2025 for January 1970

National Disaster Response Force, Roles, Structure, Operations

November 1, 2025

Disasters, whether natural or human-induced, pose major challenges to India’s safety and development. To address these effectively, India established a specialized force capable of rapid deployment and professional disaster management. The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) stands at the forefront of India’s emergency response system, ensuring quick, coordinated, and efficient rescue and relief operations across the country. Over the years, NDRF has evolved into one of the most trained and reliable disaster management forces in the world.

National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)

The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) is a specialized, multi-skilled disaster response agency raised under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). It was constituted under the Disaster Management Act, 2005, and the NDRF was formally raised and became operational in 2006 (raising day: 19 January 2006).

NDRF is administratively under the Ministry of Home Affairs; the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) issues policy/ guidelines and coordinates at the national level, but administrative control and raising of NDRF rests with MHA. Its motto, “Aapda Sewa Sadaiv Sarvatra” (To serve during disasters, always and everywhere), reflects its commitment to saving lives and minimizing suffering.

National Disaster Response Force Organizational Structure

The NDRF functions as an independent disaster response agency but draws its personnel from various central paramilitary forces. Its organizational framework ensures coordination between central and state disaster management authorities.

Parent Ministry: Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)
Controlling Authority: National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
Head: Director General (DG), NDRF
Composition: Personnel deputed from BSF, CRPF, ITBP, CISF, and SSB

As of 2025, NDRF comprises 16 battalions strategically located across India to ensure rapid deployment. Each battalion includes 1149 personnel specializing in disaster response, search and rescue, communication, and medical assistance.

National Disaster Response Force Roles and Responsibilities

The NDRF has a broad mandate that goes beyond immediate rescue operations. Its roles cover preparedness, response, mitigation, and capacity building.

Disaster Response: Conducts search, rescue, and relief operations during natural calamities such as floods, cyclones, landslides, and earthquakes.
CBRN Response: Trained to handle Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear emergencies.
Capacity Building: Provides disaster management training to State Disaster Response Forces (SDRFs) and community volunteers.
Awareness Programs: Conducts public awareness campaigns on disaster preparedness.
International Missions: Participates in humanitarian assistance operations abroad under UN coordination.

National Disaster Response Force Operations

The NDRF’s operational efficiency lies in its rapid deployment strategy. Teams are pre-positioned in disaster-prone areas and mobilized immediately after early warnings from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) or National Centre for Seismology. Major Operations Conducted:

2008 Bihar Floods: Rescued over 1.3 lakh people from Kosi River floods.
2013 Uttarakhand Flash Floods: Conducted one of India’s largest rescue missions, saving over 10,000 lives.
2018 Kerala Floods: Deployed 58 teams; rescued over 5,000 people and evacuated 10,000.
2020 Cyclone Amphan: Over 40 NDRF teams deployed across West Bengal and Odisha.
2023 Turkey-Syria Earthquake: India sent NDRF teams under “Operation Dost” for international rescue support, showcasing global capability.

National Disaster Response Force Training

Training is the backbone of NDRF’s operational excellence. Personnel undergo rigorous physical, technical, and psychological training to handle extreme conditions. By 2024, more than lakhs of civilians and officials have received disaster response training under NDRF-led initiatives. Key Training Institutions:

National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)- Delhi
College of Disaster Management- Nagpur
State Training Centers- located in all disaster-prone states

Training Focus Areas:

Collapsed structure search and rescue (CSSR)
Rope rescue, flood rescue, and underwater diving operations
Chemical and radiological decontamination
First aid and trauma care
Community-based disaster risk management

National Disaster Response Force Technological Advancements

To enhance operational efficiency, NDRF continuously upgrades its technology and equipment. In 2023, NDRF integrated drones for aerial surveillance and AI-based early warning systems, enabling faster and data-driven decision-making during rescue missions.

Boats and Hovercrafts: Used for flood rescue operations.
CBRN Vehicles and Drones: For chemical disasters and surveillance.
Communication Equipment: Satellite phones and GPS-based tracking systems.
Medical Kits and Protective Gear: Advanced equipment for first responders.

National Disaster Response Force Coordination

Disaster response requires multi-agency coordination. This collaboration ensures seamless integration from local preparedness to national-level coordination. NDRF collaborates closely with:

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) for strategic planning.
Indian Armed Forces for logistics and airlifting operations.
India Meteorological Department (IMD) for early warnings.
National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) for satellite-based disaster mapping.
State Disaster Response Forces (SDRFs) for localized operations.

National Disaster Response Force Legal Framework

The Disaster Management Act, 2005, provides the legal foundation for NDRF’s creation and functioning. It outlines roles for NDMA, NDRF, SDRF, and other authorities in disaster risk reduction and response. Key legal provisions related to NDRF include:

Section 44: Establishment of NDRF for prompt response.
Section 45: Defines NDRF’s control, training, and deployment framework.
Section 46: Establishment of the National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) for financing operations.
Additionally, NDMA guidelines ensure coordination between central, state, and district authorities.

National Disaster Response Force Funding

The NDRF receives financial support from the National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) under the Ministry of Home Affairs.

Budget Allocation: Public records indicate that the 15th Finance Commission allocated a total corpus of ₹54,770 crore to the National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) for the entire award period of 2021-22 to 2025-26. An amount of ₹5,000 crore from this corpus was specifically earmarked for the Expansion and Modernization of Fire Services across the states..
World Bank Partnership: Supports capacity building through the National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP).
UNDP Collaboration: Enhances community resilience and early warning systems.

National Disaster Response Force Achievements

NDRF has earned global recognition for its professionalism, speed, and compassion.

Conducted over 6,800 rescue operations since inception.
Assisted in international missions like the Nepal Earthquake (2015) and Turkey-Syria Earthquake (2023).
Recognized by UNDRR (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction) for community-based disaster management excellence.
Awarded the Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar 2023 for outstanding disaster response efforts.

National Disaster Response Force Challenges

Despite its success, NDRF faces several operational and institutional challenges.

Resource Constraints: Limited funds restrict modernization.
- Way Forward: Increase budget allocation and public-private partnerships.
Coordination Issues: Overlapping jurisdiction with state forces.
- Way Forward: Streamline command structures between NDRF and SDRF.
Staff Shortage: High turnover due to deputation model.
- Way Forward: Establish permanent cadre and incentivize long-term postings.
Technological Gaps: Limited access to advanced rescue tools.
- Way Forward: Invest in AI, robotics, and GIS-based disaster mapping.
Climate-Induced Disasters: Rising frequency of floods and cyclones.
- Way Forward: Develop predictive disaster models and preventive infrastructure.
Public Awareness: Low community preparedness.
- Way Forward: Strengthen community-based disaster management training.
Training Infrastructure: Regional disparities in training standards.
- Way Forward: Establish regional disaster training academies.
Post-Disaster Rehabilitation: Focus often ends after rescue.
- Way Forward: Expand NDRF’s role to include post-disaster livelihood recovery.
Equipment Maintenance: Short shelf life of rescue gear.
- Way Forward: Regular audits and replacement cycles.
Mental Health of Personnel: Psychological toll after major disasters.
- Way Forward: Provide counseling and stress management programs.

National Disaster Response Force International Operations

The NDRF has increasingly become a symbol of India’s humanitarian diplomacy by taking part in global disaster relief efforts. In 2023, NDRF earned international acclaim for its swift response during the Turkey-Syria Earthquake under “Operation Dost,” rescuing several survivors and providing medical aid. Earlier, NDRF teams had participated in the 2011 Japan Earthquake, 2015 Nepal Earthquake, and Bhutan flood response operations. These missions highlight India’s commitment to the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030) and its growing leadership in global disaster response under the principle of “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” - One Earth, One Family.

National Disaster Response Force Battalions

The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) operates through 16 specialized battalions located across India, strategically placed based on the country's disaster vulnerability profile. These battalions are equipped to respond rapidly to floods, earthquakes, cyclones, industrial accidents, and other natural or man-made calamities. Each unit is drawn from different Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) and maintains a defined Area of Responsibility (AOR) for effective disaster response and preparedness.

National Disaster Response Force Area of Responsibility

These battalions work in coordination with State Disaster Response Forces (SDRFs) and the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) to ensure timely and effective response during calamities. Their strategic distribution enables faster mobilization, reducing response time significantly in high-risk zones. The deployment and area of responsibilities for the NDRF battalions is given here:

1st Battalion NDRF, Guwahati (Assam)- BSF: Covers the North-Eastern states, focusing on floods, landslides, and earthquakes. It is one of the first responders for Brahmaputra basin disasters.
2nd Battalion NDRF, Nadia (West Bengal)- BSF: Responsible for eastern India, including West Bengal and Sikkim, with emphasis on cyclones, riverine floods, and industrial accidents.
3rd Battalion NDRF, Cuttack (Odisha)- CISF: Focuses on Odisha, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh, frequently responding to cyclones like Fani and Amphan, and mining-related disasters.
4th Battalion NDRF, Vellore (Tamil Nadu)- CISF: Covers Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Puducherry, addressing cyclones and coastal flooding in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea regions.
5th Battalion NDRF, Pune (Maharashtra)- CRPF: Handles Western India (Maharashtra, Goa, and Karnataka) with key roles in urban flood rescue and industrial response.
6th Battalion NDRF, Vadodara (Gujarat)- CRPF: Focuses on Gujarat and Rajasthan, known for earthquake preparedness (Bhuj) and flood management.
7th Battalion NDRF, Bathinda (Punjab)- ITBP: Responsible for Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh, dealing with flash floods, landslides, and industrial hazards.
8th Battalion NDRF, Ghaziabad (Uttar Pradesh)- ITBP: Covers Delhi NCR and Uttar Pradesh, frequently responding to building collapses, urban flooding, and accidents.
9th Battalion NDRF, Patna (Bihar)- BSF: Focuses on Bihar and Jharkhand, handling recurrent floods in the Ganga basin and rescue during monsoon disasters.
10th Battalion NDRF, Vijayawada (Andhra Pradesh)- CRPF: Covers Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, addressing cyclones from the Bay of Bengal and dam-related emergencies.
11th Battalion NDRF, Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh)- SSB: Handles eastern UP and northern Madhya Pradesh, focusing on flood rescue and earthquake response.
12th Battalion NDRF, Itanagar (Arunachal Pradesh)- SSB: Responsible for Arunachal Pradesh and nearby states, focusing on landslides, earthquakes, and mountain rescue operations.
13th Battalion NDRF, Samba (Jammu and Kashmir)- Assam Rifles: Covers Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh, focusing on avalanches, landslides, and earthquake preparedness in Himalayan terrain.
14th Battalion NDRF, Mandi (Himachal Pradesh)- ITBP: Deployed in Himachal Pradesh and adjoining northern regions, dealing with flash floods, landslides, and glacier bursts.
15th Battalion NDRF, Haldwani (Uttarakhand)- ITBP: Responsible for Uttarakhand and Western UP, with expertise in mountain search and rescue and flood operations.
16th Battalion NDRF, Najafgarh (New Delhi)- BSF: Covers the National Capital Region and nearby states, handling chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) emergencies, along with urban disasters.

NDRF

The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) symbolizes India’s commitment to saving lives and ensuring resilience against disasters. From responding to floods and cyclones to handling international emergencies, NDRF has built trust and credibility worldwide. Going forward, strengthening technology, capacity building, and coordination will make it not only India’s shield during calamities but also a global model for effective disaster management.

National Disaster Response Force UPSC

In recent years, the National Disaster Response Force has expanded its operational strength and technological readiness. As of 2025, NDRF operates 16 battalions with enhanced logistical support and regional coordination. The force has introduced AI-based disaster prediction tools, drones for real-time surveillance, and satellite-linked communication systems for efficient data sharing. The NDRF has also increased its community outreach programs, training over 12 lakh citizens in disaster preparedness through mock drills and awareness campaigns nationwide.

National Disaster Response Force FAQs

Q1: When was the National Disaster Response Force established?

Ans: The NDRF was established in 2006 under the Disaster Management Act, 2005, following the 2004 Tsunami.

Q2: How many National Disaster Response Force battalions are there in India?

Ans: As of 2025, there are 16 NDRF battalions strategically positioned across the country.

Q3: Which ministry controls the National Disaster Response Force?

Ans: The NDRF operates under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and functions under the NDMA.

Q4: What types of disasters does the National Disaster Response Force handle?

Ans: NDRF handles natural disasters like floods, cyclones, earthquakes, and man-made incidents like CBRN emergencies.

Q5: What is the motto of the National Disaster Response Force?

Ans: The motto of NDRF is “Aapda Sewa Sadaiv Sarvatra”- to serve during disasters, always and everywhere.

Gujral Doctrine, Principle, Application, Impact, Criticism

November 1, 2025

The Gujral Doctrine stands as a cornerstone of India’s post-Cold War foreign policy, emphasizing peace, non-reciprocity, and regional cooperation in South Asia. Introduced by I.K. Gujral, India’s 12th Prime Minister, during his tenure as Foreign Minister (1996-1997) and later as Prime Minister (1997-1998), the doctrine sought to redefine India’s neighborhood diplomacy by promoting goodwill, trust, and mutual respect among South Asian nations, especially in the context of India’s relations with its smaller neighbors.

Gujral Doctrine

The Gujral Doctrine is a set of five principles guiding India’s foreign policy toward its South Asian neighbors. It represented a significant shift from a security-centric approach to one rooted in mutual understanding and non-interference. The doctrine emphasized unilateral goodwill gestures by India toward its neighbors without expecting reciprocity, reflecting India’s role as a benevolent regional power.

The doctrine was officially articulated by I.K. Gujral in 1996 at the Chatham House (1996) and Colombo speech (1997), where he outlined a framework for regional peace and cooperation. It aimed to counterbalance tensions in South Asia and to establish India as a leader fostering integration and stability in the region.

Inder Kumar Gujral

Inder Kumar Gujral (I. K. Gujral) was an Indian diplomat, politician, and the 12th Prime Minister of India from 1997 to 1998. Born on December 4, 1919, in Punjab, he played a key role in shaping India’s foreign policy through his visionary Gujral Doctrine, which emphasized peace, non-reciprocity, and regional cooperation with neighboring countries. A seasoned diplomat and intellectual, Gujral also served as India’s External Affairs Minister and represented India’s moral and peaceful approach in global diplomacy.

Gujral Doctrine Principles

The Gujral Doctrine rests on five core principles that guide India’s engagement with its neighbors. These principles reflected a vision of “cooperative regionalism”, a belief that India’s prosperity is inseparable from the stability and growth of its neighborhood. The fiver principles of Gujral Doctrine are:

Non-reciprocal Cooperation: India would extend unilateral concessions and cooperation to its smaller neighbors without expecting reciprocity, recognizing the asymmetry of size and capability.
Non-interference in Internal Affairs: India would not interfere in the domestic matters of neighboring countries, respecting their sovereignty and independence.
Mutual Respect for Territorial Integrity and Sovereignty: Every South Asian nation would respect the sovereignty and borders of others, promoting trust and peaceful coexistence.
Peaceful Resolution of Disputes: All bilateral issues should be resolved through dialogue and peaceful negotiation, not through force or coercion.
Promotion of Regional Cooperation: Strengthening SAARC and other regional frameworks was emphasized to encourage collective development, trade, and cultural exchange in South Asia.

Gujral Doctrine Objectives

The doctrine had clear strategic, political, and diplomatic objectives that aimed to transform India’s regional relations:

To improve India’s image as a responsible and benevolent regional power.
To enhance trust and confidence among South Asian neighbors through non-reciprocal gestures.
To reduce tensions and promote peace, especially with countries like Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka.
To promote South Asian integration through economic and cultural cooperation.
To isolate cross-border conflicts, especially with Pakistan, while engaging constructively with other neighbors.

Gujral Doctrine Historical Background

Before the 1990s, India’s relations with its neighbors were often marked by suspicion and power imbalances. The Cold War had limited India’s regional outreach, while conflicts such as the 1965 and 1971 wars with Pakistan and intervention in Sri Lanka (1987-1990) strained regional trust.

The post-Cold War environment presented both challenges and opportunities. With globalization and the rise of regional blocs like ASEAN and EU, India sought to foster similar cooperation in South Asia. I.K. Gujral recognized that India’s size and influence could either intimidate or inspire its neighbors. Hence, the doctrine sought to transform India’s foreign policy into a model of soft power diplomacy based on moral leadership and regional solidarity.

Gujral Doctrine Application

The application of the Gujral Doctrine in India’s Neighborhood has been discussed below:

Bangladesh: Under the Gujral Doctrine, India signed the Ganga Water Treaty (1996) with Bangladesh, ending decades of disputes over river water sharing. This agreement was hailed as a major success in bilateral relations. India also pursued cooperation in trade, border management, and connectivity projects, improving trust with Dhaka.
Nepal: The doctrine led to renewed dialogue with Nepal, emphasizing mutual respect and non-interference. Gujral’s government took steps to review old treaties and promote greater trade and transit cooperation, laying the foundation for stronger people-to-people ties.
Sri Lanka: India’s relations with Sri Lanka improved through confidence-building measures. After the contentious IPKF episode, Gujral prioritized dialogue over intervention, focusing on cultural and economic cooperation.
Maldives and Bhutan: Both countries continued to enjoy traditionally strong relations with India. The Gujral Doctrine reinforced India’s role as a development partner, assisting in infrastructure, education, and security collaboration.
Pakistan: Although Gujral initiated peace talks with Pakistan under the Composite Dialogue Process (1997), progress was limited due to continuing tensions over Kashmir and terrorism. However, his approach laid the groundwork for later diplomatic efforts like the Agra Summit (2001) and the Lahore Declaration (1999).

Gujral Doctrine Impact

The Gujral Doctrine had a lasting influence on India’s foreign policy and regional relations.

Positive Impacts:

Improved Bilateral Relations: Strengthened ties with Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka through dialogue and cooperation.
Enhanced India’s Image: Projected India as a benevolent regional leader willing to act without expecting immediate returns.
Boosted SAARC’s Relevance: Encouraged South Asian cooperation, trade, and regional integration efforts.
Foundation for Future Diplomacy: Inspired subsequent initiatives like “Neighborhood First Policy” and “Act East Policy.”

Limitations:

Limited Reciprocity: Many smaller neighbors continued to engage with external powers like China for balance.
Pakistan Factor: Ongoing conflicts and terrorism limited the success of non-reciprocal diplomacy.
Institutional Weaknesses: SAARC remained largely ineffective due to political differences among member states.

Gujral Doctrine Relevance of in Present Times

In the 21st century, the Gujral Doctrine continues to influence India’s Neighborhood First Policy, focusing on trust, connectivity, and mutual growth.

“Neighborhood First Policy” (2014) under Prime Minister Narendra Modi echoes Gujral’s vision through regional connectivity projects like BBIN (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal) and initiatives such as Maitri power grids and cross-border rail links.
India’s humanitarian aid to Nepal (2015 earthquake), Sri Lanka (economic crisis 2022), and Maldives (COVID-19 assistance) reflects the same principle of non-reciprocal goodwill.
In contrast, challenges like China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in South Asia underscore the need to reinvigorate Gujral’s ideals with stronger economic and strategic engagements.

Gujral Doctrine Criticism

While the doctrine was visionary, it also faced criticism from strategic analysts and political commentators:

Overemphasis on Moral Diplomacy: Critics argued that it ignored hard security realities, especially with Pakistan.
Asymmetrical Expectations: India’s unilateral concessions were sometimes perceived as weakness.
Limited Regional Integration: SAARC’s ineffectiveness diluted the intended impact of regional cooperation.
Inconsistent Implementation: Successive governments did not fully institutionalize the doctrine, leading to policy discontinuity.

Despite these limitations, the doctrine remains a symbol of India’s ethical diplomacy and a benchmark for regional cooperation.

Gujral Doctrine and Soft Power Diplomacy

The doctrine marked a shift from traditional realpolitik to soft power diplomacy, using culture, development assistance, and moral leadership to win trust. This shift enhanced India’s regional legitimacy and fostered cooperation through persuasion rather than pressure. India used tools such as:

Cultural diplomacy: Promoting Indian art, cinema, and education exchanges in South Asia.
Development partnerships: Providing lines of credit, grants, and training programs to neighboring countries.
Humanitarian aid: Timely assistance during natural disasters strengthened India’s moral influence in the region.

Gujral Doctrine Challenges

Despite of various appreciations and advancements, the Gujral Doctrine faces several backlashes as mentioned below:

Challenges:

Persistent conflicts with Pakistan limit regional integration.
China’s growing influence in South Asia poses strategic concerns.
SAARC remains inactive due to political differences.
Cross-border terrorism continues to hinder peace-building efforts.
Domestic politics in neighboring countries affect consistency in relations.

Way Forward:

Reinforce economic diplomacy through connectivity and trade projects.
Strengthen multilateral frameworks like BIMSTEC and IORA.
Invest in people-centric diplomacy through cultural and educational outreach.
Address security concerns through dialogue while maintaining deterrence.
Promote sustainable regional growth through joint development initiatives.

Gujral Doctrine Effectiveness

The Gujral Doctrine, propounded by I.K. Gujral in 1996, improved India’s ties with Bangladesh (1996 Ganga Water Treaty), Nepal, and Sri Lanka through dialogue and non-reciprocity. It fostered regional goodwill and inspired India’s later “Neighborhood First” policy. However, Pakistan was excluded from the non-reciprocity principle due to ongoing conflicts. Despite promoting soft diplomacy, SAARC remained weak, and China’s growing regional role limited India’s influence. The doctrine’s spirit endures as ethical diplomacy, but its institutional impact was modest.

Gujral Doctrine UPSC

The Gujral Doctrine remains a landmark in India’s foreign policy evolution. By prioritizing trust, non-reciprocity, and regional peace, it redefined India’s relations with its neighbors and inspired future diplomatic frameworks. In an era marked by global uncertainty and regional rivalries, the doctrine’s essence, mutual respect, cooperation, and peaceful coexistence, continues to offer a roadmap for South Asia’s collective progress.

The Gujral Doctrine’s legacy extends far beyond the 1990s. Its vision continues to inform India’s diplomacy in multiple ways:

It inspired the “Neighborhood First Policy” (2014) and India’s developmental diplomacy model.
It positioned India as a responsible regional power promoting peace and prosperity.
The doctrine is now studied in international relations curricula as a case of successful soft diplomacy in South Asia.
Former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and later Narendra Modi have both acknowledged the value of Gujral’s ideas in shaping India’s foreign engagement strategy.

Gujral Doctrine FAQs

Q1: Who introduced the Gujral Doctrine?

Ans: It was introduced by I.K. Gujral, India’s 12th Prime Minister, in 1996 during his tenure as Foreign Minister.

Q2: What are the five principles of the Gujral Doctrine?

Ans: Non-reciprocity, non-interference, respect for sovereignty, peaceful dispute resolution, and regional cooperation.

Q3: Which countries are primarily covered under the Gujral Doctrine?

Ans: India’s South Asian neighbors- Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Maldives, and Pakistan.

Q4: How is the Gujral Doctrine relevant today?

Ans: It guides India’s “Neighborhood First Policy” and soft power approach in regional diplomacy.

Q5: What was the key success of the Gujral Doctrine?

Ans: The 1996 Ganga Water Treaty with Bangladesh is considered a major success of the doctrine’s application.

Difference Between District Collector and District Magistrate

November 1, 2025

The roles of District Collector and District Magistrate are often confused, but they have distinct functions in the administrative hierarchy. The District Collector is the highest authority in charge of revenue administration within a district. They oversee matters related to land revenue, taxation, and the management of resources. In terms of revenue-related matters, the Collector is answerable to the government through the Divisional Commissioner and Financial Commissioner.

On the other hand, the District Magistrate, usually an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer, holds the position of the senior-most executive magistrate. They are responsible for general administration in the district, which includes maintaining law and order, enforcing government policies, and coordinating various developmental activities. The responsibilities of a District Magistrate can differ from state to state, but in general, the DM is the principal authority for the smooth functioning of the district's governance.

In essence, while the District Collector focuses primarily on revenue-related issues, the District Magistrate is responsible for the overall administration, including law enforcement and government implementation at the district level.

Difference Between District Collector and District Magistrate

The major differences between the functions of District Collector and District Magistrate are:

Category	District Collector	District Magistrate
Revenue and Land Administration	- Conducts Revenue Court - Collects Excise Duties, Irrigation Dues, Income Tax dues, and arrears - Arbitrator of land acquisition - Collection of land revenue - Maintains accurate land records	- N/A
Relief and Rehabilitation	- Undertakes Relief and Rehabilitation Works	- N/A
Certification Powers	- Issues statutory certificates like Nationality, Domicile, Marriage, SC/ST, OBC, and Economically Weaker Section (EWS) certificates	- N/A
Judicial Authority	- Highest Judicial Authority in the district	- N/A
Law and Order	- N/A	- Maintains law and order in the district - Controls and directs police actions
Criminal Administration	- N/A	- Head of criminal administration as Deputy Commissioner - Oversees lock-ups and jails
Overall Administration	- Primarily focused on revenue and administrative duties	- Primarily focused on law and order, judicial duties, and police administration

Difference in Roles and Responsibilities of District Magistrate and District Collector

Differences in the roles and responsibilities of the District Magistrate (DM) and District Collector (DC) are as follows:

Aspect	District Magistrate (DM)	District Collector (DC)
Primary Focus	Law and Order, Administration of Justice	Revenue Administration, Resource Management
Revenue Administration	Limited role (may vary by state)	Highest authority in revenue collection and land records
Law and Order	Maintains law and order, handles public disturbances and riots	Limited role, but may coordinate law enforcement when required
Disaster Management	Oversees disaster response and relief operations	Assesses disaster damage (esp. land, crops) and manages compensation
Executive Magistracy	Senior-most executive magistrate with judicial powers	No judicial powers, focuses on administrative functions
Public Administration	Coordinates government schemes, supervises departments	Implements state and central government policies, oversees welfare schemes
Crisis Management	Handles crises like riots, communal tensions, and protests	Assists in crisis management if it involves revenue or land issues
Judicial Functions	Executes executive magistracy powers (CrPC, IPC)	Does not handle judicial matters, focuses on administrative duties
Land and Resource Management	Limited role in land matters	Manages land use, land acquisition, and resource allocation
Census and Surveys	May oversee district-level census and surveys	Coordinates surveys related to land, resources, and population
Financial Administration	Handles law and order-related finances	Responsible for budgeting and financial administration in the district
Policy Implementation	Implements policies related to law and order	Implements government policies related to welfare and infrastructure

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Difference Between District Magistrate and District Collector FAQs

Q1: What is the difference between District Collector and District Magistrate?

Ans: The District Collector handles revenue and administrative matters, while the District Magistrate is responsible for law and order and judicial functions in a district.

Q2: Who is more powerful, DM or District Collector?

Ans: The District Magistrate (DM) is more powerful in terms of law and order and judicial functions, while the District Collector holds higher authority in revenue and land-related matters.

Q3: Who was the first DM of India?

Ans: Anandaram Baruah was the first District Magistrate (DM) of India.

Q4: Are collector and magistrate the same?

Ans: No, the Collector is responsible for revenue and administrative functions, while the Magistrate focuses on law and order and judicial duties.

Q5: What is the difference between Deputy Collector and DM?

Ans: The Deputy Collector assists the District Collector in administrative tasks, while the District Magistrate holds senior authority over law and order and judicial functions in the district.

Municipal Bonds in India, Definition, Types, Regulation, Issues

November 1, 2025

Municipal bonds are an essential financial tool that enables local governments and urban bodies to raise funds for public infrastructure projects such as water supply, sanitation, roads, and housing. In India, the use of municipal bonds has gained renewed attention due to rapid urbanization and the growing demand for sustainable city development. This article explains in detail the concept, history, features, benefits, challenges, and current status of municipal bonds in India, along with government initiatives to promote them.

Municipal Bonds in India

A municipal bond (also known as a “muni bond”) is a debt instrument issued by urban local bodies (ULBs) such as municipal corporations or municipalities to raise money from investors. The funds are used for developing essential urban infrastructure like water supply, waste management, transport, and housing.

In simple terms, when a municipal body issues a bond, investors lend money to the local government in return for interest payments. After a specific period, the principal amount is repaid. These bonds are similar to corporate or government bonds but are specifically issued by municipalities.

Municipal bonds not only help cities raise funds but also reduce dependence on state or central government grants, making them financially self-reliant.

Municipal Bonds in India Historical Background

The concept of municipal bonds in India dates back to the 1990s, inspired by international practices where cities in the United States and Europe funded urban projects through bonds.

The first municipal bond in India was issued in 1997 by the Bangalore Municipal Corporation, raising ₹125 crore.
Later, cities like Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Nashik, and Indore also issued bonds to fund water and sewerage projects.
Between 1997 and 2010, around 30 municipal bond issues were recorded in India, but most were privately placed and tax-free.
However, due to weak financial management, low credit ratings, and lack of investor confidence, the municipal bond market did not grow significantly for many years.
The revival came with the launch of the Smart Cities Mission (2015) and Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), where the central government encouraged cities to explore bond markets for infrastructure funding.

Municipal Bonds in India Features

Municipal bonds in India possess certain unique characteristics that distinguish them from other investment instruments.

Issuer- Urban Local Bodies such as Municipal Corporations and Councils.
Purpose- Financing urban infrastructure projects like roads, sewerage, water, and housing.
Tenure- Generally ranges from 5 to 15 years.
Interest Rate- Determined based on market conditions and credit rating; ranges between 7.15% to over 10% annually.
Tax Benefits- Few of the municipal bonds are tax-free, attracting investors.
Credit Rating- Compulsory for transparency and investor confidence.
Regulation- Governed by SEBI (Issue and Listing of Municipal Debt Securities) Regulations, 2015.

Municipal Bonds in India Types

Municipal bonds in India are generally categorized into two types:

General Obligation Bonds: These are secured by the overall revenue of the issuing municipality. The repayment is guaranteed through the municipal body’s tax revenues, making them relatively safer for investors.
Revenue Bonds: These are issued for specific projects, and the repayment is made using the income generated from that project, such as tolls, user charges, or fees. For example, a water supply project bond may be repaid through water charges collected from users.

Green Municipal Bonds in India

Green Municipal Bonds in India are financial instruments issued by Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) to fund environmentally sustainable infrastructure projects such as renewable energy, waste management, and urban mobility. These bonds align with India’s climate goals under the Paris Agreement and Smart Cities Mission. Ghaziabad became India’s first city to issue green municipal bonds in April 2021, raising ₹150 crore to fund a Tertiary Sewage Treatment Plant (TSTP).

Municipal Bonds in India Regulatory Framework

The regulatory framework for municipal bonds is designed to ensure transparency, accountability, and investor protection.

Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) introduced the Issue and Listing of Municipal Debt Securities Regulations, 2015, which define eligibility and compliance norms for cities issuing bonds.
Municipalities must maintain proper financial statements, credit ratings, and audited accounts before issuance.
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) and RBI also play supportive roles in promoting and monitoring these bonds.
The NSE and BSE facilitate the listing and trading of municipal bonds.

Municipal Bonds in India Benefits

Municipal bonds bring several advantages to both cities and investors:

Infrastructure Financing- Provide an alternative source of funding for large infrastructure projects.
Reduced Fiscal Burden- Less dependence on state or central government grants.
Financial Discipline- Encourages municipalities to maintain transparency, audit practices, and better governance.
Investment Opportunity- Offers investors a relatively safe and long-term investment with steady returns.
Boost to Urban Growth- Helps in creating sustainable urban infrastructure for better living standards.
Creditworthiness Improvement- Municipalities with successful bond issues often receive better credit ratings in the future.

Municipal Bond Issues in India

Some cities have set significant milestones in India’s municipal bond journey. These examples reflect a growing trend toward innovative financing through municipal bonds.

Bengaluru (1997)- was the first ever to issue municipal bonds in India (₹125 crore).
Ahmedabad (1998)- significant early step and the first to issue a tax-free municipal bond. (₹100 crore)
Pune (2017)- Raised ₹200 crore under the Smart Cities Mission; rated AA+ by CARE.
Indore (2018)- Raised about ₹140 crore for water supply and waste management, which was India's first municipal bond open to retail investors and a green bond..
Hyderabad (2020)- Issued ₹200 crore worth of bonds on BSE India.
Lucknow (2020)- was the first city in Uttar Pradesh to issue municipal bonds in November 2020.
Ghaziabad (2021)- Raised ₹150 crore, becoming the first city in Uttar Pradesh to issue a green municipal bond.
Surat (2022)- is known for its municipal bonds (rated AA-).

Municipal Bond in India Government Policies

The Government of India has launched several initiatives to strengthen the municipal bond ecosystem:

Smart Cities Mission (2015)- Encouraged cities to raise funds through bonds for smart infrastructure.
AMRUT (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation)- Promotes financial self-sufficiency of urban local bodies.
Incentive Fund by MoHUA (2017)- For the first-time bond issuance, a ULB can receive up to ₹13 crore per ₹100 crore raised, with a maximum cap of ₹26 crore
Credit Rating of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)- Conducted for over 470 cities to assess their financial capacity.
Green Municipal Bonds (2022)- Introduced to fund eco-friendly projects like solar energy and sustainable transport.

Municipal Bond International Aspects

Globally, municipal bonds are a major source of infrastructure funding.

In the United States, municipal bonds finance around 75% of infrastructure projects, amounting to trillions of dollars.
Countries like Brazil, South Africa, and the Philippines have also developed vibrant municipal bond markets.
India can learn from these nations by improving financial autonomy of local governments, strengthening creditworthiness, and simplifying issuance norms.

Municipal Bonds in India Challenges

Despite their growing importance, municipal bonds in India face multiple financial and structural challenges. Addressing these effectively is vital for their long-term success.

Weak Financial Management: Most ULBs lack professional accounting systems.
- Way Forward: Introduce standardized double-entry accounting and periodic audits.
Low Credit Ratings: Poor fiscal discipline limits investor trust.
- Way Forward: Improve revenue collection and debt transparency.
Limited Investor Base: Retail and institutional participation is low.
- Way Forward: Offer tax incentives and awareness programs.
Revenue Instability: Dependence on grants affects repayment.
- Way Forward: Diversify income via user fees and property taxes.
Regulatory Complexity: Bond issuance is time-consuming.
- Way Forward: Simplify SEBI and state approval processes.
Lack of Expertise: Municipal staff lack technical knowledge.
- Way Forward: Build capacity through training and financial literacy programs.
Transparency Issues: Weak disclosure reduces credibility.
- Way Forward: Mandate real-time public disclosure of bond usage.
Market Liquidity: Few secondary market trades occur.
- Way Forward: Encourage listing on NSE/ BSE with market makers.
Political Interference: Frequent leadership changes delay projects.
- Way Forward: Establish independent municipal finance boards.
Inadequate Project Planning: Poor feasibility studies raise risks.
- Way Forward: Use professional project evaluation before issuance.

Municipal Bonds in India Current Status

As of 2025, the municipal bond market in India is slowly expanding, supported by government reforms and investor interest.

Around ₹3,300 crore to ₹3,359 crore worth of bonds across approximately 23 issuances have been issued since 2017 by cities including Pune, Indore, Surat, and Hyderabad.
As of April 2025, 18 bonds with outstanding maturity issued by 13 ULBs, are listed on NSE and BSE, and several others are preparing to enter the market.
The government’s focus on green and sustainable bonds is expected to drive further growth.
However, for the municipal bond market to flourish, cities must improve financial transparency, diversify funding sources, and enhance governance.

Municipal Bonds in India Future Prospects

The future of municipal bonds in India looks promising due to urbanization and infrastructure demand. Key developments expected include:

Integration of ESG and Green Bonds for sustainable city projects.
Increased participation of institutional investors and pension funds.
Digital platforms for transparent tracking and investment.
Partnerships with international agencies for technical and financial support.
Improved credit ratings through reforms in revenue collection and financial management.

Municipal Bonds in India UPSC

Municipal bonds in India represent a powerful financial innovation for developing urban infrastructure and promoting self-reliance among local bodies. Although the market is still evolving, the government’s policy support and investor interest are helping it grow steadily.

By improving financial transparency, credit ratings, and governance, India’s cities can unlock immense potential through municipal bonds. As urban populations rise, these instruments will play a key role in shaping sustainable, modern, and resilient Indian cities.

Municipal Bonds in India FAQs

Q1: What are Municipal Bonds in India?

Ans: Municipal bonds are debt instruments issued by local government bodies to raise funds for urban infrastructure projects like roads, water, and housing.

Q2: Who regulates Municipal Bonds in India?

Ans: Municipal bonds are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) under the 2015 Municipal Debt Securities Regulations.

Q3: Which was the first city to issue Municipal Bonds in India?

Ans: The Bangalore Municipal Corporation issued India’s first municipal bond in 1997, raising ₹125 crore for infrastructure development.

Q4: What are the types of Municipal Bonds in India?

Ans: There are two main types- General Obligation Bonds, backed by tax revenues, and Revenue Bonds, repaid from project income.

Q5: What are the challenges faced by the municipal bond market in India?

Ans: The major challenges include low credit ratings, weak financial management, and limited investor participation among urban local bodies.

Indian Institute of Packaging (IIP)

November 1, 2025

Indian Institute of Packaging Latest News

The Indian Institute of Packaging (IIP) opened its Bengaluru Centre recently.

About Indian Institute of Packaging

It is an autonomous body in the field of packaging and working under the administrative control of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India.
It was established on 14th May, 1966, with its headquarters and principal laboratories in Mumbai.
The Institute set up its first branch office at Chennai in 1971, followed by branches at Kolkata, Delhi, and Hyderabad in 1976, 1986, and 2006, respectively.
The main objective of the Institute is to promote the export market by way of innovative package design and development as well as to upgrade the overall standards of packaging in the country.
The Institute is involved in various activities like testing and evaluation of packaging materials and packages, consultancy services, and research & development related to packaging.
Besides this, the Institute is involved in training and education in the field of packaging.
It imparts training in innovative and aesthetic packaging to the artisans, weavers, exporters, stakeholders, etc.
It is closely working with various commodity boards and export promotion councils such as APEDA, Spices Board, MPEDA, Tea Board, MoFPI, and others.
The Institute has linkages with international organisations and is a founding member of the Asian Packaging Federation (APF); a member of the Institute of Packaging Professionals (IOPP), USA; the Institute Packaging (IOP), UK; Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI), USA.
The Institute organizes a biannual event i.e. International Packaging Exhibition, i.e., INDIAPACK, and a national contest for excellence in packaging, i.e., INDIASTARA.

Source: TH

Indian Institute of Packaging FAQs

Q1: Under which Ministry does the Indian Institute of Packaging (IIP) function?

Ans: Ministry of Commerce and Industry

Q2: When was the Indian Institute of Packaging (IIP) established?

Ans: 1966

Q3: Where is the headquarters of the Indian Institute of Packaging located?

Ans: Mumbai

Ayni Air Base

November 1, 2025

Ayni Air Base Latest News

India has rounded off its operation at the strategic Ayni Air Base in Tajikistan after helping it run since 2002.

About Ayni Air Base

It is located in Tajikistan.
It is the first overseas military facility operated by India.
Located just west of Dushanbe, the capital of Tajikistan, the base had been a neglected Soviet-era facility before India stepped in to modernize it.
India began developing the Ayni airbase in the early 2000s under an agreement with Tajikistan.
India invested close to $100 million in the development and modernization of the airbase.
It extended the runway to 3,200 metres and upgraded facilities for refuelling, repairs, and hangars.
At times, India even stationed around 200 personnel from the army and air force at the site.
India temporarily deployed Su-30MKI fighter jets and helicopters to the base roughly a decade ago.
India withdrew from the airbase after a bilateral agreement on stationing Indian personnel at the location ended in 2022.

Why the Ayni Air BaseMattered for India?

The base enabled India to maintain contact with anti-Taliban forces before 2001 and later provided a route for humanitarian aid to Afghanistan.
Ayni’s location gave India a unique advantage. The base is just about 20 kilometres from Afghanistan’s Wakhan Corridor, which borders Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK).
From there, Indian forces could theoretically target key Pakistani cities such as Peshawar.
Ayni served as a gateway for India to enhance its presence in Central Asia, a region traditionally dominated by Russia and increasingly influenced by China.
The airbase was also used in 2021 to evacuate Indian nationals and officials from Afghanistan after the Taliban takeover.

Source: FP

Ayni Air Base FAQs

Q1: Where is the Ayni Air Base located?

Ans: Tajikistan

Q2: Which country developed the Ayni Air Base under an agreement with Tajikistan?

Ans: India

Q3: When did India begin developing the Ayni Air Base?

Ans: Early 2000s.

Q4: When did India withdraw from the Ayni Air Base?

Ans: 2022

Smallest Countries in the World, Top 10 List Population Wise

November 1, 2025

Smallest Countries in the World: While size is often seen as a measure of importance, Vatican City is an exception. Located at the heart of Rome, this independent city-state holds the title of the Smallest Country in the World. Despite its modest dimensions, Vatican City’s influence, rich history, and cultural significance extend far beyond its borders.

The smallest Countries in the World, often referred to as ministates, are defined by their limited land area and population. Till today the List of Smallest Countries in the World include Vatican City, Monaco, Nauru, Tuvalu, and San Marino. At the top of this list, Vatican City remains the smallest of them all.

Smallest Country in the World Vatican City

The Vatican City is known as the Smallest Country in the World with a total area of 0.49Km² (0.19 mi²), also the Smallest Country in context of the population which is only 825 citizens. It's located in the Italian city, Rome and is the centre of the Catholic Church. Popes of the city wanted to show their supremacy in the region, that is the reason they all demanded for a separate region. The Smallest Island Country in the world is Nauru.

List of Top 10 Smallest Countries in the World

Below in the table we have shared the List of Top 10 Smallest Countries in the World according to the area they span around,Vatican CIty being the smallest having the area of 0.49 km followed by Monaco, Nauru, Tuvalu, San Marino, Liechtenstein, Marshall Islands, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Maldives and Malta.

List of Top 10 Smallest Countries in the World
Country	Area (km²)	Area (mi²)	Continent	Bordering countries
Vatican City	0.49	0.19	Europe	Italy
Monaco	2.02	0.78	Europe	France
Nauru	21	8.1	Australia and Oceania	-
Tuvalu	26	10	Australia and Oceania	-
San Marino	61	24	Europe	Italy
Liechtenstein	160	62	Europe	Austria, Switzerland
Marshall Islands	181	70	Australia and Oceania	-
Saint Kitts and Nevis	269	104	North America	-
Maldives	300	116	Asia	-
Malta	316	122	Europe	-

List of Top 10 Smallest Countries in the World By Population

When considering the List of Top 10 Smallest Countries in the World, another criteria apart from land area is population size. By this measure, Vatican City also ranks as the smallest country, with an estimated population of just 825 residents. Following closely are Tuvalu, Nauru, Palau, San Marino, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Marshall Islands, and Dominica. Below is a table including the 10 List of Top 10 Smallest Countries in the World by population.

List of Top 10 Smallest Countries in the World By Population
Rank	Country Name	Population (2025)	Continent	Capital
1	Vatican City	825	Europe	Vatican City
2	Tuvalu	11,508	Oceania	Funafuti
3	Nauru	12,704	Oceania	Yaren District
4	Palau	17,907	Oceania	Ngerulmud
5	San Marino	33,785	Europe	San Marino
6	Liechtenstein	38,557	Europe	Vaduz
7	Monaco	38,682	Europe	Monaco
8	Saint Kitts and Nevis	52,441	North America (Caribbean)	Basseterre
9	Marshall Islands	58,413	Oceania	Majuro
10	Dominica	71,625	North America (Caribbean)	Roseau

Also Read: Top 10 Economies in the World

List of Top 10 Smallest Countries in the World By Area

The world is home to several tiny nations that may be small in size but are rich in history, culture, and global influence. These microstates are often located on islands or within larger nations and are famous for tourism, wealth, or unique governance systems. Below is the list of the Top 10 Smallest Countries in the World by Area along with their approximate land sizes.

Rank	Country Name	Area (in sq. km)	Continent	Capital
1	Vatican City	0.44	Europe	Vatican City
2	Monaco	2.02	Europe	Monaco
3	Nauru	21	Oceania	Yaren District
4	Tuvalu	26	Oceania	Funafuti
5	San Marino	61	Europe	San Marino
6	Liechtenstein	160	Europe	Vaduz
7	Marshall Islands	181	Oceania	Majuro
8	Saint Kitts and Nevis	261	North America (Caribbean)	Basseterre
9	Maldives	300	Asia (Indian Ocean)	Malé
10	Malta	316	Europe	Valletta

Also Read: Top 10 Most Populated Countries in the World

Second Smallest Country in the World

Monaco is the second smallest country in the world, covering just 2.02 square kilometers. Located on the French Riviera in Western Europe, it is renowned for its luxury lifestyle, casinos, and the annual Formula One Grand Prix. Despite its small size, Monaco boasts one of the highest GDPs per capita in the world and is famous as a global hub for wealth, tourism, and glamour.

Smallest Countries in the World FAQs

Q1: Which is the smallest country in the world?

Ans: The Vatican City is the smallest country in the world.

Q2: Which is the smallest country in the world by population?

Ans: The Vatican City is the smallest country in the world by population.

Q3: Which is the second smallest country in the world?

Ans: Monaco is the second smallest country in the world.

Q4: Which is the smallest island country in the world?

Ans: Nauru is the smallest island country in the world.

Q5: What is the population of Vatican City?

Ans: 825 is the population of Vatican City.

Smallest State in India by Area Wise and Population Wise

November 1, 2025

India is a diverse country, consisting of states and union territories that each offer something unique. Among them, Goa stands out as the Smallest State in India in terms of area. It’s split into North Goa, with Panaji (or Panjim) as its capital, and South Goa, where Margao serves as the commercial hub. When it comes to union territories, Lakshadweep holds the title of the Smallest State in India in terms of area. Sikkim is located in the eastern Himalayas, is the Smallest State in India in terms of population.

Smallest State in India 2025

Goa is the Smallest State in India 2025, covering an area of 3,702 square kilometers. As per the Census 2011, it had a population of approximately 1.45 million. In comparison, Lakshadweep is known as the Smallest Union Territory in India consists of a group of islands spread across just 30 square kilometers, with a population of 64,473. Despite their small size, both Goa and Lakshadweep are known for their coastal landscapes, attracting visitors to their beaches and rich marine life.

Smallest State in India by Area

Goa is the Smallest State in India by Area spanning just 3,702 square kilometers. Situated along the western coastline, it is renowned for its beaches, nightlife, and deep-rooted Portuguese influence. Though compact in size, Goa offers a rich blend of cultural heritage, natural beauty, and recreational activities, making it a popular destination for both domestic and international travelers.

Smallest State in India by Population

Smallest State in India by Population is Sikkim among all Indian states, with population just over 6 lakh as per the Census 2011. Located in the northeastern Himalayas, it’s home to mountain landscapes, including the Kanchenjunga. Despite its size, Sikkim stands out for its vibrant culture, dense forests, and strong emphasis on eco-friendly living making it a unique destination.

Smallest Union Territory in India 2025

Lakshadweep, constituted with 36 islands, is known as the Smallest Union Territory in India 2025 with an area of 32 square kilometers. The islands include 12 atolls, 3 reefs,5 submerged banks and 10 inhabited islands. Lakshadweep was known as the Laccadive Islands which means “a hundred thousand islands” in various languages such as Malayalam and Sanskrit.

List of Smallest State in India by Area

India is known for its varied culture, spread across 28 states and 8 union territories. While the bigger states usually get all the attention as compared to the smaller ones. The table below includes the List of Smallest State in India by Area:

List of Smallest State in India by Area
S. No.	State	Area (sq. km)	Population (Census 2011)	Capital	Official Language	Formation Date
1	Goa	3,702	1,458,545	Panaji	Konkani	30 May 1987
2	Sikkim	7,096	610,577	Gangtok	Nepali	16 May 1975
3	Tripura	10,486	3,673,917	Agartala	Bengali, Kokborok	21 Jan 1972
4	Nagaland	16,579	1,978,502	Kohima	English	1 Dec 1963
5	Mizoram	21,081	1,091,014	Aizawl	Mizo	20 Feb 1987
6	Manipur	22,327	2,721,756	Imphal	Manipuri	21 Jan 1972
7	Meghalaya	22,429	2,966,889	Shillong	Khasi, Garo	21 Jan 1972
8	Kerala	38,963	33,406,061	Thiruvananthapuram	Malayalam	1 Nov 1956
9	Haryana	44,212	25,353,081	Chandigarh	Hindi, Punjabi	1 Nov 1966
10	Punjab	50,362	27,743,338	Chandigarh	Punjabi	1 Nov 1966
11	Uttarakhand	53,483	10,116,752	Dehradun	Hindi, Sanskrit	9 Nov 2000
12	Himachal Pradesh	55,673	6,856,509	Shimla	Hindi	25 Jan 1971
13	Assam	78,438	31,205,576	Dispur	Assamese	26 Jan 1950
14	Jharkhand	79,714	32,988,134	Ranchi	Hindi, Santali	15 Nov 2000
15	Arunachal Pradesh	83,743	1,382,611	Itanagar	English	20 Feb 1987
16	West Bengal	88,752	91,347,736	Kolkata	Bengali	1 Nov 1956
17	Bihar	94,163	104,099,452	Patna	Hindi	26 Jan 1950
18	Telangana	112,077	35,286,757	Hyderabad	Telugu	2 Jun 2014
19	Tamil Nadu	130,058	72,147,030	Chennai	Tamil	26 Jan 1950
20	Chhattisgarh	135,191	25,545,198	Raipur	Hindi, Chhattisgarhi	1 Nov 2000
21	Odisha	155,707	41,974,218	Bhubaneswar	Odia	1 Apr 1936
22	Andhra Pradesh	162,968	49,386,799	Amaravati	Telugu	1 Nov 1956
23	Karnataka	191,791	61,130,704	Bengaluru	Kannada	1 Nov 1956
24	Gujarat	196,024	60,439,692	Gandhinagar	Gujarati	1 May 1960
25	Uttar Pradesh	240,928	199,812,341	Lucknow	Hindi	26 Jan 1950
26	Maharashtra	307,713	112,372,972	Mumbai	Marathi	1 May 1960
27	Madhya Pradesh	308,245	72,626,809	Bhopal	Hindi	1 Nov 1956
28	Rajasthan	342,239	68,548,437	Jaipur	Hindi	26 Jan 1950

List of Smallest State in India by Population

List of Smallest State in India by Population is discussed in the table below:

List of Smallest State in India by Population
S. No.	State	Population	Area (sq. km)	Capital	Official Language
1	Sikkim	610,577	7,096	Gangtok	Nepali
2	Mizoram	1,097,206	21,081	Aizawl	Mizo
3	Arunachal Pradesh	1,458,545	83,743	Itanagar	English
4	Goa	1,458,502	3,702	Panaji	Konkani
5	Nagaland	1,978,502	16,579	Kohima	English
6	Manipur	2,855,794	22,327	Imphal	Manipuri
7	Meghalaya	2,966,889	22,429	Shillong	Khasi, Garo
8	Tripura	3,673,917	10,486	Agartala	Bengali, Kokborok
9	Himachal Pradesh	6,864,602	55,673	Shimla	Hindi
10	Uttarakhand	10,086,292	53,483	Dehradun	Hindi, Sanskrit
11	Chhattisgarh	25,351,462	135,191	Raipur	Hindi, Chhattisgarhi
12	Haryana	25,545,198	44,212	Chandigarh	Hindi, Punjabi
13	Punjab	27,743,338	50,362	Chandigarh	Punjabi
14	Assam	31,205,576	78,438	Dispur	Assamese
15	Jharkhand	32,988,134	79,714	Ranchi	Hindi, Santali
16	Kerala	33,406,061	38,963	Thiruvananthapuram	Malayalam
17	Telangana	35,198,978	112,077	Hyderabad	Telugu
18	Odisha	41,974,218	155,707	Bhubaneswar	Odia
19	Gujarat	60,439,692	196,024	Gandhinagar	Gujarati
20	Karnataka	61,095,297	191,791	Bengaluru	Kannada
21	Rajasthan	68,548,437	342,239	Jaipur	Hindi
22	Tamil Nadu	72,147,030	130,058	Chennai	Tamil
23	Madhya Pradesh	72,626,809	308,245	Bhopal	Hindi
24	Andhra Pradesh	84,580,777	162,968	Amaravati	Telugu
25	West Bengal	91,276,115	88,752	Kolkata	Bengali
26	Bihar	104,099,452	94,163	Patna	Hindi
27	Maharashtra	112,372,333	307,713	Mumbai	Marathi
28	Uttar Pradesh	199,812,341	240,928	Lucknow	Hindi

Smallest State in India FAQs

Q1: Which is the smallest state in India by area?

Ans: Goa is the smallest state in India by area, covering approximately 3,702 square kilometers.

Q2: Which is the smallest state in India by population?

Ans: Sikkim is the smallest state by population, with around 6.5 lakh residents according to the 2011 Census.

Q3: What is the capital of Goa?

Ans: Panaji (also called Panjim) is the capital city of Goa.

Q4: What is Goa famous for?

Ans: Goa is famous for its beaches, Portuguese heritage, churches, nightlife, and tourism industry.

Q5: Is Goa the richest state in India?

Ans: Goa often ranks among the richest states in India based on per capita income.

Difference between NSE and BSE, Indices, Market Share, Segments

November 1, 2025

The Indian stock market is primarily dominated by two major exchanges- the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). Both play a vital role in India’s financial ecosystem, enabling investors to trade securities, raise capital, and access transparent market data. While they share a common goal of promoting investment and economic growth, they differ in several aspects, including history, technology, market share, and indices. This article explains the key differences between NSE and BSE in a simple, detailed manner.

Difference between NSE and BSE

The Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) is the oldest stock exchange in Asia, established in 1875, while the National Stock Exchange (NSE) was founded much later, in 1992, to bring electronic and transparent trading systems to India. Both exchanges are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and offer a wide range of financial products like equities, derivatives, mutual funds, bonds, and ETFs.

Despite operating in the same financial space, NSE and BSE differ in trading volume, technological advancement, listing criteria, and benchmark indices. Investors often prefer one over the other depending on their investment strategy and trading needs.

Difference between NSE and BSE Overview

Both exchanges have contributed immensely to India’s financial modernization, but NSE’s advanced electronic system and efficient trading mechanism have made it the preferred platform for active traders and institutional investors.

Difference between NSE and BSE Overview
Particulars	NSE (National Stock Exchange)	BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange)
Established Year	1992	1875
Headquarters	Mumbai	Mumbai
Benchmark Index	NIFTY 50	SENSEX
Ownership	Public Limited Company	Public Limited Company
Number of Listed Companies (as of 2025)	~2,720	~5,595
Average Daily Turnover (Equity Segment)	Higher than BSE	Lower than NSE
Website	www.nseindia.com	www.bseindia.com
Technology	NEAT System	BOLT System
Liquidity	Higher	Lower
Market Share (Equity Derivatives)	~90%	~10%
Focus Area	Institutional and High-volume Trading	Retail and SME Market
Preferred by	Active Traders	Long-term Investors

Difference between NSE and BSE History

BSE, founded by Premchand Roychand in 1875, started as an informal group of brokers under a banyan tree near Mumbai’s Town Hall. Over time, it evolved into a structured exchange and became Asia’s first stock exchange. It introduced SENSEX in 1986, India’s first equity index, representing the top 30 performing companies listed on the BSE.

On the other hand, NSE was established in 1992 by leading financial institutions to promote a fully automated, screen-based trading system. In 1994, it became India’s first exchange to offer electronic trading, reducing human errors and ensuring faster trade execution. NSE launched the NIFTY 50 index in 1996, which tracks 50 of the largest and most liquid companies across sectors.

Difference between NSE and BSE Indices

Stock indices serve as indicators of market performance. NSE and BSE both have their own benchmark indices that help investors track overall market trends and sectoral growth. While NSE’s NIFTY 50 and BSE’s SENSEX are the most tracked indices in India, global investors use them as benchmarks for evaluating the Indian market’s growth and stability.

Major NSE Indices

NIFTY 50: Tracks the top 50 large-cap companies.
NIFTY Next 50: Covers companies ranked 51-100.
NIFTY 500, NIFTY Midcap 100, NIFTY Smallcap 250: Represent broader and segmental indices.
NIFTY Bank and NIFTY IT: Track performance of banking and IT sectors respectively.

Major BSE Indices

SENSEX: Represents the top 30 large and stable companies.
BSE 100, BSE 200, and BSE 500: Broad-based indices covering different market segments.
BSE Midcap and BSE Smallcap: Track mid-sized and smaller firms.
BSE Sectoral Indices: Include BSE Bankex, BSE FMCG, and BSE IT.

Difference between NSE and BSE Market Share

NSE dominates in terms of trading volume and liquidity. According to SEBI and NSE data (2024-25), over 90% of the total equity derivatives trading in India happens on NSE. Its advanced electronic trading system ensures faster execution, which attracts institutional investors and high-frequency traders.

BSE, despite being the oldest exchange, has a lower trading volume but a larger number of listed companies. It caters more to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) through platforms like BSE SME.

Difference between NSE and BSE Market Share
Category	NSE	BSE
Equity Derivatives Share	Around 90%	Around 10%
Average Daily Turnover (2024-25)	₹1.8 lakh crore	₹0.3 lakh crore
Total Market Capitalization (2025)	~ ₹410.87 lakh crore (≈ US $4.8 trillion) in FY 2024-25 - (till 31 March 2025)	“₹461 lakh crore” (~US$5.5 trillion) in June 2025

Difference between NSE and BSE Trading Mechanism

The NSE revolutionized India’s stock market by introducing screen-based electronic trading in 1994, replacing the traditional open-outcry system. Its NEAT (National Exchange for Automated Trading) system allows high-speed order matching and transparent price discovery.

The BSE, after initially using manual trading methods, adopted electronic trading in 1995 with the BOLT (BSE On-Line Trading) system. While both exchanges use advanced technology today, NSE’s early automation and robust risk management systems give it a technological edge.

Difference between NSE and BSE Market Segments

Both exchanges provide a wide variety of financial products and operate in several market segments. While both exchanges offer similar products, NSE handles most of India’s derivatives trading, while BSE focuses more on retail investors and SMEs.

NSE Market Segments:

Capital Market (Equities and ETFs)
Futures & Options (Derivatives)
Currency Derivatives
Debt Market
Mutual Fund and Commodity Derivatives

BSE Market Segments:

Equity and SME Platform
Debt Instruments
Derivatives
Mutual Funds and ETFs
Commodity Derivatives and Corporate Bonds

Difference between NSE and BSE Listing Process

BSE has more relaxed listing norms and hosts the largest number of listed companies, especially smaller and regional firms. NSE, on the other hand, follows stricter financial and governance standards, making it suitable for large and well-established companies.

Difference between NSE and BSE Listing Process
Parameter	NSE	BSE
Listing Norms	Stricter	Relatively lenient
Ideal for	Large-cap companies	SMEs and regional companies
Number of Listed Companies (2025)	~2,720	~5,595

Difference between NSE and BSE Investor Accessibility

Both exchanges cater to retail and institutional investors, but NSE is preferred for active trading due to its liquidity, tight spreads, and speed. BSE is popular among long-term investors and beginners who focus on smaller or dividend-paying companies.

Difference between NSE and BSE Regulation

Both NSE and BSE operate under the supervision of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), ensuring transparency and investor protection. They also comply with international standards for clearing, settlement, and corporate governance.

Difference between NSE and BSE UPSC

Both NSE and BSE are pillars of India’s stock market, contributing significantly to economic growth and financial inclusion. While BSE holds historical significance as Asia’s oldest exchange, NSE leads in technological innovation, trading volume, and efficiency.

For investors, the choice between NSE and BSE depends on their trading goals, liquidity preferences, and risk appetite. Both provide safe, regulated, and transparent platforms for investing in India’s growing capital market.

Difference Between NSE and BSE FAQs

Q1: What is the full form of NSE and BSE?

Ans: NSE stands for National Stock Exchange, and BSE stands for Bombay Stock Exchange.

Q2: Which is the oldest stock exchange in India?

Ans: BSE, established in 1875, is the oldest stock exchange in India and Asia.

Q3: Which exchange has a higher trading volume?

Ans: The NSE has a higher trading volume and market share, especially in derivatives trading.

Q4: What are the benchmark indices of NSE and BSE?

Ans: The benchmark index of NSE is NIFTY 50, while that of BSE is SENSEX.

Q5: Which is better for investors- NSE or BSE?

Ans: Both are safe and regulated. NSE is better for active traders, while BSE suits long-term and retail investors.

Know Your Vehicle

November 1, 2025

Know Your Vehicle Latest News

Recently, the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) has simplified the Know Your Vehicle (KYV) process for FASTag users.

About Know Your Vehicle

It is a system where all FASTag users submit images of their vehicle and registration certificate to verify that the tag is linked to the correct vehicle.
Purpose: It was implemented in 2024, in an attempt to prevent the leakages in the FASTag system.
The whole process has to be repeated every three years to ensure no misuse.
It is an initiative of the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), KYV was notified by National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI).
Know Your Vehicle Ensures
- The 'One Vehicle One FASTag' rule: KYV supports the idea that each vehicle should have its own valid FASTag account.
- Preventing fraud or misuse: verifying images and documents helps reduce fake tags, mis-linked vehicles.
- Ensuring smooth toll travel: without a verified KYV your FASTag may be blocked or flagged, causing delays and extra costs.

What is FASTag?

It is a device that employs Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology for making toll payments directly while the vehicle is in motion.
It is a tag used for making toll payments directly from the customers linked prepaid or savings/current account.
It is also vehicle specific and once it is affixed to a vehicle, it cannot be transferred to another vehicle.
FASTag can be purchased from any of the National Electronic Toll Collection (NETC) Member Banks.

Source: IE

Know Your Vehicle FAQs

Q1: Which government agency is responsible for implementing the "Know Your Vehicle" scheme?

Ans: Ministry of Road Transport and Highways

Q2: What is the primary function of the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI)?

Ans: To develop and maintain national highways

Independence Day 2025, Theme, Significance, Guest List

November 1, 2025

Independence Day 2025 has marked 79 years of independence of India on 15th August 2025. The day honors the struggle of independence fought against the British colonial in 1947. On this day, the Prime Minister of India raises the national flag at Delhi’s Red Fort and gives a speech to the country. The day aims to honor the sacrifices made by our freedom fighters who fought for India to become an independent country. In this article, we are going to cover Independence Day 2025.

Independence Day 2026

The 80th Independence Day of India will be celebrated on Saturday, August 15, 2026, marking 80 glorious years since the nation gained freedom from British rule in 1947. This historic milestone will be celebrated with great pride and patriotic fervor across the country. The Prime Minister will hoist the national flag at the Red Fort in New Delhi, followed by the national anthem and an address to the nation. Schools, offices, and public places will organize cultural programs, parades, and tributes to the freedom fighters.

Independence Day 2025 Theme

The theme of Independence Day 2025 has not been officially announced yet. The theme is usually around the principle of growth, patriotism and unity, and the heritage of Freedom fighters of India. The goal of celebrating Independence Day 2025 is to highlight the aspects of national progress like unity, innovative and inclusive growth as India marches towards a $5 trillion Economy by Year 2047.

Independence Day 2025 Guest List

In order to celebrate Independence Day 2025, the Central Government is going to honor top 50 of Delhi’s best-performing Swachhta Karamcharis and invite them as special guests to the Independence Day celebrations at the Red Fort.

All zonal offices are expected to submit the names of five sanitation workers from their jurisdiction that includes two males and three females along with their spouses, to the Ministry of Defence.

Independence Day 2025 Programme List

Independence Day 2025 has been celebrated on 15th August 2025 at the Red Fort. The celebrations take place in the following sequence:

Guard of Honour to Prime Minister Narendra Modi by the Delhi Police and Armed Forces.
Unfurling of the National Flag, singing of the National Anthem, and a 21-Gun Salute.
Flower petal shower by Indian Air Force helicopters over the National Flag.
Prime Minister’s Address to the nation.
National Anthem sung again post-speech.
Release of tri-coloured balloons to mark the conclusion of the ceremony.

Independence Day 2025 Historical Background

Independence Day 2025 was celebrated for the first time on 15 August 1947, when India woke up to the dawn of freedom. On the first day of independence, Jawaharlal Nehru the first Prime Minister of Independent India, gave the first speech at midnight, the famous “tryst with destiny” heralding a new era of sovereignty. When Nehru raised the tricolour for the first time at the Red Fort, it symbolized the end of oppression and the beginning of self-rule.

Since then, Independence Day has been celebrated all over India with official ceremonies, with the Prime Minister hoisting the National Flag at the Red Fort to honour the courage, sacrifices, and vision of the leaders and freedom fighters who shaped India’s struggle for independence.

Independence Day 2025 Significance

Independence Day 2025 celebrations are important due to the following reasons:

The day honors the sacrifices and determination of freedom fighters of India and their vision of India becoming an independent nation.
It acts as a reminder of unity, motivating people from all walks of life to come together in the spirit of patriotism, harmony and progress.
From flag hoisting and cultural performances to community service, all activities portray pride in the nation.
The celebration not only reinforces the values of democracy, social justice, and constitutional rights and duties but also invites reflection on the nation’s journey, its history, milestones, and challenges.
From flag hoisting and cultural performances to community service, every activity fosters camaraderie and pride in the nation.

Independence Day 2025 FAQs

Q1: Is it the 78th or 79th Independence Day in 2025?

Ans: India has celebrated its 79th Independence Day in 2025, counting the first celebration in 1947 as the first one.

Q2: Which year is Independence Day 2025 in India?

Ans: India will observe its 79th Independence Day in the year 2025.

Q3: What is the theme of the 79th Independence Day 2025?

Ans: The theme for the 79th Independence Day in 2025 has not been announced yet.

Q4: What is the importance of celebrating Independence Day 2025?

Ans: Celebrating Independence Day honors the nation’s freedom struggle, fosters unity and patriotism, and inspires citizens to reflect on democratic values and future progress.

Q5: Who were the top ten freedom fighters in the struggle for Indian independence?

Ans: India's top freedom fighters include Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Subhas Chandra Bose, Bhagat Singh, Rani Lakshmibai, Lala Lajpat Rai, among others

Doctrine of Party Autonomy

November 1, 2025

Doctrine of Party Autonomy Latest News

The Supreme Court recently held that the Doctrine of Party Autonomy is not limitless, and the same is the bedrock of arbitration.

About Doctrine of Party Autonomy

The fundamental principle governing arbitration is party autonomy.
The freedom of the parties to choose the process of resolving disputes is known as party autonomy.
It confers on the parties the freedom to determine laws, place of arbitration, selection of arbitrators, etc.
Almost all international arbitration laws, rules, and conventions recognize the principle of party autonomy.
- The concept is recognised under the New York Convention, the UNCITRAL Model Law, the Indian Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Arbitration Rules, etc.
However, party autonomy is not unlimited, and it may be subject to certain legal or public policy constraints depending on the jurisdictions involved.
The Supreme Court of India (SC), in the April 2021 judgment, ruled that “Party autonomy is the guiding spirit of arbitration”.
The SC also held that such autonomy must be exercised on an equal footing, with both parties having a meaningful participation in the arbitrator appointment process.
Any imbalance, where one party has disproportionate control, risks undermining the arbitrator’s independence and impartiality.

Source: VERD

Doctrine of Party Autonomy FAQs

Q1: What does the Doctrine of Party Autonomy primarily relate to?

Ans: Freedom of parties to choose their dispute resolution process.

Q2: The Doctrine of Party Autonomy is most closely associated with which field of law?

Ans: Arbitration Law

Q3: The Doctrine of Party Autonomy is recognized under which Indian legislation?

Ans: Indian Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996

SC Safeguards Lawyer-Client Privilege

November 1, 2025

Lawyer-Client Privilege Latest News

The Supreme Court of India has reinforced the lawyer-client confidentiality privilege under Section 132 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA), 2023.
The apex court issued directions to prevent investigating agencies from summoning advocates representing accused persons—except under specific legal exceptions.
This judgment upholds constitutional protections against self-incrimination and ensures that professional confidence between advocates and clients remains sacrosanct.

Background and Case Origin

The case stemmed from an appeal against a Gujarat High Court order which refused to quash a police summons to a lawyer in a loan dispute.
The issue gained prominence after the Enforcement Directorate (ED) summoned senior advocates in cases involving their clients, prompting a suo motu intervention by the Supreme Court.
The ED later withdrew its notices, but the Court chose to address the recurring problem of investigating agencies summoning advocates.

Key Judicial Observations

Upholding the advocate-client privilege:
- The Court emphasized that the facts or circumstances of a crime or the content of an FIR cannot be sought from an advocate representing an accused.
- Such attempts reflect the failure of the investigating agency to independently gather evidence.
- Section 132 of BSA mirrors constitutional protection under Article 20(3) — protection against self-incrimination.
Role of the investigating agencies:
- The onus lies on investigators to find independent evidence of guilt.
- Summoning lawyers to disclose client information violates professional confidence and infringes fundamental rights.
Judicial criticism of the High Court:
- The Gujarat High Court’s refusal to quash the summons was termed “flawed and erroneous”, amounting to abdication of inherent powers.
- The SC cautioned “gallant investigating officers” against impulsive transgressions into privileged communication.

Statutory References and Legal Basis

Section 132, BSA 2023: Protects professional communication between advocate and client; privilege belongs to the client.
Sections 175 and 179, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) 2023: Do not empower authorities to compel disclosure of privileged lawyer-client communication.
Section 94, BNSS 2023: Governs production of digital devices—must be produced before the jurisdictional court.
Section 528, BNSS 2023: Allows judicial review of summons issued to advocates.
Section 134, BSA 2023: Protects communications to legal advisors (applicable to in-house counsels).

Supreme Court’s Key Directions

Protection from summons: Investigating Officers or SHOs cannot summon advocates representing accused persons to obtain case details, except under valid exceptions of Section 132.
Conditions for valid summons: Any summons must -
- Explicitly state the exception invoked under Section 132.
- Receive written consent and satisfaction of a superior officer (SP rank or above).
- Be subject to judicial review under Section 528 of BNSS.
Digital device protocol: If a digital device is required -
- It must be produced before the jurisdictional court.
- The court must hear the advocate and client, protecting data of other clients.
- Examination shall occur in the presence of the advocate, client, and technical expert.
Scope of privilege:
- The privilege extends to advocates engaged in litigation or non-litigious matters.
- In-house counsels are not covered under Section 132 but protected under Section 134 for employer-legal advisor communications.
- Documents in the possession of an advocate are not privileged unless they contain confidential communications.

Significance of Judgment

Reinforcement of constitutional morality:
- Strengthens Article 20(3) protections against self-incrimination.
- Upholds Rule of Law and due process in criminal investigation.
Recognition of the advocate’s role:
- The judgment highlights the “sublime and profound role” of advocates in defending individual liberty and maintaining justice.
- Reaffirms the sanctity of the legal profession as an essential component of democracy.

Way Forward

Training for investigating officers: Regular sensitization on legal privileges and constitutional limits to ensure lawful investigation.
Codified SOPs for digital evidence: Clear guidelines for obtaining and handling lawyers’ digital devices to prevent privacy breaches.
Judicial oversight mechanisms: Strengthening pre-approval processes for issuing summons under exceptions to maintain accountability.
Protection for legal professionals: Bar Councils and legal associations should monitor misuse of summons and intervene proactively.

Conclusion

The Supreme Court’s verdict in this case marks a significant reaffirmation of the lawyer-client privilege as a cornerstone of India’s criminal justice system.
By insulating advocates from undue pressure and illegal summons, the Court safeguards both professional ethics and the constitutional rights of accused persons.
The decision not only reinforces faith in the rule of law but also sets a precedent ensuring that investigations respect the dignity and independence of the legal profession.

Source: IE

Lawyer-Client Privilege FAQs

Q1: How does Section 132 of the BSA, 2023, reinforce the constitutional protection against self-incrimination under Article 20(3)?

Ans: Section 132 protects confidential communications between advocate and client, ensuring that no lawyer is compelled to disclose privileged information.

Q2: What is the significance of the SC’s recent judgment in preventing the misuse of investigative powers against advocates?

Ans: The judgment curbs arbitrary summons to lawyers by enforcing procedural checks, protecting legal privilege, preserving the independence of the legal profession.

Q3: What are the implications of the SC’s directions on digital evidence handling by advocates under the BNSS, 2023?

Ans: The Court mandated that digital devices of advocates must be produced before courts, not police, ensuring judicial oversight and clients’ confidentiality.

Q4: Why did the SC find the Gujarat HC’s stance “flawed and erroneous” in refusing to quash the police summons to a lawyer?

Ans: Because the HC failed to uphold the rule against non-disclosure and neglected its inherent powers to protect the lawyer-client privilege under Section 132 of BSA.

Q5: In what ways does the SC judgment strengthen the role of advocates as a pillar of justice and civil liberty in India?

Ans: By reaffirming lawyer-client privilege, the Court upheld their essential role in defending individual rights and ensuring fair trial standards.

The Aabhar Collection

November 1, 2025

The Aabhar Collection Latest News

Indian Railways will patronise the newly launched ‘Aabhar’ online store that will showcase a range of exquisite gift items manufactured by indigenous tribes, handloom weavers.

About The Aabhar Collection

It is an online store on the Government e-Marketplace (GeM) portal dedicated to showcasing exquisite gift items and hampers.
The collection, which currently features over 150 items, is part of GeM's mandate to promote social inclusion.
Products in the collection are select One District One Product (ODOP) and Geographical Indication (GI) items.
They are sourced exclusively from:
- Central Cottage Industries Emporium (CCIE)
- Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC)
- Various Central and State Handicraft and Handloom Emporiums

Key Facts about Government e-Marketplace (GeM)

It is the Public Procurement Portal for procurement of goods and services for all Central Government and State Government Ministries, Departments, Public Sector Units (PSUs), and affiliated.
The portal was launched in August 2016 by the Ministry of Commerce & Industry.
GeM endeavours to make the public procurement process transparent, efficient, and inclusive.
The purchases through GeM by government users have been authorized and made mandatory by the Ministry of Finance by adding a new Rule No. 149 in the General Financial Rules, 2017.

Source: TH

The Aabhar Collection FAQs

Q1: What is The Aabhar Collection?

Ans: An online store on the Government e-Marketplace (GeM) showcasing gift items and hampers.

Q2: Approximately how many items are featured in The Aabhar Collection?

Ans: ODOP (One District One Product) and GI (Geographical Indication) items.

Q3: What type of items are mainly displayed in The Aabhar Collection?

Ans: Exquisite gift items and hampers.

National Marine Fisheries Census 2025

November 1, 2025

National Marine Fisheries Census 2025 Latest News

Recently, the union Minister of State, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, launched the Marine Fisheries Census (MFC) 2025.

About National Marine Fisheries Census 2025

It is the fifth edition of the Marine Fisheries Census.
It is a coast-wide activity fully funded by the Department of Fisheries, Government of India.
Nodal Agency: ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) as the nodal agency and Fishery Survey of India (FSI) as the operational partner.

Features of National Marine Fisheries Census 2025

Coverage: 13 coastal States and Union Territories, including the Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep,
Time Period: The core household data collection is scheduled for an extended period of 45 days.
Digital Architecture: It is powered by a suite of custom-made, multilingual Android applications—VyAS–NAV (for validation of fishing villages and harbours), VyAS–BHARAT (household and infrastructure enumeration) and VyAS–SUTRA (for real-time supervision and monitoring of households and enumerators) developed by the the ICAR–Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI).
Expanded Socio-economic Data: For the first time, census includes detailed information on crucial indicators like total family income, homeownership, outstanding liabilities, and sources of credit.
Focus on Vulnerability: It covers data on insurance status, major losses or disabilities, the specific socio-economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on fisher families, and the receipt of benefits from schemes like PMMSY/PM-MKSSY.
Institutional Mapping: New schedules focusing on Fish Farmer Producer Organizations (FFPOs) and Self-Help Groups (SHGs) are introduced to facilitate collectivization and strengthen the value chain.

Source: PIB

National Marine Fisheries Census 2025 FAQs

Q1: What is the primary objective of the National Marine Fisheries Census 2025?

Ans: To collect socio-economic data of fisher households

Q2: What is the duration of the National Marine Fisheries Census 2025?

Ans: 45 days

Kunming Biodiversity Fund

November 1, 2025

Kunming Biodiversity Fund Latest News

Recently, seven countries have secured $5.8 million from the Kunming Biodiversity Fund to enhance nature-friendly agriculture.

About Kunming Biodiversity Fund

It is a Multi-Partner Trust Fund (MTPF) launched in 2021 during Part 1 of the COP 15 of Convention of Biological Diversity.
It aims to facilitate the successful implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) at regional, national, subnational and local level.
Initial contribution: 1.5 billion yuan (about $200 million) from China.
It was established under the leadership of the Ministry of Environment and Ecology (MEE) of China and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), with the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (SCBD) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
Focus area: It supports developing countries to accelerate and upscale their actions for the National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs).

What is Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework?

It was adopted during the 15th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity in December 2022.
It aims to support the achievement of sustainable development goals and build on previous strategic plans.
It sets a bold path towards global harmony with nature by 2050.
Goals and targets: The GBF consists of 23 targets (set for 2030) and four global goals (set for 2050) to preserve biodiversity for current and future generations.

Source: DTE

Kunming Biodiversity Fund FAQs

Q1: What is the primary objective of the Kunming Biodiversity Fund (KBF)?

Ans: To assist developing nations in implementing the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework .

Q2: What is the initial contribution to the Kunming Biodiversity Fund?

Ans: $200 million

Kunar River

November 1, 2025

Kunar River Latest News

New Delhi recently extended its support to Afghanistan to build a dam over the Kunar River, which it shares with Pakistan, at a time when the two nations are at loggerheads.

About Kunar River

The Kunar River, also known as the Kama River, is a long and important river.
It flows for about 480 kilometers (298 miles) through northern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan.
This river starts high up in the Hindu Kush mountains.
Its waters come from melting glaciers and snow.
In Pakistan, this river is known as the Chitral River.
It is a tributary of the Kabul River.
The Kabul River then flows into the much larger Indus River. This makes the Kunar River part of the Indus watershed.
Course:
- The Kunar River begins just south of the Broghil Pass. This area is in the upper part of the Chitral District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
- It is very close to the border with Afghanistan, known as the Durand Line.
- As the river flows, it passes through different regions.
- It eventually reaches Jalalabad in Afghanistan. Here, the Kunar River joins the Kabul River.
Tributaries:
- On its left side, the Shishi River joins it.
- On its right side, rivers like the Lotkoh River, the Landai Sin River, and the Pech River add their waters.

Source: FP

Kunar River FAQs

Q1: Through which two countries does the Kunar River flow?

Ans: Afghanistan and Pakistan

Q2: What is the approximate length of the Kunar River?

Ans: 480 km

Q3: The Kunar River originates from which mountain range?

Ans: Hindu Kush Mountains

Q4: The Kunar River is a tributary of which major river?

Ans: Kabul River

Kendriya Grihmantri Dakshata Padak

November 1, 2025

Kendriya Grihmantri Dakshata Padak Latest News

Recently, the ‘Kendriya Grihmantri Dakshata Padak’ has been awarded for the year 2025.

About Kendriya Grihmantri Dakshata Padak

It has been instituted by the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India in 2024.
The award aims to encourage professional standards and boost the morale of officers and officials across the country.
It is given to recognize excellent work, promote high professional standards and boost the morale of the concerned official/officer in the following four fields:
- Special Operation
- Investigation
- Intelligence
- Forensic Science
It was created by merging the 4 previously existing MHA awards –
- The Special Operation Medal,
- The Medal for Excellence in Investigation,
- The Exceptional Intelligence Efficiency Medal, and
- The Union Home Minister's Award for Meritorious Service.
Eligibility: It is conferred on members of the Police Forces, Security Organization, Intelligence Wing/Branch/Special Branch of State/Union Territories/Central Police Organizations (CPOs)/Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) and Forensic Science (Central / State / Union Territories) throughout the Indian Union.
The medal is announced on 31st of October every year, on the occasion of the Birth Anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.

Source: PIB

Kendriya Grihmantri Dakshata Padak FAQ's

Q1: What is the Kendriya Grihmantri Dakshata Padak awarded for?

Ans: Outstanding service in police and security organizations

Q2: What are the fields in which the Kendriya Grihmantri Dakshata Padak recognizes excellence?

Ans: Special Operations, Investigation, Intelligence, and Forensic Science

Daily Editorial Analysis 1 November 2025

November 1, 2025

The Case for a Board of Peace and Sustainable Security

Context

As the United Nations marks its eightieth anniversary, the gap between its founding ideals and its institutional reality has become stark.
Created to prevent catastrophic conflict and safeguard global peace, the UN now struggles to fulfil these aspirations.
Diplomacy has become reactive and episodic, fading after crises pass.
To address this, a bold yet realistic innovation has been proposed: the creation of a Board of Peace and Sustainable Security (BPSS) to ensure continuous political engagement throughout the peace process.

The Structural Deficit in UN Peace Architecture

The UN’s peace system suffers from a mismatch between mandate and mechanism. The UN Security Council (UNSC) is designed for crisis response but is episodic and reactive.
Peacekeeping missions stabilise but rarely operate with a comprehensive political strategy.
Meanwhile, the Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) lacks authority to shape transitions during critical post-conflict phases.
The result is weak follow-through, loss of momentum, and institutional amnesia, undermining peace agreements and leaving fragile states vulnerable to relapse.

Functional Reform Before Structural Reform

While UNSC structural reform is long overdue, waiting for it has stalled innovation.
Under Article 22 of the UN Charter, the General Assembly can establish subsidiary bodies, a pathway for functional reform without altering global power structures.
The BPSS represents a practical and urgent reform, strengthening the UN’s ability to act within existing legal authority.

A Dedicated Space for Sustaining Peace

The BPSS would occupy a clearly defined institutional space: supporting political transitions during and after conflict.
It would not challenge UNSC authority or state sovereignty, nor act as an early-warning or intervention tool. Instead, it would:
- Reinforce nationally-led political dialogue
- Support peace agreement implementation
- Coordinate regional diplomatic efforts
- Align peacekeeping operations with political goals
- Ensure continuity of engagement over time
By absorbing and strengthening the Peacebuilding Commission, it would transform diplomacy into a sustained, structured process.

Representation, Credibility, and Mandate

The BPSS requires legitimacy through representation without becoming unwieldy.
A rotating body of around two dozen elected states, with guaranteed regional balance, would avoid elite clubs and veto systems.
Regional organisations (e.g., AU, ASEAN) would serve as active participants, reflecting the reality that peace is shaped beyond New York.
Civil society would participate consultatively, ensuring local insight without procedural gridlock.

Embedding the Concept of Sustainable Security

Central to the proposal is sustainable security, the idea that lasting peace requires governance, inclusion, and legitimacy, not just ceasefires. Sustainable peace emerges through:
- Gradually implemented political settlements
- Inclusive and responsible governance
- Strengthened public trust
- Nationally owned processes
The BPSS would ensure the UN remains engaged long after crises fade, providing continuity, memory, and discipline in peace efforts.

A Realistic Path Toward Meaningful Reform

The UN faces a false choice: accept stagnation or pursue radical, unattainable reform.
The BPSS demonstrates that institutions can evolve responsibly.
It would not redistribute geopolitical power, but would correct a critical weakness, the absence of political continuity between war and stable peace.
This reform revives core principles: diplomacy must be disciplined, peace must be sustained, and institutions must evolve to endure.

Conclusion

The BPSS is not a miracle solution, but a pragmatic and principled innovation.
By ensuring continuous political engagement, it strengthens the UN where failures are most costly.
As the UN enters its ninth decade, meaningful renewal begins not with rewriting the system but with innovating where authority already exists.
With the BPSS, the UN can reclaim its founding purpose: to ensure that peace is not just achieved, but sustained.

The Case for a Board of Peace and Sustainable Security FAQs

Q1. What main problem does the UN face in sustaining peace?
Ans. The UN struggles to sustain peace because its systems are reactive and lack continuous political engagement after conflicts ease.

Q2. Why is functional reform considered urgent?
Ans. Functional reform is urgent because it strengthens the UN’s ability to act immediately using existing Charter powers, without waiting for difficult structural changes.

Q3. What is the purpose of the proposed Board of Peace and Sustainable Security?
Ans. The proposed Board of Peace and Sustainable Security aims to provide continuous political support during and after conflict to ensure lasting peace.

Q4. How would the BPSS differ from the current UN Security Council?
Ans. The BPSS would focus on long-term political accompaniment rather than crisis-driven action and would not rely on permanent seats or veto power.

Q5. What principle underlies the idea of “sustainable security”?
Ans. Sustainable security rests on the principle that lasting peace depends on good governance, inclusion, and legitimate political processes.

Source: The Hindu

Daily Editorial Analysis 1 November 2025 FAQs

Q1: What is editorial analysis?

Ans: Editorial analysis is the critical examination and interpretation of newspaper editorials to extract key insights, arguments, and perspectives relevant to UPSC preparation.

Q2: What is an editorial analyst?

Ans: An editorial analyst is someone who studies and breaks down editorials to highlight their relevance, structure, and usefulness for competitive exams like the UPSC.

Q3: What is an editorial for UPSC?

Ans: For UPSC, an editorial refers to opinion-based articles in reputed newspapers that provide analysis on current affairs, governance, policy, and socio-economic issues.

Q4: What are the sources of UPSC Editorial Analysis?

Ans: Key sources include editorials from The Hindu and Indian Express.

Q5: Can Editorial Analysis help in Mains Answer Writing?

Ans: Yes, editorial analysis enhances content quality, analytical depth, and structure in Mains answer writing.

India Signs 10-Year Defence Framework with the U.S.

November 1, 2025

Defence Framework Latest News

India and the United States have entered a new phase in their strategic and defence partnership with the signing of a 10-year “Framework for the India-U.S. Major Defence Partnership”.
The agreement was formalised on the sidelines of the 12th ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus (ADMM-Plus) in Kuala Lumpur.

Background of India-U.S. Defence Cooperation

Defence cooperation between India and the U.S. has been one of the strongest pillars of their bilateral relationship, evolving steadily over the past two decades.
The partnership began taking concrete shape with the 2005 Defence Framework Agreement, renewed in 2015, which emphasised joint military exercises, maritime security, and defence trade.
Since then, both countries have established foundational agreements to enhance interoperability and information sharing:
- LEMOA (2016): Enabled reciprocal access to military facilities for logistics support.
- COMCASA (2018): Facilitated secure communications between the two militaries.
- BECA (2020): Enabled the exchange of geospatial intelligence and mapping data.
- SOSA (2024): Ensured the security of supply chains in critical defence materials.
The signing of the 2025 Framework extends this cooperation into the next decade, institutionalising long-term collaboration in defence manufacturing, joint technology development, and strategic coordination in the Indo-Pacific.

Highlights of the 10-Year Defence Framework

The newly signed framework outlines an ambitious roadmap for comprehensive defence collaboration between India and the United States. Key highlights include:
- Unified Policy Direction: The framework provides a structured policy roadmap to enhance collaboration across military, industrial, and technological domains.
- Technology and Industrial Cooperation: Both sides have agreed to expand cooperation in co-production and co-development of advanced defence systems, with an emphasis on indigenous manufacturing in India under the “Make in India, Make for the World” initiative.
- Information and Intelligence Sharing: Strengthening intelligence exchange and coordination mechanisms to counter emerging security threats, including cyber and maritime challenges.
- Joint Military Exercises: Continuation and expansion of regular bilateral and multilateral exercises such as Yudh Abhyas, Malabar, and Tiger Triumph.
- Regional Security Commitment: Reinforcing a joint vision for a free, open, and rules-based Indo-Pacific, with deterrence against coercive activities in the region.

Significance of the Defence Partnership

The new defence framework comes at a crucial juncture in global geopolitics.
The Indo-Pacific has become the epicentre of strategic competition, with China’s assertive posturing and growing influence prompting deeper security cooperation among like-minded nations. The framework thus serves multiple strategic purposes:
- Enhancing Regional Stability: Reinforces India’s position as a net security provider in the Indo-Pacific.
- Boosting Defence Technology Transfer: Encourages U.S. firms to invest and collaborate in India’s defence production ecosystem, particularly under the Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET).
- Mitigating Supply Chain Risks: Reduces dependence on singular sources of defence imports by diversifying technology and production partnerships.
- Countering Trade Tensions: Despite Washington’s imposition of 50% tariffs on Indian goods, both countries have demonstrated that strategic and defence cooperation remain insulated from trade-related friction.

The Indo-Pacific and Strategic Convergence

The 10-year defence roadmap aligns closely with the shared vision of maintaining peace, freedom of navigation, and sovereignty in the Indo-Pacific region.
Both nations, along with partners in the Quad (India, U.S., Japan, and Australia), aim to ensure that the region remains free from coercive dominance.
By integrating India more deeply into global defence supply chains and security dialogues, the framework enhances New Delhi’s strategic leverage while contributing to the U.S. vision of integrated deterrence in Asia.

Source: TH | IE

Defence Framework FAQs

Q1: What is the new India-U.S. Defence Framework about?

Ans: It is a 10-year roadmap to enhance cooperation in defence technology, joint production, and strategic coordination between India and the U.S.

Q2: Where was the 10-year Defence Framework signed?

Ans: The agreement was signed in Kuala Lumpur during the 12th ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus (ADMM-Plus).

Q3: What are the key focus areas of the framework?

Ans: The framework focuses on co-production, information sharing, joint exercises, and ensuring a free and open Indo-Pacific.

Q4: How does the framework impact India’s defence industry?

Ans: It will promote technology transfer and boost indigenous manufacturing under India’s “Make in India” initiative.

Q5: How does this framework strengthen the Indo-Pacific strategy?

Ans: It reinforces collaboration for regional stability and counters coercive actions in the Indo-Pacific through joint deterrence mechanisms.

Dadasaheb Phalke Award Winners List from 1969 to 2025

November 1, 2025

Dadasaheb Phalke Award Winners List: In 2025, Malayalam superstar Mohanlal was honoured with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award at the 71st National Film Awards for his remarkable four-decade career and over 350 films that transformed Indian cinema through his unmatched versatility and depth. In the previous year, 2024, veteran Bollywood legend Mithun Chakraborty received the same honour during the 70th National Film Awards on October 8, 2024, celebrating his iconic performances in films like Mrigayaa, Disco Dancer, and Agneepath, which cemented his legacy as one of India’s most influential and dynamic actors.

Dadasaheb Phalke Award Winners

The Dadasaheb Phalke Award, introduced in 1969, is the highest honour in Indian cinema. It is named after Dhundiraj Govind Phalke, the visionary behind India’s first feature film, Raja Harishchandra, released in 1913. The award symbolises excellence in filmmaking and is given to individuals who have significantly contributed to Indian cinema. Winners receive a Golden Lotus medallion, a shawl, and ₹10 lakh as a cash prize. Over the years, iconic figures like Satyajit Ray, Raj Kapoor, and Lata Mangeshkar have been celebrated with this award.

Dadasaheb Phalke Award Winners List from 1969 to 2025

Below in the table we have shared the Dadasaheb Phalke Award Winners List from 1969 to 2025 with the industries they have worked with.

Dadasaheb Phalke Award Winners List from 1969 to 2025
Year	Edition (NFA)	Recipient	Language(s)
2023	71st NFA	Mohanlal	Malayalam
2022	70th NFA	Mithun Chakraborty	Bengali, Hindi
2021	69th NFA	Waheeda Rehman	Hindi
2020	68th NFA	Asha Parekh	Hindi
2019	67th NFA	Rajinikanth	Tamil
2018	66th NFA	Amitabh Bachchan	Hindi
2017	65th NFA	Vinod Khanna	Hindi
2016	64th NFA	K. Viswanath	Telugu
2015	63rd NFA	Manoj Kumar	Hindi
2014	62nd NFA	Shashi Kapoor	Hindi
2013	61st NFA	Gulzar	Hindi
2012	60th NFA	Pran	Hindi
2011	59th NFA	Soumitra Chatterjee	Bengali
2010	58th NFA	K. Balachander	Tamil
2009	57th NFA	D. Ramanaidu	Telugu
2008	56th NFA	V. K. Murthy	Hindi
2007	55th NFA	Manna Dey	Bengali, Hindi
2006	54th NFA	Tapan Sinha	Bengali, Hindi
2005	53rd NFA	Shyam Benegal	Hindi
2004	52nd NFA	Adoor Gopalakrishnan	Malayalam
2003	51st NFA	Mrinal Sen	Bengali, Hindi
2002	50th NFA	Dev Anand	Hindi
2001	49th NFA	Yash Chopra	Hindi
2000	48th NFA	Asha Bhosle	Hindi, Marathi
1999	47th NFA	Hrishikesh Mukherjee	Hindi
1998	46th NFA	B. R. Chopra	Hindi
1997	45th NFA	Kavi Pradeep	Hindi
1996	44th NFA	Sivaji Ganesan	Tamil
1995	43rd NFA	Rajkumar	Kannada
1994	42nd NFA	Dilip Kumar	Hindi
1993	41st NFA	Majrooh Sultanpuri	Hindi
1992	40th NFA	Bhupen Hazarika	Assamese
1991	39th NFA	Bhalji Pendharkar	Marathi
1990	38th NFA	Akkineni Nageswara Rao	Telugu
1989	37th NFA	Lata Mangeshkar	Hindi, Marathi
1988	36th NFA	Ashok Kumar	Hindi
1987	35th NFA	Raj Kapoor	Hindi
1986	34th NFA	B. Nagi Reddy	Telugu
1985	33rd NFA	V. Shantaram	Hindi, Marathi
1984	32nd NFA	Satyajit Ray	Bengali
1983	31st NFA	Durga Khote	Hindi, Marathi
1982	30th NFA	L. V. Prasad	Telugu, Tamil, Hindi
1981	29th NFA	Naushad	Hindi
1980	28th NFA	Paidi Jairaj	Hindi
1979	27th NFA	Sohrab Modi	Hindi
1978	26th NFA	Raichand Boral	Bengali, Hindi
1977	25th NFA	Nitin Bose	Bengali, Hindi
1976	24th NFA	Kanan Devi	Bengali
1975	23rd NFA	Dhirendra Nath Ganguly	Bengali
1974	22nd NFA	B. N. Reddy	Telugu
1973	21st NFA	Ruby Myers (Sulochana)	Hindi
1972	20th NFA	Pankaj Mullick	Bengali, Hindi
1971	19th NFA	Prithviraj Kapoor	Hindi
1970	18th NFA	Birendranath Sircar	Bengali
1969	17th NFA	Devika Rani	Hindi

Dadasaheb Phalke Award Winners 2024

The India's highest honour in cinema, Dadasaheb Phalke Award, recognizes significant contributions to the film industry.

Dadasaheb Phalke Award Winners 2024
Category	Winner	Work
Best Actor	Shah Rukh Khan	Jawan
Best Actress	Rani Mukerji	Mrs Chatterjee vs Norway
Best Film	Jawan	-
Best Director	Sandeep Reddy Vanga	Animal
Best Actor (Critics)	Vicky Kaushal	Sam Bahadur
Best Actress (Critics)	Kareena Kapoor Khan	Jaane Jaan
Best Film (Critics)	12th Fail	-
Best Director (Critics)	Atlee	Jawan
Best Actor in a Negative Role	Bobby Deol	Animal
Best Actress in a Comic Role	Sanya Malhotra	Kathal
Best Actor in a Comic Role	Ayushmann Khurrana	Dream Girl 2
Best Actor in a Supporting Role	Anil Kapoor	Animal
Best Actress in a Supporting Role	Dimple Kapadia	Pathaan
Most Versatile Actress	Nayanthara	-
Most Promising Actor	Vikrant Massey	12th Fail
Most Promising Actress	Adah Sharma	The Kerala Story
Best Music Director	Anirudh Ravichander	Jawan
Best Playback Singer (Male)	Varun Jain	Tere Vaste (Zara Hatke Zara Bachke)
Best Playback Singer (Female)	Shilpa Rao	Besharam Rang
Outstanding Contribution to Film	Moushumi Chatterjee	-
Outstanding Contribution to Music	KJ Yesudas	-

Dadasaheb Phalke Award Winners 2023

The Dadasaheb Phalke Award Winners 2023 witnessed the presence of leading figures from Bollywood and the television industry, who were recognized for their contributions to Indian cinema. The award includes the presentation of the prestigious Swarna Kamal (Golden Lotus) medallion, a ceremonial shawl, and a monetary award of ₹10 lakh (approximately US$13,000).

Dadasaheb Phalke Award Winners 2023
S.No	Category	Name
1.	Best Film	Kashmir Files
2.	Film Of The Year	RRR
3.	Best Actor	Ranbir Kapoor
4.	Best Actress	Alia Bhatt
5.	Critics Best Actor	Varun Dhawan
6.	Critics Best Actress	Vidya Balan
7.	Best Actor in Negative Role	Salmaan Dulquer
8.	Best Director	R. Balki
9.	Best Cinematographer	PS Vinod
10	Most Promising Actor	Rishabh Shetty
11.	Best Actor In A Supporting Role	Manish Paul
12.	Best Playback Singer (Male)	Sachet Tandon
13.	Best Playback Singer (Female)	Neeti Mohan
13.	Best Web Series	Rudra: The Edge of Darkness (Hindi)
15.	Most Versatile Actor	Anupam Kher
16.	Television Series Of The Year	Anupamaa
17.	Best Actor In A Television Series	Zain Imam For Fanaa
18.	Best Actress In A Television Series	Tejasswi Prakash
19.	Dadasaheb Phalke International Film Festival Awards 2023 for Outstanding Contribution In The Film Industry	Rekha
20.	Dadasaheb Phalke International Film Festival Awards 2023 for Outstanding Contribution In The Music Industry	Hariharan
21.	Dadasaheb Phalke Lifetime Achievement Award	Waheeda Rehman

Dadasaheb Phalke Award Winners 2022

The Dadasaheb Phalke Award Winners 2022 took place on February 20 at Taj Lands End in Mumbai. The ceremony celebrated the rich legacy and artistic brilliance of Indian cinema while also marking the historic occasion of 75 years of Indian Independence under the theme ‘Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav.’ Refer to the table below to get the complete List of Dadasaheb Phalke Award Winners 2022.

Dadasaheb Phalke Award Winners 2022
S.No	Category	Awarded to
1	Film of the Year	Pushpa: The Rise
2	Best Film	Shershaah
3	Best Actor	Ranveer Singh for '83'
4	Best Actress	Kriti Sanon for 'Mimi'
5	Best Director	Ken Ghosh for State of Siege: Temple Attack
8	Best Actress in Supporting Role	Lara Dutta for Bell Bottom
9	Best Actor in a Negative Role	Aayush Sharma for Antim: The Final Truth
10	Critics Best Film	Sardar Udham
11	Critics Best Actor	Sidharth Malhotra for Shershaah
12	Critics Best Actress	Kiara Advani for Shershaah
13	People’s Choice Best Actor	Abhimanyu Dassani
14	People’s Choice Best Actress	Radhika Madan
15	Best Debut	Ahan Shetty for Tadap
16	Best International Feature Film	Another Round
17	Best Web Series	Candy
18	Best Actor in Web Series	Manoj Bajpayee for The Family Man 2
19	Best Actress in Web Series	Raveena Tandon for Aranyak
20	Television Series of the Year	Anupama
21	Best Actor in Television Series	Shaheer Sheikh for Kuch Rang Pyar ke Aise Bhi
22	Best Actress in Television Series	shraddha Arya for Kundali Bhagya
23	Most Promising Actor in Television Series	Dheeraj Dhoopar for Kundali Bhagya
24	Most Promising Actress in Television Series	Rupali Ganguly for Anupama
25	Best Short Film	Pauli
26	Best Playback Singer Male	Vishal Mishra
27	Best Playback Singer Female	Kanika Kapoor
28	Best Cinematographer	Jayakrishna Gummadi for Haseen Dilruba

Dadasaheb Phalke Award Winners FAQs

Q1: In whose remembrance DadaSaheb Phalke award is given?

Ans: Dada Saheb Phalke is recognised as the “father of Indian cinema”, the award, Dada Saheb Phalke Award is given to appreciate the contribution of this Indian filmmaker.

Q2: DadaSaheb Phalke award is awarded to whom?

Ans: Dadasaheb Phalke is honoured for the "Outstanding contribution to the growth and development of Indian cinema".

Q3: Who was the first recipient of this award?

Ans: Devaki rani was the first awardee of this prestigious honour at the 17th National Films Awards in the year 1969.

Q4: Dadasaheb Phalke was given to whom in the year 2020?

Ans: Veteran actor Asha Parekh is the 52nd recipient of the Dada Saheb Phalke award, she was awarded for the year 2020 in the year 2022 due to the Covid Pandemic for her majestic journey in the film industry.

Q5: Which four pairs of siblings have won the Dadasaheb Phalke award?

Ans: The four pairs of siblings have won the Dadasaheb Phalke award are- Bommireddy Narasimha Reddy (1974) and Bommireddy Nagi Reddy (1986); Raj Kapoor (1987) and Shashi Kapoor (2014); Lata Mangeshkar (1989) and Asha Bhosle (2000); Baldev Raj Chopra (1998) and Yash Chopra (2001).

Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary

November 1, 2025

Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary Latest News

Recently, the Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister said that Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary will become the third home for cheetahs in the state.

About Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary

Location: It is located in the state of Madhya Pradesh.
It was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1975.
It is the largest wildlife sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh.
The entire sanctuary is situated on a plateau, forming part of the upper Vindhyan range.
It acts as a corridor for Panna Tiger Reserve and Satpura Tiger Reserve while indirectly connecting Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve via Rani Durgawati Wildlife Sanctuary.
It is classified under the Deccan peninsula biogeographic region and forms part of the Ganga and Narmada basins.
Vegetation: The forest type of this sanctuary is classified as the Tropical Dry Deciduous forest which consists of the Central Indian monsoon forests.
Drainage: Three fourth of Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary falls in the Yamuna [Ganges] basin and one fourth of the sanctuary falls in the Narmada basin.
The north flowing Kopra River, Bamner River, Bearma River, which are tributaries of the Ken River, are the major rivers of this sanctuary.
Flora: Teak, Saja, Dhaora, Bhirra, Ber, Bel, Mahua, Tendu, Gunja and Amla etc.
Fauna: Tiger, Panther, Sloth-beer wild dog, blue bull, chinkara, spotted deer, sambhar etc.

Source: PTI

Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary FAQs

Q1: Where is the Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary located?

Ans: Madhya Pradesh

Q2: What is the significance of Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary?

Ans: It is the largest wildlife sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh

MGNREGS in West Bengal: Why It Was Halted and How It Could Restart

November 1, 2025

MGNREGS Latest News

The Supreme Court has allowed the resumption of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) in West Bengal after a suspension of three and a half years.
Under the MGNREGA Act, 2005, rural adults willing to do unskilled manual work are legally entitled to 100 days of wage employment annually, with funding shared in a 90:10 ratio between the Centre and the State, and the Centre covering all wages.
Before the Centre suspended the scheme in 2022, West Bengal ranked among the top-performing states, with 51–80 lakh families benefiting from it each year between 2014-15 and 2021-22.
The Supreme Court dismissed the Centre’s plea challenging the Calcutta High Court’s order that directed the scheme to resume from August 1, 2025, clearing the way for its implementation to restart.

Why MGNREGS Was Stopped in West Bengal

The Centre suspended MGNREGS funds to West Bengal from March 2022, citing “non-compliance with central directives” under Section 27 of the MGNREGA Act, 2005.
According to the Ministry of Rural Development, inspections revealed financial irregularities, execution of non-permissible works, splitting of projects, and a lack of transparency and accountability in implementation.
Despite repeated warnings, no significant improvement was observed.
The state government persistently demanded resumption of the scheme. When the Centre refused, the state moved the Calcutta High Court, which ordered MGNREGS to resume from August 1, 2025.
The Centre appealed to the Supreme Court, but recently, a bench of Justices Vikram Nath and Sandeep Mehta dismissed the plea, clearing the way for the scheme’s restart in the state.

MGNREGS Likely to Resume Soon in West Bengal After SC Order

With the Supreme Court dismissing the Centre’s plea, the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) now has no option but to restart MGNREGS in West Bengal.
The ruling is a major setback for the ministry, which had earlier resisted resuming the scheme.
In December 2024, MoRD had stated that West Bengal must meet compliance requirements before funds for MGNREGS and PMAY-G could be released.
- The Centre had halted funding for both schemes in 2022, citing corruption in implementation.
Now, after the SC’s decision, the ministry is expected to begin procedural steps to restore funds and resume MGNREGS operations in the state.

Labour Budget Clearance Key to Restarting MGNREGS in West Bengal

The first step toward restarting MGNREGS in West Bengal is the approval of the state’s labour budget by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD). The state has already approached the ministry for this clearance.
The labour budget outlines the expected demand for unskilled work and lists projects to be undertaken in a financial year. It is approved by an Empowered Committee headed by the Union Rural Development Secretary.
Once approved, states can generate fund requests through NREGASoft, the scheme’s Management Information System (MIS).
The MoRD then releases funds based on the agreed labour budget.
Normally, these approvals are completed by January each year, but West Bengal’s labour budget has not been cleared since 2021-22, when funding was suspended.
Approval of this budget is therefore essential for resuming MGNREGS operations in the state.

West Bengal’s Pending Dues Under Rural Development Schemes

According to West Bengal government sources, about ₹18,000 crore in dues are pending from the Centre under three major rural development schemes:
- MGNREGS,
- Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Gramin (PMAY-G), and
- Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY).
However, the Central government reports a lower figure.
- In a Rajya Sabha reply in December 2023, then Rural Development Minister stated that ₹13,965 crore was pending as the Central share for MGNREGS and PMAY-G combined.
The gap between the two estimates highlights the ongoing disagreement between the Centre and the state over the exact amount owed to West Bengal under these key welfare programmes.

Source: IE

MGNREGS FAQs

Q1: Why was MGNREGS suspended in West Bengal?

Ans: The Centre stopped funds in 2022 citing financial irregularities, non-compliance, and lack of transparency under Section 27 of the MGNREGA Act.

Q2: What did the Supreme Court decide?

Ans: The SC dismissed the Centre’s plea, upholding the Calcutta HC’s order to resume MGNREGS from August 1, 2025.

Q3: What is required to restart MGNREGS in West Bengal?

Ans: The first step is approval of the state’s labour budget by the Rural Development Ministry, after which funds can be released.

Q4: How much money is owed to West Bengal?

Ans: The state claims ₹18,000 crore in pending dues, while the Centre acknowledges about ₹13,965 crore under MGNREGS and PMAY-G.

Q5: What happens next after the SC order?

Ans: The Rural Development Ministry must now complete procedural steps to restore funds and restart work under MGNREGS in the state.

How India Could Become a $30 Trillion Economy by 2048

November 1, 2025

$30 Trillion Economy Latest News

At the Berlin Global Dialogue, Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal asserted that India will be a $30 trillion economy within 20–25 years, shaping how the country negotiates trade deals.
Goyal argued that while the US economy is currently eight times larger, the gap will narrow significantly over the next 25 years.
His statement underlines India’s growing economic confidence and its aim to negotiate trade agreements from a position of strength, aligned with its long-term growth trajectory.

Understanding the Size of an Economy

The size of an economy is measured by its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) — the total market value of all goods and services produced within a country in a year.
GDP reflects a nation’s economic strength and global influence, much like a scoreboard that tracks overall performance. A larger GDP indicates greater production, spending, and prosperity.
As of end-2024, the US GDP stood at $29.2 trillion, while India’s GDP in the 2023–24 financial year was $3.9 trillion.
- To compare, the US state of California alone had a GDP of $4.1 trillion.
An easy analogy: GDP is like the total runs scored by a cricket team over a season — the higher the runs (output), the stronger and more successful the team (economy).

How a Country’s GDP Is Used For Comparison

Globally, GDP is expressed in US dollar terms to allow easy comparison between countries.
To calculate this, a nation’s GDP in local currency (rupees, in India’s case) is divided by the rupee–dollar exchange rate.
The GDP discussed internationally is usually the nominal GDP, which includes the effect of inflation — unlike real GDP, which adjusts for it.
Projecting future GDP, therefore, depends on two factors:
- India’s nominal GDP in rupees, and
- The rupee–dollar exchange rate.
For example, India’s GDP in 2024 was about Rs 330 trillion. If the exchange rate had remained ₹65 per US dollar (as in 2014), India would have been a $5 trillion economy.
However, since the rate weakened to ₹84 per dollar, the GDP in dollar terms was only $3.9 trillion.

Assessing the Validity of $30 Trillion Projection

The Minister’s projection of India becoming a $30 trillion economy in the next 25 years appears realistic, based on past trends.
Looking back, from 2000 to 2024, India’s nominal GDP grew at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.9%, while the rupee depreciated against the US dollar at a CAGR of 2.7%.
If India maintains the same growth and currency depreciation rates over the next 25 years, its GDP would surpass $30 trillion by 2048 — around 27 years from now, which aligns closely with Goyal’s prediction.

Why $30 Trillion Target Faces Challenges

While projecting future growth using past trends seems reasonable, India’s economic momentum has slowed since 2014.
Over the past 11 years, India’s nominal GDP has grown at a CAGR of 10.3%, lower than the 11.9% average of the previous 25 years.
Meanwhile, the rupee’s depreciation has slightly accelerated to 3.08%, compared to 2.7% earlier.
This means slower economic growth combined with faster currency weakening.
If these recent trends continue, India’s GDP would reach $30 trillion only around 2055, not by 2048, pushing Goyal’s target back by nearly a decade.

The Real Impact of a Slower Growth Rate

The timeline difference between India reaching a $30 trillion economy by 2048 or 2055 may appear small — just 7 to 8 years — but the financial impact is huge.
If India continues growing at the pace of the past 25 years, by 2055 its economy would be 75% larger than what it would be if it grew at the slower rate of the past 11 years.
In short, even a slight dip in growth momentum over time can lead to massive differences in economic size when projected over decades.

India Must Sustain Higher Growth to Realize Its $30 Trillion Vision

The analysis shows that each decade’s performance matters — even small changes in growth rates can cause huge long-term differences in economic size.
Although it’s normal for growth to slow as economies mature, India is still relatively small compared to the US and China and cannot afford a slowdown yet.
To make the $30 trillion goal credible, India must accelerate its growth rate and maintain strong, consistent economic momentum over the coming decades.

Source: IE | BS

$30 Trillion Economy FAQs

Q1: What did Piyush Goyal say about India’s economy?

Ans: He said India will become a $30 trillion economy in 20–25 years, emphasizing long-term confidence in the country’s growth potential.

Q2: What does GDP measure?

Ans: GDP represents the total value of goods and services produced within a country, reflecting its overall economic size and global influence.

Q3: How is GDP calculated in dollar terms?

Ans: GDP in rupees is divided by the rupee–dollar exchange rate. A weaker rupee lowers GDP’s dollar value even if domestic output rises.

Q4: Is the $30 trillion target realistic?

Ans: Yes, if India maintains a 11.9% GDP growth and 2.7% rupee depreciation, the economy could cross $30 trillion by 2048

Q5: What could delay India’s $30 trillion milestone?

Ans: Slower growth since 2014 and a faster rupee decline could push the goal to 2055, showing how small rate shifts have large effects.