technology Companies

Devices and software depend on neutral networks for optimal performance and user adoption.

Academic & Research Institutions

Require fair and reliable internet access for collaboration, research, and knowledge sharing globally.

Net Neutrality Importance

  • Net Neutrality ensures that everyone has equal access to information and online services, regardless of financial or social status. 
  • It encourages innovation by providing startups and smaller businesses a fair chance to compete with larger companies without paying for prioritization. 
  • By preventing ISPs from blocking or slowing down content, it safeguards free speech and access to diverse viewpoints. 
  • Net Neutrality promotes competition by removing unfair advantages for bigger firms, giving consumers more choices and better services. 
  • It prevents corporate abuse by stopping ISPs from exploiting their control over internet traffic for profit. Users can freely access the content and services they prefer without interference or bias. 

Net Neutrality Regulatory Status

  • Strong Net Neutrality Regulations: India enforces strict rules to ensure equal and open internet access.
  • TRAI Guidelines (2018): Prohibited discriminatory practices like blocking, throttling, and paid prioritization of internet traffic.
  • DoT Approval: Incorporated net neutrality clauses into ISP licensing agreements, making compliance legally binding.
  • Ban on Zero-Rating Services: ISPs cannot offer free access to specific apps/websites, ensuring fair competition.

Exceptions Allowed: Critical services like emergency healthcare or remote surgery may receive prioritized access for public welfare.

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Net Neutrality FAQs

Q1: What do you mean by net neutrality?

Ans: Net neutrality is the principle that all internet traffic should be treated equally, without discrimination, throttling, or paid prioritization.

Q2: Is net neutrality banned in India?

Ans: No, net neutrality is not banned. TRAI and the Department of Telecom uphold it, ensuring open and non-discriminatory internet access.

Q3: Do we have net neutrality?

Ans: Yes, India follows strict net neutrality rules since 2018, prohibiting differential pricing or blocking of internet content and services.

Q4: What is an example of net neutrality?

Ans: An example: All websites and streaming services load at the same speed without ISPs prioritizing one over another.

Q5: What happens if net neutrality is removed?

Ans: Without net neutrality, ISPs could throttle speeds, block services, or charge extra for certain websites, harming free access and digital equality.

Environmental Organisations in India, Biodiversity Loss, Deforestation

September 12, 2025
Environmental Organisations in India

Environmental Organisations in India form the backbone of the country’s conservation and sustainability efforts. They work at multiple levels, governmental, non-governmental, and community-based to address issues like deforestation, biodiversity loss, pollution, and climate change. By shaping policy, raising awareness, and implementing ground-level projects, these organisations bridge the gap between economic development and ecological protection. Their work ensures that environmental concerns remain a priority in governance, scientific research, and social movements, making them indispensable to India’s sustainable development journey.

Environmental Organisations in India Meaning

Environmental Organisations in India are institutions that arise from conservation and environmental movements with the aim of protecting, monitoring, or analysing the environment against misuse, overexploitation, or degradation caused by human activities. These organisations may function as charities, trusts, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), government bodies, or even intergovernmental organisations. Their scope of work can be global, national, regional, or local, depending on their mandate and resources.

They primarily address pressing environmental issues such as pollution, plastic waste, deforestation, resource depletion, climate change, and the challenges posed by rapid population growth. By taking on these issues, environmental organisations not only work toward ecological sustainability but also safeguard human well-being, which is closely linked to a healthy environment.

Environmental Organisations in India

The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm in 1972 marked a turning point in global environmental governance, and India was no exception. Following this landmark event, several environmental organisations were established in the country to strengthen conservation efforts and tackle emerging ecological challenges.

Environmental Organisations in India play a crucial role in addressing issues such as pollution, deforestation, climate change, wildlife conservation, and sustainable resource management. They function at different levels, statutory bodies, autonomous authorities, and specialised missions working together to protect India’s diverse ecosystems.

Some of the prominent environmental organisations in India include:

  • Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) - Works to ensure animal welfare and prevent cruelty to animals.
  • Central Zoo Authority (CZA) - Oversees the functioning and standards of zoos across India.
  • National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) - Regulates access to biological resources and ensures conservation of biodiversity.
  • Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) - Focuses on curbing illegal trade in wildlife and its derivatives.
  • National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) - Dedicated to the rejuvenation and protection of the Ganga River.
  • National Green Tribunal (NGT) - Provides speedy and specialised justice in environmental cases.
  • Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) - Manages funds for afforestation and regeneration of forests.
  • National Afforestation and Eco-Development Board (NAEB) - Promotes afforestation, ecological restoration, and eco-development initiatives.

Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI)

The Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) is a statutory advisory body set up in 1962 under Section 4 of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960. Its establishment was largely due to the efforts of Smt. Rukmini Devi Arundale, a noted humanitarian and animal rights activist, who also served as its first Chairperson.

The AWBI functions under the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) and is one of the most prominent organisations in India working for animal protection. Over the years, it has played a crucial role in:

  • Monitoring the enforcement of animal welfare laws,
  • Advising the government on policy matters related to animal welfare, and
  • Providing financial assistance in the form of grants to Animal Welfare Organisations (AWOs) across the country.

The Board consists of 28 members, each serving a three-year term. Its headquarters is located in Ballabgarh, Haryana. Through its activities, the AWBI continues to promote compassion towards animals and safeguard their welfare while balancing the interests of human development and environmental sustainability.

Central Zoo Authority (CZA)

The Central Zoo Authority (CZA) is a statutory autonomous body functioning under the administrative control of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Government of India. It was established in 1992 under the provisions of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.

The primary objective of the CZA is to enforce minimum standards and norms for the upkeep, healthcare, and overall management of animals in Indian zoos. It ensures that zoos maintain proper living conditions, promote scientific management, and contribute to wildlife conservation and education.

The CZA plays a dual role by both regulating and supporting zoos across the country. While every zoo must obtain recognition from the Authority to operate legally, the CZA also provides technical guidance and financial assistance whenever required. Recognition is granted after evaluation of a zoo based on prescribed parameters under the Rules.

Through these measures, the CZA acts as the nodal authority for improving the conditions of zoos in India, ensuring they evolve into centres for ex-situ conservation, research, and public awareness.

National Biodiversity Authority (NBA)

The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) is a statutory body established under the provisions of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. It came into existence in 2003 and is headquartered in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

The NBA performs facilitative, regulatory, and advisory roles for the Government of India on matters related to the conservation of biological resources, their sustainable use, and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their utilization.

To ensure implementation of the Biodiversity Act at multiple levels, two complementary institutions were also created:

  • State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs): Function at the state level to regulate access and promote conservation.
  • Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs): Established at the local/village level to document and manage biodiversity through People’s Biodiversity Registers.

Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB)

The Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) is a multi-disciplinary statutory body established by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) to address the challenge of organized wildlife crime in India. It was created in 2007 through an amendment to the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 via the Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 2006.

Headquartered in New Delhi, the Bureau operates through five regional offices located in Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai, and Jabalpur.

The WCCB plays a crucial role in:

  • Combating poaching, illegal trade, and smuggling of wildlife and wildlife derivatives.
  • Coordinating with state and national enforcement agencies to strengthen intelligence and operations.
  • Assisting customs and police authorities in tackling transboundary wildlife crimes.

Recognized as one of the most important environmental organizations in India, the WCCB has significantly contributed to the protection of India’s rich biodiversity and endangered species.

National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)

The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) is a flagship initiative of the Government of India aimed at the rejuvenation and pollution abatement of the Ganga River. It was registered as a society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 on August 12, 2011.

The NMCG functions as the operational arm of the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), which was constituted under the Environment Protection Act (EPA), 1986 to address the pressing challenges of pollution in the Ganga.

The key objectives of the Mission are:

  • To reduce pollution and improve the water quality of the river.
  • To ensure the rejuvenation and ecological sustainability of the Ganga basin.
  • To promote effective coordination between central and state governments for integrated river basin management.

The Mission’s operational area extends across the entire Ganga Basin, covering all states through which the river flows Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Delhi.

As a flagship program, the NMCG not only focuses on cleaning the river but also emphasizes public participation, wastewater treatment, industrial pollution control, solid waste management, and biodiversity conservation.

National Green Tribunal (NGT)

The National Green Tribunal (NGT) is a specialized judicial body in India established to adjudicate cases concerning environmental protection, forest conservation, and the sustainable use of natural resources. Set up under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, it provides a dedicated forum for addressing environmental disputes in a speedy and effective manner, thereby reducing the burden on regular courts.

The NGT has the power to hear all civil cases relating to environmental issues that are linked to laws such as the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, the Environment Protection Act, 1986, and the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, among others.

As one of the most important environmental organisations in India, the NGT plays a critical role in balancing development needs with ecological sustainability, ensuring that the right to a clean and healthy environment is upheld as part of the fundamental rights guaranteed under the Constitution.

Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA)

The Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) is a key institution that oversees the management and utilisation of funds collected from compensatory afforestation. This mechanism was created to balance the ecological loss caused by deforestation due to industrial and developmental projects. As one of the major environmental organisations in India, CAMPA ensures that degraded forest lands are restored and new plantations are raised, thereby addressing the environmental damage and supporting long-term conservation goals.

National Afforestation and Eco-Development Board (NAEB)

The National Afforestation and Eco-Development Board (NAEB) was established in 1992 to promote large-scale tree planting, afforestation, ecological restoration, and eco-development initiatives across the country. Its primary focus is on degraded forest lands, areas adjoining forests, and regions surrounding national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and other protected areas. The Board also gives special attention to ecologically fragile zones such as the Western Himalayas, Aravallis, and Western Ghats, aiming to restore ecological balance and enhance biodiversity.

National Afforestation and Eco-Development Board (NAEB) Functions

Some of the key functions of the National Afforestation and Eco-Development Board (NAEB) are:

  • To plan and implement mechanisms for the ecological restoration of degraded forest areas in a systematic and cost-effective manner.
  • To sponsor research and development initiatives aimed at restoring forest cover through natural regeneration, ensuring ecological security while meeting the fuelwood, fodder, and livelihood needs of rural communities.
  • To monitor, coordinate, and oversee activities related to afforestation, tree planting, ecological restoration, and eco-development across the country.
  • To operate the National Afforestation Programme (NAP) as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC).

Environmental Organisations in India Challenges

  • Weak Implementation: While India has strong environmental laws, their enforcement is often hampered by insufficient manpower, corruption, bureaucratic delays, and political interference.
  • Poor Coordination: Overlapping mandates of central and state agencies and weak inter-institutional coordination result in inefficiencies in environmental governance.
  • Low Public Awareness: Limited awareness among citizens about environmental concerns reduces public participation, compliance, and community-driven conservation efforts.
  • Emerging Threats: Issues such as climate change, rapid urbanisation, plastic pollution, and waste management are creating new and complex challenges.
  • Gaps in Data and Monitoring: The lack of reliable data and inadequate monitoring mechanisms undermine effective policy formulation and enforcement.

Development vs Conservation: Balancing the needs of industrialisation, infrastructure growth, and economic development with ecological sustainability continues to be a pressing challenge.

Environmental Organisations in India FAQs

Q1: What are the five organizations which are working for Environment in India?

Ans: CSE, TERI, WWF-India, Greenpeace India, and BNHS actively work for environmental protection, awareness, research, and policy advocacy across India.

Q2: What are the important environmental organisations?

Ans: Important ones include CSE, TERI, Greenpeace India, BNHS, WWF-India, Sanctuary Asia, and Environmentalist Foundation of India.

Q3: What is the name of Environment NGO?

Ans: Examples: Greenpeace India, Environmentalist Foundation of India, Chintan Environmental Research and Action Group, Navdanya, Sanctuary Asia.

Q4: What is the biggest environmental organization?

Ans: The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is considered the largest international environmental organization, with WWF-India as its branch.

Q5: Which is the top 5 NGO in India?

Ans: Top 5: Smile Foundation, Goonj, HelpAge India, CRY (Child Rights and You), and Pratham.

Biomass Energy, Sources, Advantages, Importance, Concerns

September 12, 2025
Biomass Energy

Biomass Energy is a renewable source of power that is created from natural organic materials like plant residues, crop waste and animal manure. It makes use of biological matter to produce electricity, heat and biofuel. As an alternative to fossil fuels, biomass reduces greenhouse gas emissions, improves waste management, and strengthens energy independence. In this article, we are going to cover biomass energy, its role, government initiatives and its advantages. 

Biomass Energy

Biomass Energy means renewable organic matter that is made using plants and animals. It is the energy produced from living or non-living organisms and is an important fuel for cooking and heating. In developed countries, biomass is also used for electricity generation and transportation fuel to cut down the use of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels. 

Biomass Energy Sources 

The sources of Biomass production include: 

  • Wood and Wood Processing Wastes: firewood, pellets, chips, sawdust, and black liquor from paper mills.
  • Agricultural Crops and Residues: corn, sugarcane, soybeans, switchgrass, algae, and other crop wastes.
  • Biogenic Materials in Municipal Solid Waste: paper, food waste, cotton, wool, yard waste, and wood scraps.
  • Animal Manure and Human Sewage.

Biomass Conversion to Energy

Biomass can be turned into energy using different ways like:

  • Direct Combustion (Burning) to Produce Heat
    The most common method is burning biomass to generate heat. This heat can be used for buildings, water heating, industrial processes, or electricity generation through steam turbines.
  • Thermochemical Conversion
    Thermochemical Conversion is the method that produces solid, gaseous, and liquid fuels through processes like pyrolysis and gasification. Biomass is heated in high-pressure vessels called gasifiers, breaking it down into useful fuels.
  • Chemical Conversion
    Processes like trans-esterification convert vegetable oils, fats, and greases into biodiesel, a renewable alternative to diesel fuel.
  • Biological Conversion
    • Fermentation: turns biomass into ethanol, used as a vehicle fuel.
    • Anaerobic digestion: produces renewable natural gas (biogas/biomethane), generated in digesters at sewage plants, landfills, or livestock farms.
  • Anaerobic Digestion or Biomethanation
    Microorganisms break down biodegradable matter without oxygen, producing methane-rich biogas. The process occurs in three stages: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, and methanogenesis.
  • Cogeneration
    Cogeneration produces two forms of energy like always heat and either electricity or mechanical energy from a single fuel source. Unlike conventional power plants that waste low-pressure steam, cogeneration uses it for heating, reaching efficiencies of 75%–90%. This reduces fuel use, costs, and emissions.

Biomass Energy Importance 

The use of Biomass Energy can be extremely helpful in conserving fossil fuels and protecting the environment. Biomass Energy has the following importance: 

  • Renewable Resource: Uses organic waste to ensure long-term sustainability.
  • Carbon Neutral: Recycles carbon already present in the ecosystem, lowering emissions.
  • Energy Diversification: Lessens reliance on fossil fuels.
  • Waste Management: Converts agricultural, industrial, and household waste into energy.
  • Economic Growth: Creates jobs and boosts rural development.
  • Versatility: Generates heat, power, and biofuels for multiple purposes.

Role of Bioenergy in Meeting India’s Energy Demands 

  • Energy Demand: Nearly 25% of India’s primary energy is from biomass, with 70% of rural households relying on it for daily needs. Bioenergy is crucial in meeting rural energy demand.
  • Climate Change Mitigation: Biomass recycles carbon and reduces fossil fuel use, helping cut greenhouse gas emissions.
  • Market Growth: India’s renewable energy market is growing fast, with crops like Jatropha and Neem being explored for biodiesel. Yet, bioenergy is often underrepresented in energy studies.
  • Waste to Energy: Biofuels made from plastic, municipal waste, forestry residues, and crop waste can support India’s 175 GW renewable energy target.
  • Income Generation: Using biofuels can increase farmers’ income and create jobs.
  • Reduce Imports: With 46% of energy needs met through imports, biomass can enhance India’s energy security.

Biomass Energy Government Initiatives

The Government of India has taken up various initiatives to promote the use of Biomass Energy. These initiatives include: 

  • National Policy on Biofuels: Targets 20% blending of biofuels with fossil fuels by 2025.
  • Policy for Biomass and Bagasse Cogeneration: Provides subsidies and incentives for biomass and sugar mills to expand energy production.
  • 10 GW National Target: MNRE set a target of 10 GW biomass power by 2022.
  • Waste to Energy Projects: Energy generation from urban, industrial, and agricultural waste like food waste, residues, and effluents.
  • Fiscal Incentives: 10-year income tax holidays, duty exemptions, and state-level sales tax benefits.
  • National Biomass Repository: A central system to track and support biofuel production.

National Mission on Use of Biomass in Coal-based Thermal Power Plants

The National Mission on Use of Biomass in Coal Based Thermal Power Plants was launched by the Ministry of Power to tackle stubble burning, reduce emissions, and promote clean energy.

The Objectives of this mission include:

  • Raising biomass co-firing in thermal power plants from 5% to higher levels.
  • Supporting R&D in boiler design for high-silica and alkali biomass pellets.
  • Improving supply chains for biomass transport.
  • Addressing regulatory challenges.

Biomass Energy Advantages

The use Biomass Energy has many advantages, that includes: 

  • Renewable: Sourced from naturally replenished materials.
  • Carbon Neutral: Releases only the carbon absorbed during growth.
  • Waste Reduction: Uses different types of waste efficiently.
  • Energy Security: Lowers fossil fuel dependence.
  • Versatile: Provides power, heat, and fuels.
  • Economic Benefits: Creates rural jobs and supports local businesses.
  • Decentralized Production: Generates energy close to consumption points.

Biomass Energy Concerns

Despite the advantages, there are several concerns regarding the use of Biomass. These concerns include: 

  • Land Use: May compete with food production.
  • Air Pollution: Burning biomass can release harmful pollutants.
  • Deforestation: Overharvesting can damage forests.
  • Energy Efficiency: Less efficient compared to some renewables.
  • Carbon Emissions: Processing and transport add emissions.
  • Cost: Infrastructure can be expensive.
  • Biodiversity Impact: Large plantations may affect ecosystems.
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Biomass Energy FAQs

Q1: What is biomass energy?

Ans: Biomass energy is renewable energy derived from organic materials like plants, crops, waste, and manure.

Q2: What are 5 examples of biomass energy?

Ans: Examples include firewood, crop residues, animal manure, municipal solid waste, and biodiesel from vegetable oils.

Q3: What are the uses of biomass?

Ans: Biomass is used for cooking, heating, electricity generation, biofuel production, and waste management.

Q4: How is biomass produced?

Ans: Biomass is produced from plants through photosynthesis and collected from organic wastes, crops, and residues.

Q5: What is National Policy of Biofuels?

Ans: It is India’s policy aiming for 20% biofuel blending with fossil fuels by 2025 to promote clean, renewable energy.

Direct Action Day, Purpose, Impacts, Attlee’s 1947 Declaration

September 12, 2025
Direct Action Day

Direct Action Day is observed on 16 August every year as in 1946 on this day the most violent communal riots took place in Indian History. These riots were triggered by the Muslim League’s demand for a separate homeland of Pakistan and exposing the rift in between the Hindu-Muslim during the times of British India. Clement Attlee’s Declaration on 20 February 1947 put down a timeline for Britain’s withdrawal and admitted the likelihood of partition, hastening the decolonisation process. In this article, we are going to cover Direct Action Day, Attlee’s declaration and its implications. 

Direct Action Day

  • The 1940s witnessed a period of sharp communal polarisation and political instability making it the most unsettled period in Indian History. 16 August 1946, known as the Direct Action Day was the day that saw massive communal violence and created the path of partition. The Direct Action Plan was announced by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of Muslim League. The aim was to push the demand of Pakistan and challenge Congress leadership. 
  • The league urged its members to opt for general strike in order to highlight its complete rejection of a united India and its insistence on a separate nation. The call led to the initiation of riots across Bengal, especially in Calcutta, where the Muslim League Ministry governed the province. The violence had the following impacts: 
    • Death of more than 5,000 people and injuries to thousands. 
    • Destruction of homes, shops and neighbourhoods. 
    • Forced displacement of communities and deeper communal chasm. 
    • The bloodshed spread beyond Calcutta to Bombay, Noakhali, Tipperah, Bihar, and the United Provinces.
    • The magnitude of the riots revealed the inability of the British administration to maintain control and emphasised the urgent need for a decisive political settlement.

Muslim League’s Participation and Tensions

In order to control the riots and the disastrous situation, Viceroy Lord Wavell took measures for a transitional government. He invited Jawaharlal Nehru, the President of Congress to form an Interim government that took charge on 2nd September 1946. Initially, the Muslim League rejected the participation, but later agreed to join on 26 October 1946, after talks with the Viceroy. However, the tension only got worse after the discussions. 

  • The League frequently neglected the decisions and boycotted informal cabinet discussions.
  • The Muslim League and the Congress ministers often clashed, as the League utilised its position to advance its Pakistan demand.
  • Congress pressed the British to either compel the League to cooperate or dissolve the Interim Government entirely.
  • Thus, instead of acting as a bridge, the Interim Government became a battleground of rivalry, reflecting the sharp and growing divide between Congress and the League.

Attlee’s Declaration and the Countdown to Independence 

Due to the worsening crisis, the British Prime Minister Clement Attlee delivered an important statement on 29 February 1947, setting a roadmap for British withdrawal and India’s future. 

Important Points of Attlee’s Declaration

  • Timeline for Transfer of Power: The Britishers fixed 30 June 1948 as the deadline to hand over authority to Indian leadership.
  • Acknowledgement of Partition: Attlee admitted that if no central arrangement was workable, power would be transferred to provincial governments, thus accepting partition as an option.
  • Change of Viceroy: Lord Louis Mountbatten was appointed as the new Viceroy, tasked with executing the withdrawal and ensuring a smooth transition.

Direct Action Day Implications and Attlee’s Declaration

The Direct Action Day that took place in 1946 was a watershed in India’s struggle for freedom, exposing the intensity of communal strife and making a political solution unavoidable. The instability of the Interim Government and Attlee’s declaration also led to the initiation of setting the final stage of independence. These moves managed to secure freedom for India but also led to painful and violent partition of the subcontinent. The Direct Action Day had the following implications: 

  • Widened Communal Divide: Direct Action Day riots and the League’s obstruction in the Interim Government increased mistrust between communities.
  • Momentum for Pakistan: These events made the partition seem unavoidable, strengthening the Muslim League’s case.
  • Speeding Up Decolonisation: Attlee’s declaration signaled the definitive end of British rule, with an explicit timeline and acceptance of partition.
  • As the last Viceroy, Mountbatten presided over the transfer of power and the partition of India. His tenure concluded with the passage of the Indian Independence Act of 1947, which legally created India and Pakistan as independent states.
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Direct Action Day FAQs

Q1: What is the main purpose of Direct Action Day?

Ans: The main purpose of Direct Action Day was to press the Muslim League’s demand for Pakistan through mass protests and strikes.

Q2: Which viceroy celebrated Direct Action Day?

Ans: Direct Action Day occurred during the tenure of Viceroy Lord Wavell.

Q3: Who announced Direct Action Day and when?

Ans: Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League announced Direct Action Day on 16 August 1946.

Q4: When was the first Interim Government established in India?

Ans: The first Interim Government of India was established on 2 September 1946 under Jawaharlal Nehru’s leadership.

Q5: What was Attlee’s Declaration?

Ans: Attlee’s Declaration, announced on 20 February 1947, set 30 June 1948 as the deadline for British withdrawal and acknowledged the possibility of partition.

All India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS) & Situation Assessment Survey

September 12, 2025
All India Debt and Investment Survey

All India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS) & Situation Assessment Survey Latest News

The All India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS) and the Situation Assessment Survey (SAS) of Agricultural Households are scheduled to be conducted from July 2026 to June 2027.  

About All India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS)

  • The AIDIS is one of India’s most significant surveys on household finance.
  • Previous AIDIS Surveys
    • Its origins go back to the All India Rural Credit Survey (1951-52), later expanded to cover both debt and investment in 1961-62.
    • Since then, the NSO has conducted AIDIS roughly once every decade, most recently in the 77th Round (2019) at the request of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
    • The survey provides critical data on household indebtedness and asset ownership across both rural and urban areas.
  • Significance of the Survey: Its findings are instrumental in shaping national accounts, assessing inequality in asset distribution, understanding credit markets, and informing policies of the RBI, MoSPI, and other government institutions.
  • It is conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO), under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).

About Situation Assessment Survey (SAS) of Agricultural Households

  • The SAS of Agricultural Households, first launched in 2003.
  • It is designed to assess the economic conditions of farming communities.
  • It was expanded in 2013 to cover all agricultural households and further strengthened in the 2019 round.
  • It now provides comprehensive insights into the livelihoods of agricultural households.
  • The survey covers Household income and expenditure, Indebtedness and access to credit, Land and livestock ownership, Crop and livestock production, and use of technology and Access to government schemes and crop insurance. Farming practices
  • Significance of Survey: The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, NITI Aayog, researchers, and financial institutions utilise the survey findings to shape policies and programmes aimed at agriculture and rural development. 

Source: PIB

All India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS) & Situation Assessment Survey FAQs

Q1: Where is the headquarter of the National Statistical Office?

Ans: New Delhi

Q2: What are the responsibilities of the NSO?

Ans: The National Statistics Office (NSO) is responsible for collecting, compiling, classifying, producing, publishing and disseminating general-purpose statistics.

National Forest Martyrs Day 2025

September 12, 2025
National Forest Martyrs Day

National Forest Martyrs Day Latest News

Tributes were paid to Forest Department personnel who died while engaged in conservation works during the National Forest Martyrs Day, observed recently.

About National Forest Martyrs Day

  • It is observed annually on September 11th in India to honor the sacrifices of those who have laid down their lives in defense of the country’s forests and wildlife.
  • The day honours protective environmentalists and personnel of the forest who have experienced certain risks in the process of conservation of natural resources.

National Forest Martyrs Day History

  • The day goes back to the memory of the Khejarli Massacre, which took place in 1730 in the Marwar Kingdom. 
  • The then Maharaja Abhai Singh demanded Khejri trees from the Bishnoi village of Khejarli to be cut down to provide timber for his new palace.
  • However, his action was resisted by the Bishnoi community, which has always been very sensitive towards the natural community.
  • Villagers under the leadership of Amrita Devi Bishnoi protested by hugging trees to safeguard them. 
  • Unfortunately, Devi and many other members of the village were slain while defending the trees. 
  • It was estimated that 363 of them died while protesting.
  • Their legacy inspired later conservation movements, including the Chipko Movement, shaping India’s environmental ethos.In recognition of this sacrifice, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change of India declared September 11 as the National Forest Martyrs Day in 2013.

Significance of the National Forest Martyrs Day

  • It is a tribute to all those who defended nature against exploitation, from illegal logging to poaching. 
  • It underscores that forests are not just resources; they are lifelines that regulate the climate, purify air and water, and support biodiversity.
  • The day is marked by memorial services, tree plantation drives, awareness campaigns, and educational events organised by the Ministry of Environment, state forest departments, and schools. 
  • Communities come together to honour martyrs and spread awareness about eco-conscious living.

Source: TH

National Forest Martyrs Day FAQs

Q1: National Forest Martyrs Day is observed every year in India on which date?

Ans: It is observed annually on September 11th.

Q2: The historical roots of National Forest Martyrs Day are linked to which event?

Ans: Khejarli Massacre of 1730

Q3: Who led the villagers of Khejarli in protesting against the felling of Khejri trees in 1730?

Ans: Amrita Devi Bishnoi

Q4: The National Forest Martyrs Day was officially declared in which year by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change?

Ans: 2013

Fast Track Immigration-Trusted Traveller Programme

September 12, 2025
Fast Track Immigration-Trusted Traveller Programme

Fast Track Immigration-Trusted Traveller Programme Latest News

Recently, the Union Home Minister launched the Fast Track Immigration-Trusted Traveller Programme (FTI-TTP) at 5 more airports.

About Fast Track Immigration-Trusted Traveller Programme

  • It is an initiative to speed up the Immigration clearance process for eligible persons from the following categories: Indian Nationals and Foreign Nationals holding OCI Cards.
  • It was first launched at Delhi’s IGI Airport in 2024.
  • Purpose: It has been introduced with the purpose of facilitating international mobility with faster, smoother and secure immigration clearances.

FTI-TTP Enrollment Process

  • The FTI-TTP has been implemented through an online portal, https://ftittp.mha.gov.in.
  • To enroll in this program, applicants must register online on the portal by filling in their details and uploading the required documents.
  • The biometrics of registered applicants are collected at the Foreigners Regional Registration Office (FRRO) or while passing through the airport.
  • Immigration Clearance Process
    • Boarding Pass Scan: Registered travellers scan their boarding pass at the e-gates to retrieve flight details.
    • Passport Scan: The passport is scanned to confirm the traveller’s identity.
    • Biometric Authentication: Biometrics is authenticated at the e-gates.
    • Automated Clearance: Once verified, the e-gate opens, completing the immigration process automatically.
    • Validity of Registration: It is valid until the passport’s expiry or five years, whichever comes first, with an option for renewal.
    • Till now, this facility has been started at 13 airports across the country.
    • Nodal agency: The Bureau of Immigration, under the Ministry of Home Affairs, is the nodal agency responsible for implementing the programme.

Source: TH

Fast Track Immigration-Trusted Traveller Programme FAQs

Q1: What is the fast track immigration trusted traveller program?

Ans: The program aims to facilitate international mobility with faster, smoother and secure immigration clearance.

Q2: How long is the validity of FTI-TTP?

Ans: The program's validity is for five years or until the expiration of the passport, whichever is earlier.

Cyrtodactylus Vanarakshaka

September 12, 2025
Cyrtodactylus Vanarakshaka

Cyrtodactylus Vanarakshaka Latest News

Recently, a new species of bent-toed gecko, recorded from the montane forests of central Assam.

About Cyrtodactylus Vanarakshaka

  • It is a bent-toed gecko belonging to the Cyrtodactylus khasiensis group.
  • It was spotted from the forested slopes of Dima Hasao’s Jatinga, a unique ecological transition zone within the Barail Hills.
  • It has been named after the Assam Forest Department.
  • The word “vanarakshaka,” derived from the Sanskrit words “vana” (forest) and “rakshaka” (protector), refers to the Assam Forest Department.
  • The species is known for high levels of endemism and restricted distributions.
  • This finding has increased the number of Cyrtodactylus species known from Assam to five.     

What is Gecko?

  • These are reptiles and are found on all the continents except Antarctica.
  • These colorful lizards have adapted to habitats from rainforests, to deserts, to cold mountain slopes.
  • These are mostly small, usually nocturnal reptiles.
  • Geckos are spread across six families: Carphodactylidae, Diplodactylidae, Eublepharidae, Gekkonidae, Phyllodactylidae, and Sphaerodactylidae

Source: TH

Cyrtodactylus Vanarakshaka FAQs

Q1: In which state barail hills are located?

Ans: Assam

Q2: What do bent toed geckos eat?

Ans: They will eat snails as a regular source of calcium.

Geothermal Energy, Definition, Types, Sources, Advantages

September 12, 2025
Geothermal Energy

Geothermal Energy is produced by the natural heat that exists inside the Earth due to radioactive decay and residual heat from the Earth’s formation. This heat is captured using two methods- drilling into hot aquifers where hot water and steam is combined into power turbines and generators and secondly by drilling into hot rocks in the Earth’s crust. In this article, we are going to cover geothermal energy, its types, advantages and disadvantages. 

Geothermal Energy 

Geothermal Energy is the form of natural heat that is found inside the Earth's crust and stored in molten rocks called magma. The constant decay of naturally present radioactive materials inside the Earth is the main source of Earth Heat. This produces high amounts of energy that comes to the surface in the form of hot springs, geysers and steam vents. Most geothermal energy sources are present near tectonic plate boundaries and this heat is used both directly for heating and indirectly to generate electricity by passing steam through turbines. 

Geothermal Energy Naturally Occurring Sources 

The sources of Geothermal Energy includes: 

  • Hot Springs: Created when underground water heated by geothermal heat rises to the surface.
  • Lava Fountains: Found in active volcanic areas where magma comes out of the ground.
  • Geysers: Like hot springs, but instead of calm flow, water erupts violently in bursts.
  • Mudpots or Mud Pools: Acidic hot springs with very little water, where rocks break down to form bubbling mud.
  • Hydrothermal Vents: Openings on the seafloor where very hot water escapes and creates clouds of smoke when it meets cold seawater.

Geothermal Energy Different Types

There are two different types of geothermal energy produced: 

Liquid Dominated Reservoirs

This is the most common type of geothermal energy found all over Earth. The heated liquid present in these reservoirs has a temperature ranging between 150°C to 200°C. This liquid present is mostly in the form of water. 

Vapor Dominated Reservoirs

The temperature of the steam stored in the reservoirs ranges from 240°C to 300°C. To avoid any contact with water, the boundaries of these reservoirs are non-permeable. 

Geothermal Energy Electricity Generation

Geothermal energy is used to produce electricity using the following ways: 

  • Deep wells (1–2 km) are drilled into reservoirs to release hot steam or water.
  • In vapor-dominated reservoirs, steam is directly used to run turbines.
  • In liquid-dominated reservoirs, hot water heats another fluid that turns the turbine.
  • After use, fluids are pumped back underground to reheat and be reused, making the system sustainable.

Geothermal Energy in India

Geothermal studies in India began in the 1970s. The Geological Survey of India (GSI) and the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) were responsible for exploring sites. More than 300 locations have been identified and grouped into seven provinces:

  1. The Himalayas (North and Northeast)
  2. Sohana near Delhi
  3. Cambay (Gujarat)
  4. Western Coastal Region
  5. Son-Narmada-Tapi (SONATA) Basin
  6. Mahanadi Basin
  7. Godavari Basin

Most sites are of medium or low potential, with temperatures below 200°C. According to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), India has the potential to produce 10 GW of geothermal power, but no large power plant exists yet.

Geothermal Energy Sites in India  

Here is a list of sites where geothermal activity is being explored for electric power production:

Major Geothermal Sites in India for Electric Power Production
Geothermal Site in India Location

Puga valley 

Ladakh

Chummathang

Ladakh

Cambay

Gujarat

Tattapani

Chattisgarh

Khammam

Telangana

Ratnagiri

Maharashtra

Here is a list of potential Indian Sites that can be used to extract Geothermal Energy:

Major Geothermal Sites in India for Direct Heat Use Application
Geothermal Site in India Location

Rajgir

Bihar

Parvati valley

Himachal Pradesh

Tapoban

Uttarakhand

Sohana

Haryana

Surajkund

Jharkhand

Geothermal Energy Applications

Geothermal Energy can be used in the following ways:

  • Electricity Generation: Large-scale use of Earth’s heated liquid to supply renewable electricity. 
  • Heating Buildings: Heat pumps and direct systems use constant underground temperatures to heat buildings efficiently. 
  • Agriculture: Used for greenhouses, aquaculture, and soil warming. This helps in increasing the growing season and increasing crop yield. 
  • Industrial Work: The stable energy can help in drying wood, farming fish, and paper production. 
  • Balneology: Hot springs and mud pools used for bathing and therapy.
  • Ground Source Heat Pumps: Reduce heating and cooling costs in homes.
  • Snow Melting: Heated pipelines under roads and walkways melt snow.
  • District Heating: One central geothermal system supplies heat to many buildings.

Geothermal Energy Government Initiatives in India 

The Government of India has taken up a number of initiatives to promote the use of Geothermal Energy:

  • Geothermal studies have been supported by the Government of India since the 1970s.
  • India has targeted 500 GW of non-fossil fuel energy by 2030, including geothermal.
  • The aim of the Indian Government is to harness 10 GW of geothermal energy by 2030.
  • In 2021 the ONGC signed a deal with Ladakh to build India’s first geothermal plant at Puga Valley.
  • The NTPC has been working on a 300 MW geothermal project at Tattapani, Chhattisgarh.

Geothermal Energy Environmental Effects

While the use of geothermal energy is clean, there are various environmental effects of this energy on the environment. These include: 

Even though geothermal energy is clean, it can still harm the environment:

  • Plants release gases that may cause acid rain and global warming.
  • Hot water may contain harmful gases and heavy metals.
  • Drilling can disturb the land, causing quakes or landslides.
  • Radioactive gases may also be released during drilling.
Also Check Other Posts
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Geothermal Energy FAQs

Q1: What is meant by geothermal energy?

Ans: Geothermal energy is the heat stored inside the Earth, found in rocks, magma, hot water, and steam.

Q2: How is geothermal energy produced?

Ans: It is produced by drilling into geothermal reservoirs to bring hot water or steam to the surface for heating or electricity generation.

Q3: What are the examples of geothermal energy?

Ans: Examples include hot springs, geysers, lava fountains, mud pools, and hydrothermal vents.

Q4: What are the uses of geothermal energy?

Ans: It is used for electricity generation, heating buildings, agriculture, industrial processes, spas, and snow melting.

Q5: What is the impact of using geothermal energy?

Ans: Geothermal energy is clean and renewable, but drilling can cause groundwater pollution, land subsidence, and minor earthquakes.

Decentralised Finance (DeFi)

September 12, 2025
Decentralised Finance

Decentralised Finance Latest News

There has been heightened concern in recent days about the misuse of Decentralised Finance (DeFi) for illicit activities, notably by terrorist groups seeking to raise finances, build infrastructure, or expand their networks.

About Decentralised Finance

  • DeFi is an emerging financial system using blockchain and cryptocurrencies to enable direct transactions between individuals and businesses. 
  • DeFi platforms use a combination of existing blockchains, stablecoins, software, and hardware.
  • It offers financial products and services enabling saving, investing, lending, remittance, insurance contracts, etc., without the intermediation of traditional financial institutions like banking. 
  • The transactions take place through smart contracts, open protocols, and decentralised applications (D-Apps), allowing direct peer-to-peer transactions without intermediation. 
  • A digital wallet, when integrated with DeFi, serves as a gateway, bypassing the banking network. 
    • Access to the DeFi service does not warrant the opening of an account or identity verification. 
    • A customer can register with a password and create several crypto wallets.
    • Most wallets do not ask for an address, phone number, or email verification, and one can use different DeFi exchanges or DeFi lending and borrowing platforms.
  • This system eliminates intermediaries like banks and other financial service companies. These companies charge businesses and customers for using their services, which are necessary in the current system.
  • By eliminating intermediaries, DeFi aims to reduce costs and speed up processes. 
  • Unlike centralized financial institutions such as banks, exchanges or brokerage firms, DeFi systems provide uncensored access for everyone.
  • In a DeFi system, individual traders can easily store and transfer funds in a digital wallet, which is directly accessible at any time, with no intermediary.
  • Overall, DeFi offers users more control over their money. Financial assets can be transferred or purchased in a matter of seconds or minutes.

Source: DH

Decentralised Finance FAQs

Q1: What is Decentralised Finance (DeFi)?

Ans: DeFi is an emerging financial system using blockchain and cryptocurrencies to enable direct transactions between individuals and businesses.

Q2: Which technology form the backbone of Decentralised Finance (DeFi)?

Ans: Blockchain and cryptocurrencies

Q3: What role does a digital wallet play in DeFi?

Ans: It serves as a gateway to DeFi, bypassing the banking network.

Q4: What financial services can DeFi platforms provide?

Ans: It offers financial products and services enabling saving, investing, lending, remittance, insurance contracts, etc.

Isobutanol

September 12, 2025
Isobutanol

Isobutanol Latest News

The Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) is working to explore the possibility of blending 10% isobutanol with diesel, Union Minister for Transport said recently.

About Isobutanol

  • Isobutanol , also called isobutyl alcohol, is an alcohol with the chemical formula C₄H₁₀O and one of the four isomers of butanol.
  • It is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic odor. 
  • It is only moderately soluble in water.
  • It is very flammable and has a flash point that is only slightly above normal room temperatures. 
  • Its vapors are heavier than air and can spread unnoticed along the ground. 
  • Skin contact, ingestion, and inhalation of isobutanol can be harmful to health. 
  • The compound causes skin irritation and severe eye damage, including loss of vision. 

Isobutanol Applications

  • It is used as a solvent in the flavor, fragrance, pharmaceutical, and pesticide industries and as a chemical manufacturing ingredient for products such as lacquer, paint strippers, paint primer, and craft paints.
  • It is an approved food additive and is also naturally occurring in some foods and many alcoholic beverages. 
  • Isobutanol may also be used as a biofuel because, like ethanol, it can be manufactured from plants. It can be made from ethanol using fermentation processes.
  • It possesses some favorable properties that make it an attractive fuel for internal combustion engines. 
    • For instance, when compared to ethanol, isobutanol features a higher heating value.
    • Isobutanol is less corrosive than ethanol and is much less hygroscopic, which enables it to be transported using the existing fuel infrastructure.
    • Moreover, its addition to gasoline does not distort the fuel blend’s vapor pressure to the same extent as ethanol does. All of this while having a high octane rating.

Source: TH

Isobutanol FAQs

Q1: What is the chemical formula of isobutanol?

Ans: C₄H₁₀O

Q2: What is the physical appearance of isobutanol?

Ans: It is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic odor.

Q3: How soluble is isobutanol in water?

Ans: It is only moderately soluble in water.

Q4: Is isobutanol flammable?

Ans: Isobutanol is very flammable and has a flash point that is only slightly above normal room temperatures.

Q5: Can isobutanol be used as a biofuel?

Ans: Isobutanol may also be used as a biofuel because, like ethanol, it can be manufactured from plants.

Perpetual Bonds

September 12, 2025
Perpetual Bonds

Perpetual Bonds Latest News

Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd (IREDA) recently said it has raised ₹453 crore at 7.70% per annum through its second issue of Perpetual Bonds, a step that strengthens its capital base for financing green energy projects.

About Perpetual Bonds

  • It is a fixed-income security that has no maturity date and theoretically pays interest forever. 
  • The perpetual bond means the issuer is under no obligation to redeem the principal amount at any point. 
  • Also known as "perps" or "consol bonds," these instruments represent a permanent source of capital for the issuer. 
  • It represents one of the purest forms of debt that closely resembles equity in certain aspects. 
  • With these bonds, investors do not receive the principal amount back unless the issuer opts to call the bond.
    • This action involves returning the principal and discontinuing interest payments to bondholders.
    • This call feature provides issuers with the flexibility to refinance if market conditions become favourable. 
    • Most modern perpetual bonds include call provisions that allow issuers to redeem them after a specified period, typically 5 to 10 years from issuance.
  • To compensate for the indefinite tenure and higher risk, perpetual bonds generally offer higher interest rates.
  • If the issuer goes bankrupt, perpetual bondholders get paid after other creditors but before shareholders, placing them in a middle priority tier.
  • Perpetual bonds are highly sensitive to changes in interest rates, which can cause significant fluctuations in their market price.
  • In India, banks are the primary entities that issue perpetual bonds to meet their capital requirements. 
  • Even though perpetual bonds do not provide principal repayment to investors, they can be an attractive investment option for individuals aiming to generate a stable income for a long period of time.
  • From an accounting perspective, perpetual bonds often receive equity-like treatment on balance sheets, making them attractive for organisations looking to strengthen their capital structure without diluting existing shareholders' ownership.

Source: TH

Perpetual Bonds FAQs

Q1: What is a perpetual bond?

Ans: It is a fixed-income security that has no maturity date and theoretically pays interest forever.

Q2: Why do perpetual bonds generally offer higher interest rates?

Ans: To compensate for the indefinite tenure and higher risk, perpetual bonds generally offer higher interest rates.

Q3: In the case of bankruptcy, when are perpetual bondholders repaid?

Ans: If the issuer goes bankrupt, perpetual bondholders get paid after other creditors but before shareholders, placing them in a middle priority tier.

Q4: Which entities primarily issue perpetual bonds in India?

Ans: In India, banks are the primary entities that issue perpetual bonds to meet their capital requirements.

Vultures and Public Health: How Conservation Prevents Future Pandemics

September 12, 2025
Vulture Conservation

Vulture Conservation Latest News

  • Vultures, often overlooked in discussions on pandemic preparedness, play a vital role in South Asia’s public health by acting as nature’s most efficient waste managers, preventing disease spread.

Vultures and Their Role in Pandemic Prevention

  • As India’s National Action Plan for Vulture Conservation (2016–25) ends, the next phase highlights vultures as vital for pandemic preparedness. 
  • By swiftly consuming carcasses, they reduce risks of zoonotic spillover and act as the first line of defence in disease surveillance and carcass management. 
  • However, their role in public health has rarely been formalised. 
  • Communities living alongside vultures remain underutilised partners.
  • Conservation financing has not yet recognised vultures as cost-effective pandemic prevention tools, despite the relatively low investments required compared to the enormous costs of outbreak responses.

India’s Vanishing Vultures and Public Health Risks

  • For centuries, vultures acted as nature’s cleanup crew, preventing the spread of deadly pathogens such as anthrax, botulinum, and rabies. 
  • In the 1980s, carcass dumps swarmed with hundreds of vultures. 
  • India once had over 40 million vultures, but since the 1990s, numbers have plummeted by more than 95%, mainly due to the veterinary drug diclofenac. 
  • This decline is not just ecological — it poses a growing public health challenge by tying biodiversity loss to future pandemic risks.

Central Asian Flyway and Regional Linkages

  • India’s vultures are part of the Central Asian Flyway (CAF), a vast migratory corridor connecting breeding grounds in Central Asia with wintering areas across South Asia. 
  • Spanning more than 30 countries, the CAF is used by millions of migratory birds, including raptors like vultures. 
  • As these birds move, they link ecosystems and disease risks across borders. 
  • Poorly managed landfills, carcass dumps, or stopover sites can quickly become hotspots for pathogen spillover. 
  • Thus, the CAF represents not just a biodiversity corridor but also a public health corridor, making regional cooperation crucial.

Conservation Challenges

  • Despite this importance, conservation efforts remain fragmented and underfunded. 
  • Vulture protection is rarely integrated into One Health strategies, which link human, animal, and environmental health. 
  • Infrastructure threats like electrocution from power lines and continued poisoning from toxic veterinary drugs remain largely unaddressed. 
  • Without stronger investment and policy alignment, regional ambitions to safeguard vultures — and in turn, human health — face major roadblocks.

Protecting India’s Vultures Through a Post-2025 Strategy

  • India’s post-2025 vulture strategy could focus on five key pillars: 
    • nationwide satellite telemetry to track habitats and hotspots; 
    • a Decision Support System integrating wildlife, livestock, and health data; 
    • stronger cross-sector coordination under the One Health framework; 
    • transboundary collaboration through the Central Asian Flyway with global health commitments; and 
    • community stewardship that empowers women, youth, and local groups in surveillance and awareness. 
  • Together, these measures would conserve vultures as keystone species, strengthen public health systems, reduce pandemic risks, and align with WHO’s regional roadmap for health security. 
  • This approach shifts conservation from recovery to resilience, making India a leader in biodiversity-linked health security.

India’s Opportunities in Linking Vulture Conservation with Health Security

  • India has a unique chance to show how biodiversity conservation can also serve as pandemic prevention. 
  • By integrating surveillance across human, animal, and environmental health, and cutting detection-to-response time, systemic resilience can be built at modest cost compared to outbreak losses. 
  • With its significant share of Central Asian Flyway vulture species like Himalayan griffon, cinereous, and Eurasian griffon, India can scale telemetry, use Decision Support Systems, and embed vulture protection in One Health strategies. 
  • This model could inspire regional and global adoption, reminding us that safeguarding vultures not only protects ecosystems but also strengthens public health security.

Source: TH | ToI | WA

Vulture Conservation FAQs

Q1: How do vultures help prevent pandemics?

Ans: By consuming carcasses quickly, vultures block pathogens from spreading, reducing risks of zoonotic spillover and supporting disease surveillance at carcass sites.

Q2: Why has India’s vulture population declined?

Ans: Since the 1990s, vulture numbers have fallen over 95%, mainly due to the veterinary drug diclofenac, creating ecological and public health challenges.

Q3: What is the Central Asian Flyway (CAF)?

Ans: A migratory corridor spanning 30+ countries, linking ecosystems and disease risks. Vultures moving along CAF make it a biodiversity and health corridor.

Q4: What are the main conservation challenges?

Ans: Conservation is underfunded and fragmented, with infrastructure risks like power line electrocution and poisoning from veterinary drugs remaining unaddressed.

Q5: What should India’s post-2025 vulture strategy focus on?

Ans: It should include satellite telemetry, Decision Support Systems, One Health integration, regional collaboration, and community stewardship for long-term resilience.

India-Pak Ties and the Indus Waters Treaty: History, Insecurity, and the Road Ahead

September 12, 2025
Indus Waters Treaty

Indus Waters Treaty Latest News

  • India, after calling for a review and renegotiation of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), suspended the 65-year-old agreement following the April Pahalgam terror attack. 
  • Water sharing is now poised to become as contentious as terrorism and Kashmir in bilateral ties. Much debate on the issue has been emotional rather than fact-based.

Divergent Perspectives on the Indus Waters Treaty

  • The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) gave Pakistan 80% of the Indus system’s waters, a decision that has sparked criticism in India. 
  • As per some experts, this allocation was not based on volume but on geography, terrain, and natural flow. 
  • For India, the then PM Nehru saw the Treaty as a magnanimous step toward peaceful coexistence, even calling it a “purchased peace.” 
  • However, critics, including External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar, view it as appeasement. 
  • Pakistan, meanwhile, recognized the leverage of an upper riparian state but has never celebrated the 80:20 distribution. 
  • Its leaders avoided claiming victory, knowing it could weaken their narrative of victimhood. 
  • Over time, both nations have remained dissatisfied with the Treaty, albeit for different reasons.

Pakistan’s Insecurity Over Indus Waters

  • While the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) gave India rights over the eastern rivers and limited use of the western rivers, Pakistan has consistently used the Treaty’s dispute mechanisms to delay Indian projects in J&K. 
  • This reflects not a need for more water, but Pakistan’s deep insecurity about India’s control over river flows. 
  • Its fear is that India could disrupt these flows, on which Pakistan is heavily dependent. 
  • Experts argue that this insecurity ties directly to Pakistan’s Kashmir agenda, where control of rivers is central. 
  • Indeed, soon after the Treaty’s signing, General Ayub Khan openly linked Kashmir’s annexation to Pakistan’s water security concerns.

Why the Indus Waters Treaty Endured

  • The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) has withstood four wars, terrorism, and decades of hostility, often hailed as a model of cross-border water governance. 
  • Its survival is credited largely to India, which, as the upper riparian, bears the main responsibility — ensuring minimum flows and sharing timely data with Pakistan. 
  • This upstream role directly impacts Pakistan, while Pakistan’s actions have no effect upstream. 
  • Analysts note that had Pakistan been the upper riparian, the Treaty might not have endured. 
  • Even as the lower riparian, Pakistan has exploited Treaty provisions to stall India’s legitimate projects in J&K.

The Future of the Indus Waters Treaty

  • Pakistan recognises it already enjoys the most favourable terms under the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) and will resist any renegotiation. 
  • Fearing bilateral renegotiation with India, Pakistani experts suggest involving China and Afghanistan in the Indus Waters Treaty talks.
    • About 8% of the Indus basin is in China and 6% in Afghanistan.
  • India, however, insists that revisions must remain bilateral, excluding third parties like the World Bank. 
  • Freed from strict adherence to Treaty provisions, India now prioritises completing water projects in J&K, aiming to fully utilise its rights over western rivers without disrupting flows. 
  • While India may still share some flow and weather data, the suspension of Permanent Indus Commissioner meetings reduces structured exchanges. 
  • By leveraging its upper riparian advantage, India signals it is ready to pressure Pakistan into rethinking its stance on cross-border terrorism and water disputes.

Source: IE

Indus Waters Treaty FAQs

Q1: What is the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT

Ans: The IWT is a 1960 water-sharing agreement, giving Pakistan 80% of the Indus system’s waters while India retained rights over eastern rivers.

Q2: Why has the IWT faced criticism in India?

Ans: Many believe India conceded too much, as 80% of the waters flow to Pakistan. Nehru called it “purchased peace,” while critics call it appeasement.

Q3: Why does Pakistan feel insecure despite favorable terms?

Ans: Pakistan fears India could disrupt river flows critical to its survival, linking water concerns to its long-standing Kashmir ambitions.

Q4: Why has the IWT endured decades of hostility?

Ans: Its survival is credited to India, the upper riparian, ensuring flows and data-sharing. Pakistan exploited provisions to stall India’s J&K projects.

Q5: What is the future of the IWT?

Ans: India seeks bilateral renegotiation and greater use of western rivers, while Pakistan resists and suggests involving China and Afghanistan in talks.

Govt Exploring Isobutanol Blending with Diesel

September 12, 2025
Isobutanol Blending

Isobutanol Blending Latest News

  • The government is exploring isobutanol blending with diesel after ethanol blending trials failed, with ARAI conducting tests to ensure compatibility and support farmer incomes.

Introduction

  • India’s biofuel sector is witnessing a shift in its approach as the government explores alternatives to ethanol blending with diesel. 
  • Union Minister for Road Transport and Highways, Nitin Gadkari, recently announced that the Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) is conducting trials to blend 10% isobutanol with diesel. 
  • This development comes after ethanol-diesel blending trials were found to be unsuccessful. 
  • The move signals India’s determination to diversify its energy mix, enhance farmer incomes, and reduce reliance on conventional fossil fuels.

Background on Ethanol Blending

  • Ethanol blending has been one of the cornerstone policies in India’s biofuel roadmap. 
  • While ethanol blending in petrol has been relatively successful, reaching 20% ahead of schedule, it has faced technical challenges when used with diesel. 
  • Ethanol’s corrosive nature and compatibility issues with diesel engines limited its large-scale adoption in this segment.
  • Despite these hurdles, ethanol blending has benefited farmers significantly. 
  • With corn being used as a major raw material for ethanol production, farmers have earned over Rs. 42,000 crore. 
  • The prices of corn have risen from Rs. 1,200 per quintal to Rs. 2,600-2,800 per quintal since the implementation of the policy, strengthening rural incomes.

Exploring Isobutanol as an Alternative

  • Isobutanol, an alcoholic compound widely used as a solvent in industries like paints and coatings, is now being evaluated as a potential biofuel. 
  • Currently, trials are underway to test a 10% blend of isobutanol with diesel. 
    • Unlike ethanol, isobutanol has properties that may make it more compatible with diesel engines. 
    • It also holds promise as a standalone biofuel or in combination with compressed natural gas (CNG) in agricultural machinery and tractors.
  • This shift highlights the government’s commitment to innovation in the biofuel sector. 
  • By diversifying fuel sources, India aims to reduce import dependence, support energy security, and encourage sustainable farming practices.

Policy Push for Farmers and the Sugar Industry

  • Union Minister for Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution, Pralhad Joshi, emphasised the government’s efforts to safeguard farmer interests while ensuring the viability of sugar mills. 
  • Measures like clearing over 96% of payments for the current sugar season and reducing cane dues to record lows were highlighted.
  • He further encouraged ethanol producers to increase output for both domestic use and exports. 
  • He urged the industry to adopt advanced technologies, diversify into second and third-generation ethanol using bamboo and agricultural residues, and expand distilleries for higher production.

Industry Concerns and Recommendations

  • At the India Sugar and Bio-Energy Manufacturers Association (ISMA) conclave, industry representatives highlighted key challenges. 
  • The President of ISMA urged the government to align the fair and remunerative price (FRP) of sugarcane with rising procurement costs and revise the minimum support price (MSP), which has remained unchanged since 2019.
  • He also advocated for increasing the permissible sugar export quota by 2 million tonnes for the 2025-26 season. This, he argued, would help mills secure better prices and expand their market reach.

Growth in Sugar and Ethanol Production

  • India’s sugarcane production has risen by 40% over the last decade, with sugar output increasing by 58%. 
  • According to preliminary ISMA estimates, gross sugar production is expected to grow by 20% year-on-year, reaching 34.9 million tonnes in the current season. 
  • This growth underscores the importance of integrating the sugar sector with India’s energy policies to ensure better utilisation of resources and farmer benefits.

Source: TH

Isobutanol Blending FAQs

Q1: Why is India exploring isobutanol blending with diesel?

Ans: Ethanol blending with diesel faced technical challenges, prompting trials with isobutanol as a more compatible alternative.

Q2: How will isobutanol blending benefit farmers?

Ans: It will diversify biofuel demand, creating new markets for crops like corn and sugarcane, thereby raising farmer incomes.

Q3: What did Nitin Gadkari announce regarding biofuels?

Ans: He confirmed ARAI is testing a 10% isobutanol-diesel blend and exploring its standalone use and CNG mix for tractors.

Q4: How has ethanol blending impacted the sugar and corn sectors?

Ans: It boosted farmer earnings, raised corn prices significantly, and improved the financial health of sugar mills.

Q5: What are ISMA’s key demands from the government?

Ans: ISMA seeks revision of sugarcane FRP, higher export quotas, and better alignment of pricing policies to sustain industry growth.

India–Mauritius Ties – From Partnership to Family

September 12, 2025
India–Mauritius Ties

India-Mauritius Ties Latest News

  • India announced a special economic package worth $680 million for Mauritius, combining infrastructure, healthcare, defence preparedness, and maritime security. 
  • The announcement came after a bilateral meeting between the Prime Minister (PM) of India and Mauritius PM Navinchandra Ramgoolam in Varanasi, further strengthening India-Mauritius ties.

Key Developments in the India-Mauritius Ties

Significance of These Developments in the India-Mauritius Ties

  • Soft power diplomacy:
  • Academic collaborations: IIT Madras and Indian Institute of Plantation Management signed agreements with University of Mauritius.
  • Mission Karmayogi training modules: To be launched in Mauritius for civil service capacity building.
  • Healthcare: 500-bed Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam National Hospital, AYUSH Centre of Excellence, Veterinary School and Animal Hospital. First Jan Aushadhi Kendra outside India inaugurated in Mauritius.
  • Financial connectivity: Building on last year’s launch of UPI and RuPay services in Mauritius. Both nations to work towards trade in local currencies.
  • Strategic and maritime security dimension:
    • Hydrography agreement: Joint surveys, navigation charts, and hydrographic data collection for Mauritius’ Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) over the next five years.
    • Maritime domain awareness in the Indian Ocean: India to assist Mauritius in maritime surveillance, resource exploitation, and capacity building.
    • Chagos archipelago significance: Agreements for development and surveillance of the Chagos Marine Protected Area and expanded EEZ after sovereignty treaty with the UK.
  • Geopolitical significance:
    • India backed Mauritius’ sovereignty over Chagos, aligning with its anti-colonial stance.
    • The UK retains Diego Garcia for US-UK military operations, but India’s role ensures strategic leverage in the Indian Ocean.
    • Symbolic and cultural aspects:
    • From partnership to family: The Indian PM emphasised that India and Mauritius are “not just partners but a family”.
    • Historical linkages: Indian culture and traditions became part of Mauritian daily life centuries ago.
    • Symbolic spiritual connect: The Mauritius PM witnessed the Ganga Aarti, and he is scheduled to offer prayers at Shri Kashi Vishwanath Dham before leaving for Ayodhya.

Broader Strategic Context

  • Mauritius views India as a preferred partner for safeguarding maritime interests, reaffirming its position as a -
    • Net security provider in the Indian Ocean.
  • Champion of South-South cooperation.
  • Supports the vision of a free, open, secure, stable, and prosperous Indo-Pacific.
  • Reinforces India’s influence amidst rising China’s presence in the region.

India-Mauritius Ties and Emerging Contours in the Region

  • India as a first responder: As Mauritius is one of the closest African nations to India, India has consistently supported Mauritius during crises, including the Covid-19 pandemic, the Wakashio oil spill in 2020, etc.
  • Economic ties:
    • Mauritius is a major economic partner, ranking as the second-largest source of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in India after Singapore. 
    • The two countries signed the Comprehensive Economic Cooperation and Partnership Agreement in 2021, India’s first trade deal with an African nation. 
  • Development assistance: India has provided nearly $1.1 billion in development assistance to Mauritius over the last decade, including $729 million in lines of credit and $427 million in grants. 
  • Diaspora: Around 70% of the island's 1.3 million residents are of Indian descent. 
  • Emerging geopolitical contours in the western Indian Ocean: 
    • China, Russia, Iran, Turkey, and Gulf nations are increasing their presence in the region.
    • Europe is seeking to reassert influence in the Indian Ocean.
    • Mauritius has balanced its global partnerships while maintaining strategic autonomy.

Conclusion

  • India’s package for Mauritius marks a blend of hard (maritime security cooperation) and soft power (development diplomacy) diplomacy.
  • Strengthening Mauritius’ EEZ surveillance will not only secure its resources but also expand India’s strategic reach in the Indian Ocean.
  • With the Chagos Agreement strengthening Mauritius’ sovereignty, India stands to gain a trusted ally in a geopolitically sensitive region.
  • The partnership reinforces India’s  Neighbourhood First and Vision Mahasagar, while advancing its role as a key maritime power in the Indo-Pacific.

Source: TH | ToI | IE

India–Mauritius Ties FAQs

Q1: What is the Special Economic Package announced by India for Mauritius?

Ans: The package blends infrastructure, healthcare, and maritime security assistance, positioning India as Mauritius’ trusted development partner.

Q2: What does India’s support for Mauritius’ sovereignty over the Chagos Archipelago signifies?

Ans: India’s backing strengthens decolonisation, expands Mauritius’ EEZ, and enhances India’s influence in the Indian Ocean.

Q3: What role does India aim to play in strengthening Mauritius’ Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and maritime security?

Ans: India provides hydrography cooperation, surveillance, and capacity-building to secure Mauritius’ EEZ against illegal fishing, drug trafficking, and strategic threats.

Q4: What are the India-Mauritius collaborations in education, science, and digital finance?

Ans: Partnerships with IIT Madras, Mission Karmayogi modules, and UPI–RuPay integration expand cooperation beyond aid into innovation, capacity-building, and financial connectivity.

Q5: What does the statement “India and Mauritius are not just partners but a family” signifies?

Ans: The partnership is rooted in shared history, cultural ties, and development cooperation.

Biodiversity Heritage Site

September 12, 2025
Biodiversity Heritage Site

Biodiversity Heritage Sites Latest News

The government recently declared 8.6 acres of green cover at Cantonment Railway Colony as a biodiversity heritage site — the second in Bengaluru after Gandhi Krishi Vigyan Kendra (GKVK).

About Biodiversity Heritage Sites

  • BHS are rich biodiversity areas and are important components of local ecosystems which are being conserved and managed by the society.
  • BHS are unique ecosystems having rich biodiversity comprising any one or more of the following components:
    • Richness of wild as well as domesticated species or intra-specific categories.
    • High endemism.
    • Presence of rare and threatened species, keystone species, and species of evolutionary significance.
    • Wild ancestors of domestic/cultivated species or their varieties.
    • Past pre-eminence of biological components represented by fossil beds and having significant cultural, ethical or aesthetic values and are important for the maintenance of cultural diversity, with or without a long history of human association with them.
  • They may spread over terrestrial, aquatic, coastal and inland and marine ecosystems having rich biodiversity. 
  • Under Section-37 of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, the State Government, in consultation with local bodies, may notify areas of biodiversity importance as BHS.
  • State Governments are empowered to frame schemes for compensating or rehabilitating any person or section of people economically affected by such notification.
  • The State Government, in consultation with the Central Government, may frame rules for the management and conservation of BHS.
  • The creation of BHS may not put any restriction on the prevailing practices and usages of the local communities other than those voluntarily decided by them. 
  • The purpose of declaring BHS is to enhance the quality of life of the local communities through the conservation of such sites.
  • In 2007, the Nallur Tamarind Grove in Bengaluru, Karnataka, was designated as India’s first BHS.

Source: TOI

Biodiversity Heritage Sites FAQs

Q1: Under which Act are Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS) notified in India?

Ans: Biological Diversity Act, 2002

Q2: Who has the power to notify areas as Biodiversity Heritage Sites?

Ans: State Government in consultation with local bodies

Q3: Which institution or authority may frame rules for the management and conservation of Biodiversity Heritage Sites?

Ans: The State Government, in consultation with the Central Government, may frame rules for the management and conservation of BHS.

Daily Editorial Analysis 12 September 2025

September 12, 2025
Daily Editorial Analysis

A Project of a Strategic and National Importance 

 Context

  • The Great Nicobar Island Project, spearheaded by the Narendra Modi government, is an ambitious undertaking that seeks to transform the island into a strategic hub of maritime and air connectivity in the Indian Ocean Region.
  • The plan envisions an International Container Transhipment Terminal (ICTT) with a capacity of 14.2 million TEUs, a greenfield international airport, a 450 MVA gas and solar-based power plant, and a 16,610-hectare township.
  • While the project is promoted as a model of balanced development, promising infrastructure growth, employment opportunities, and enhanced defence capabilities, it also raises questions concerning ecological sustainability, tribal rights, and long-term social implications.

Strategic and Economic Significance

  • The location of Great Nicobar at the mouth of the Malacca Strait makes it vital for India’s strategic interests.
  • A modern transhipment hub will allow India to compete with existing global shipping centres and reduce dependence on foreign ports.
  • Likewise, the airport and power facilities will strengthen connectivity and support both civilian and military operations in a region of increasing geopolitical competition.
  • The project, therefore, is positioned not merely as an economic catalyst but as a cornerstone of India’s national security and maritime policy.

Environmental Scrutiny and Mitigation

  • Given the island’s rich biodiversity and fragile ecosystem, environmental safeguards have been emphasised in project documentation.
  • Detailed Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Management Plans (EMP) were prepared, supported by inputs from reputed research organisations such as the Zoological Survey of India, the Botanical Survey of India, SACON, and the Wildlife Institute of India. Mitigation strategies include:
  • Allocation of over ₹81 crore to conservation initiatives even before construction.
  • A disaster management framework addressing both natural and anthropogenic risks.
  • Retention of green zones and creation of wildlife corridors to safeguard arboreal and marine species.
  • Compensatory afforestation in Haryana, in line with the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, since over 75% of the Union Territory is already under forest cover.
  • Nonetheless, the environmental trade-offs remain significant.
  • Over 65 lakh trees could be affected across 130.75 sq. km of forest land, raising concerns about long-term ecological damage despite mitigation plans.

Tribal Rights and Welfare Provisions

  • The project’s most contentious dimension concerns its implications for the Nicobarese and Shompen tribes, both classified as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).
  • Official assurances claim that the project will not displace tribal populations, as the only inhabited areas, such as New Chingen and Rajiv Nagar, will remain untouched.
  • Measures to safeguard tribal rights include:
  • Consultations with the Anthropological Survey of India, the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, and the Andaman Adim Janjati Vikas Samiti (AAJVS).
  • Compliance with the Shompen Policy (2015) and the Jarawa Policy (2004), which mandate prioritisation of tribal welfare in development decisions.
  • De-notification of 07 sq. km of Tribal Reserve land for the project, offset by re-notification of 76.98 sq. km, resulting in a marginal net increase of protected tribal land.
  • Formation of committees to monitor tribal welfare during project execution.
  • While these provisions suggest sensitivity to tribal concerns, the displacement of traditional land, even with compensatory reallocation, invites scrutiny.
  • Land is not only an economic resource but also a cultural and spiritual anchor for indigenous communities.
  • Critics may argue that bureaucratic assurances cannot fully capture the long-term social and cultural disruption such projects can trigger.

Challenges and the Way Forward: Balancing Development with Ecology and Identity

  • The government frames the Great Nicobar Project as a synthesis of economy and ecology, promoting growth while safeguarding environment and culture.
  • Its phased execution, stretching to 2047, demonstrates long-term vision. By limiting the footprint to just 2% of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands’ total area, proponents argue that the project balances ecological and strategic needs.
  • However, balancing growth with sustainability is complex.
  • Development-driven deforestation, compensatory afforestation outside the islands, and potential disruptions to tribal ways of life raise fundamental questions about whether modernisation can truly coexist with ecological conservation and indigenous protection.

Conclusion

  • The Great Nicobar Island Project embodies India’s attempt to align its strategic imperatives with developmental goals while maintaining a veneer of environmental and tribal sensitivity.
  • On paper, the project incorporates safeguards, consultations, and compensatory measures.
  • Yet, the real test will lie in its execution, whether commitments to ecology and tribal welfare are honoured not just formally but substantively.
  • Ultimately, the project reflects the broader dilemma faced by developing nations: the pursuit of rapid economic and strategic advancement while upholding principles of sustainability and cultural integrity.

A Project of a Strategic and National Importance FAQs

Q1. What is the main objective of the Great Nicobar Island Project?
Ans. The project aims to transform Great Nicobar into a strategic hub of maritime and air connectivity in the Indian Ocean Region.

Q2. How does the project address environmental concerns?
Ans. The project includes Environmental Impact Assessments, wildlife corridors, compensatory afforestation, and the retention of green zones to minimise ecological damage.

Q3. What measures are proposed to safeguard tribal communities?
Ans. The government has consulted tribal welfare bodies, ensured no direct displacement, and re-notified tribal reserve land to compensate for de-notified areas.

Q4. Why is the project considered strategically important for India?
Ans. Its location near the Malacca Strait makes it crucial for national security, defence, and control over international shipping routes.

Q5. What dilemma does the project highlight for developing nations?
Ans. It highlights the challenge of balancing economic growth and strategic needs with ecological conservation and tribal welfare.

 Source: The Hindu

A 'Health Check' For the New GST Health-Care Reforms

Context:

  • India’s latest GST reforms are a major step toward universal health coverage. By restructuring healthcare taxation, the government aims to make medical care more affordable and accessible.
  • The changes are expected to particularly benefit those struggling with high treatment costs and essential health products, easing the financial burden and improving access to services for millions.
  • This article highlights India’s newly announced GST reforms in healthcare, which aim to make medical care more affordable by reducing insurance costs, cutting taxes on medicines and equipment, and supporting preventive health services.

Sectoral Changes in GST for Healthcare and Insurance

  • One of the most significant reforms is the complete removal of GST on individual health and life insurance premiums.
  • Earlier, families paying ₹50,000 annually for health insurance had to bear an additional ₹9,000 as GST, making coverage costlier.
  • From September 22, 2025, this extra burden is removed, reducing costs by 18%.
  • The exemption applies to all categories of life insurance — including term, ULIP, and endowment policies — as well as health insurance plans such as family floaters and senior citizen policies.
  • Even reinsurance premiums are covered, meaning the entire insurance chain benefits.
  • This measure supports India’s broader policy goal of expanding insurance coverage, which currently stands at only 7% of GDP, well below the global average of 6.8%.
  • However, the real impact for consumers will depend on whether insurers pass on the full benefit.
  • Without strict monitoring, there is a risk that some of these savings may be retained by companies rather than reaching policyholders.

GST Rules for Hospital Rooms

  • The treatment of hospital room charges under GST remains largely unchanged. Rooms priced below ₹5,000 per day continue to be exempt from GST, offering relief to middle- and lower-income families.
  • Non-ICU rooms costing above ₹5,000 per day still attract a 5% GST, but without input tax credit.
  • On the other hand, all critical care units — ICU, CCU, ICCU, and NICU — remain fully exempt from GST, regardless of the room tariff.
  • This ensures that lifesaving and emergency medical care remains tax-free, while only premium accommodation choices during in-patient care attract tax.

Core Medical Services Untouched

  • Beyond insurance and room charges, the core medical services offered by hospitals, doctors, and paramedics remain exempt from GST.
  • This means that consultation fees, surgeries, and treatments themselves continue to be outside the tax net, ensuring that the essential act of receiving medical care does not get costlier for patients.

Business Impact of GST Cuts on Healthcare and Wellness

  • Cheaper Medicines and Medical Devices
    • The recent GST reforms have lowered costs for health product manufacturers and service providers.
    • Most medicines are now taxed at 5%, while life-saving drugs are zero-rated.
    • Medical devices and diagnostics also fall under a uniform 5% slab, down from earlier higher rates.
    • For instance, CT scan machines are now taxed at 5% instead of 18%, reducing hospital capital costs and potentially lowering patient charges.
  • Affordable Diagnostics and Services
    • Laboratories themselves remain GST-exempt on services, but inputs like kits, reagents, and equipment are taxed less.
    • This should reduce procurement costs and may make blood tests, X-rays, MRIs, and other diagnostics cheaper if labs pass on the savings.
    • Pharmacies and small clinics also benefit from simplified tax structures and stronger competitiveness, while hospitals can negotiate better terms with insurers and corporate clients.
  • Push for Preventive Health
    • The reforms go beyond treatment to encourage preventive health.
    • GST on gyms, yoga centres, fitness studios, salons, and wellness services has dropped from 18% to 5%, making healthy lifestyle choices more affordable.
  • Sin Goods and Sugary Drinks
    • While healthy living gets a boost, harmful products face stricter taxation.
    • Cigarettes continue to attract 28% GST plus cess, leading to an effective tax of 52%–88%.
    • Sugary beverages — aerated, sweetened, or flavoured — have been moved to a new 40% slab, up from 28% plus cess, discouraging consumption and raising revenue for public health.

GST Reforms in Perspective

  • The new GST reforms aim to align India’s healthcare system with the 2047 Viksit Bharat vision by easing financial barriers across the health-care chain.
  • Removal of GST on insurance, lower taxes on medicines and equipment, and reduced rates for preventive services create a more accessible and affordable framework.
  • However, the real measure of success will lie in outcomes: whether
    • more people can access treatment;
    • preventive services become routine;
    • consumer trust in healthcare strengthens;
    • misuse of antibiotics is curbed, and
    • ultimately, whether these changes save more lives.

A 'Health Check' For the New GST Health-Care Reforms FAQs

Q1. What is the most significant change in the GST reforms for healthcare?

Ans. The complete removal of GST on individual health and life insurance premiums, making coverage 18% cheaper and directly reducing financial burdens for households.

Q2. How do the GST reforms affect hospital room charges?

Ans. Rooms below ₹5,000 remain exempt, ICU and critical care units stay tax-free, while non-ICU rooms above ₹5,000 attract 5% GST without credit.

Q3. What benefits do medical devices and diagnostics receive under the reforms?

Ans. They are now taxed at a uniform 5% rate, lowering procurement costs for hospitals and potentially reducing patient charges for advanced diagnostics and treatments.

Q4. How do the reforms promote preventive healthcare and wellness?

Ans. GST on gyms, yoga centres, salons, and wellness services has been reduced from 18% to 5%, making preventive health and fitness more affordable.

Q5. What will determine the long-term success of these GST reforms?

Ans. Their effectiveness will depend on increased access to treatment, routine preventive care, reduced misuse of medicines, improved consumer trust, and measurable lives saved.

Source: TH

Daily Editorial Analysis 12 September 2025 FAQs

Q1: What is editorial analysis?

Ans: Editorial analysis is the critical examination and interpretation of newspaper editorials to extract key insights, arguments, and perspectives relevant to UPSC preparation.

Q2: What is an editorial analyst?

Ans: An editorial analyst is someone who studies and breaks down editorials to highlight their relevance, structure, and usefulness for competitive exams like the UPSC.

Q3: What is an editorial for UPSC?

Ans: For UPSC, an editorial refers to opinion-based articles in reputed newspapers that provide analysis on current affairs, governance, policy, and socio-economic issues.

Q4: What are the sources of UPSC Editorial Analysis?

Ans: Key sources include editorials from The Hindu and Indian Express.

Q5: Can Editorial Analysis help in Mains Answer Writing?

Ans: Yes, editorial analysis enhances content quality, analytical depth, and structure in Mains answer writing.

AdFalciVax Vaccine

September 12, 2025
AdFalciVax Vaccine

AdFalciVax Vaccine Latest News

Recently, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has granted non-exclusive rights for its multi-stage malaria vaccine, AdFalciVax, to five pharmaceutical companies.

About AdFalciVax Vaccine

  • It is India’s first indigenous multi-stage malaria recombinant vaccine developed by the Regional Medical Research Centre (RMRC), Bhubaneswar, under the ICMR.

Key Feature of the Vaccine

  • The vaccine is designed to prevent Plasmodium falciparum infection in individuals and reduce community transmission.
  • Plasmodium falciparum is the deadliest malaria parasite, difficult to control and responsible for widespread devastation
  • AdFalciVax targets the parasite before it enters the bloodstream, stopping the infection at the transmission stage
  • The vaccine uses Lactococcus lactis, a genetically engineered food-grade bacterial host, as its core technology
  • It delivers a dual-antigen approach combining: PfCSP (Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein) to prevent infection and Pfs230 and Pfs48/45 fusion proteins to block transmission from humans to mosquitoes
  • This dual-antigen approach makes AdFalciVax a multi-functional vaccine, aimed at both protecting individuals and halting the spread of malaria.
  • Pre-clinical validation was carried out in collaboration with  ICMR–National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR)and National Institute of Immunology (NII), Delhi, under the Department of Biotechnology.

Source: BS

AdFalciVax Vaccine FAQs

Q1: What is the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)?

Ans: The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi is the apex body in India for the formulation, coordination, and promotion of biomedical research. It is one of the oldest medical research bodies in the world. Its vision is to translate their research into action for improving the health of the population.

Q2: What is the latest approved vaccine for malaria?

Ans: As of October 2023, both the RTS,S/AS01 and R21/Matrix-M vaccines are recommended by WHO to prevent malaria in children

Scarborough Shoal

September 12, 2025
Scarborough Shoal

Scarborough Shoal Latest News

The Philippines has reacted strongly to China's announcement of establishing a nature reserve in the South China Sea at the disputed Scarborough Shoal.   

About Scarborough Shoal

  • It is a disputed atoll in the South China Sea, claimed by both China and the Philippines as part of their territory.    
  • It is located some 220 kilometers west of the Philippines’ Island of Luzon.
  • It is the largest atoll in the South China Sea, submerged at high tide with few rocks above sea level.
  • What is the Dispute?
    • China’s claim: China, which now refers to the shoal as Huangyan Island, makes a historical claim to the area, stating that they can trace their ownership of the area back to the Yuan Dynasty of the 1200s.
    • Philippines claim: The Philippines claim the area on the basis of geography, as it is much closer to the Philippines’ main island of Luzon, which contains the capital, Manila, but lies over 500 miles from China.
    • It is considered within the Philippines’ 200-nautical mile exclusive economic zone, based on the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
  • Commercial Significance: The deep waters around the shoal make it a productive fishing area, rich in marine life, and the lagoon also contains many commercially valuable shellfish and sea cucumbers.

Source: Reuters

Scarborough Shoal FAQs

Q1: What country owns Scarborough Shoal?

Ans: It is a disputed territory in the South China Sea, claimed by both China and the Philippines.

Q2: Where is Scarborough Shoal located?

Ans: South China Sea

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