2025 for January 1970

National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI)

September 14, 2025

National Botanical Research Institute Latest News

The National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) recently achieved a breakthrough by cultivating the exotic flower, Eustoma, native to Mexico and America, in Odisha after successfully growing it on its campus in Lucknow.

About National Botanical Research Institute

It is amongst one of the constituent research institutes of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
It is located in the city of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.
It is a multi-disciplinary plant research centre of international repute, undertaking basic and applied R&D programmes in several strategically important areas of plant sciences.
Originally set up as the National Botanic Gardens (NBG) by the State Government of Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), it was taken over by the CSIR in 1953.
Though initially engaged in research work in the classical botanical disciplines, the NBG went on laying an increasing emphasis, in keeping with the national needs and priorities in the field of plant sciences, on its applied and developmental research activities.
NBG was renamed as the NBRI, i.e., The National Botanical Research Institute in 1978.
Objectives:
- Basic and applied research on plant diversity and prospection, plant-environment interaction and biotechnological approaches for plant improvement.
- Development of technologies for new plant and microbial sources of commercial importance.
- Building up germplasm repository of plants of indigenous and exotic origin, including rare, endangered and threatened species
- Providing expertise and assistance for identification, supply and exchange of plants and propagules, garden layout and landscaping.
- Dissemination of scientific knowledge and technologies on plants and microbial resources through publications, training, capacity building and extension activities
The NBRI R&D department has seven divisions under which they conduct various researches. Those seven divisions are
- Plant Diversity, Systematics and Herbarium.
- Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Product Development.
- Plant Ecology and Environment Technologies.
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology.
- Plant Genetic Resources and Improvement.
- Botanical Garden, Plant Conservation and Agro-technologies.
- S & T Management.
CSIR-NBRI is equipped with state-of-the-art laboratories to support R&D.
CSIR-NBRI has a well-designed Botanic Garden spread over 25 hectares with documented collections of about 5,000 indigenous and exotic plant species and varieties.
It has an herbarium with 253,103 reference collections of flowering and non-flowering plants of India and two field research stations at Banthra.
The institute is known for its outstanding contributions to enriching the knowledge base on India’s plant diversity, particularly in developing globally competent biotech and microbial technologies, herbal products, and plant databases.
NBRI is recognized as a leading institute and referral center by different Ministries/Departments of the Government of India and the United Nations in matters related to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Traditional Knowledge, and Intellectual Property Rights.
The Institute has been recognized by Government of India as one of the National Repositories for Indian flora under the National Biodiversity Authority and as per the provisions of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002.

Source: TH

National Botanical Research Institute FAQs

Q1: Where is the National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) located?

Ans: It is located in the city of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.

Q2: National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) is a constituent institute of which organization?

Ans: Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)

Q3: Where are the two field research stations of National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) located?

Ans: Banthra, near Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.

STAR Missile

September 14, 2025

STAR Missile Latest News

STAR ends India’s dependence on expensive imported target systems for missile training.

About STAR Missile

The Supersonic TARget (STAR) missile is an indigenous, high-speed missile designed to simulate realistic threats for training India’s armed forces.
It was developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).
Unlike combat missiles, STAR doesn’t aim to destroy enemy targets—instead, it mimics the enemy, helping our forces practice interception in real-time.
The STAR missile is engineered to simulate the behavior of modern supersonic anti-ship missiles and cruise missiles.
To serve different combat needs, DRDO is developing STAR in two variants:
- Air-Launched STAR: Carried by fighters like the LCA Tejas, it simulates air-to-air and air-to-ground strikes, including Anti-Radiation and Anti-AWACS roles.
- Ground-Launched STAR: Truck-mounted and mobile, this version can be deployed from shorelines or remote zones without expensive infrastructure, making it highly versatile for Navy and Army drills.

STAR Missile Features

At the heart of STAR is a two-stage propulsion system:
- Solid booster rocket for quick lift-off
- Liquid Fuel Ramjet (LFRJ) for sustained supersonic flight
Max Speed: Mach 1.8 – 2.5.
It operates across a wide altitude range from 100 meters to 10 kilometers, with an operational range of 55 to 175 kilometers.
With flight times spanning 50 to 200 seconds, it can simulate various attack scenarios, flying as low as 12 feet above water to mimic modern sea-skimming missiles or plunging from over 30,000 feet to replicate high-altitude attacks.
High Manoeuvrability: Simulates zig-zag, evasive enemy movement.
Tracking by Defence Systems: Test radar, missile interception, and tracking systems.
Safe Recovery or Detonation: Depending on mission type.

Source: BT

STAR Missile FAQs

Q1: Which organisation developed the STAR missile?

Ans: It was developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).

Q2: What is the primary purpose of STAR missile?

Ans: Simulate realistic threat profiles for training and testing.

Q3: What is the maximum speed range of STAR missile?

Ans: Mach 1.8 – 2.5

Bairabi-Sairang Rail Line

September 14, 2025

Bairabi-Sairang Rail Line Latest News

The Prime Minister recently inaugurated Mizoram’s first-ever railway line, the Bairabi–Sairang broad-gauge project, marking a historic moment in the state’s connectivity journey.

About Bairabi-Sairang Rail Line

It extends connectivity from Bairabi on the Assam–Mizoram border to Sairang, just 20 km from Aizawl (capital of Mizoram), directly linking the state capital with India’s railway network for the first time.
With the new connection, Aizawl becomes the fourth northeastern state capital linked to the national railway network after Guwahati, Agartala, and Itanagar.
The Bairabi–Sairang line stretches 51.38 km, running through some of the most challenging and hilly terrain in the Northeast.
The project includes 48 tunnels, 142 bridges (55 major and 87 minor), and multiple road overbridges and underbridges.
Notably, Bridge No. 196 stands 104 meters tall- taller than Delhi’s Qutub Minar- making it the highest bridge in the state and the second-highest pier bridge in Indian Railways.
The total length of tunnels in this project is 12,853 meters.
The passenger trains can run at speeds of up to 100 kmph on the newly built rail line.
The line was built at a cost of over Rs 8,070 crore.

Source: TOI

Bairabi-Sairang Rail Line FAQs

Q1: Bairabi-Sairang Rail Line connects which places?

Ans: It extends connectivity from Bairabi on the Assam–Mizoram border to Sairang, just 20 km from Aizawl (capital of Mizoram).

Q2: What is the total length of the Bairabi–Sairang Rail Line?

Ans: 51.38 km

Q3: What is the maximum speed at which passenger trains can run on the newly built Bairabi–Sairang Rail Line?

Ans: 100 kmph

AI-Based Weather Forecasting Program

September 14, 2025

AI-Based Weather Forecasting Program Latest News

The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare (MoAFW) launched AI-based monsoon forecasts via SMS (m-Kisan) to nearly 3.8 crore farmers across 13 states this year.

About AI-Based Weather Forecasting Program

It was launched by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare.
Under this initiative AI-based monsoon forecasts were sent using the m-Kisan portal.
This is the first-of-its-kind targeted dissemination of AI weather forecasts to date.
These AI-based forecasts distributed by the MoAFW correctly identified 20 days' pause in monsoon progression.
The government sent updated information to farmers every week until continuous rains arrived in their area.
AI Models used
- The forecasts used were a blend of two open-access models—Google’s Neural GCM and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts’ (ECMWF) Artificial Intelligence Forecasting Systems (AIFS).
Significance: It centers specifically on the needs of farmers by providing tailored weather forecasts in easy to understand language and helps them make informed farming decisions.

What is m-Kisan Portal?

It is a platform which provides web-based mobile advisory to farmers with the technological backstopping from Research Institutes and Agricultural Universities supporting farmers.
It enables all Central and State government organizations in agriculture and allied sectors to provide information/services/advisories to farmers by SMS in their language, preference of agricultural practices and location.
Through this portal messages are tailored to the farmer’s language, location, and preferred practices, helping them stay updated on weather, crops, pest control, and government schemes.

Source: PIB

AI-Based Weather Forecasting Program FAQs

Q1: What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

Ans: It is an emerging technology that enables computers and machines to simulate human intelligence and problem-solving capabilities.

Q2: What is neural GCM?

Ans: NeuralGCM is a differentiable hybrid atmospheric model that combines the strengths of traditional GCMs with machine learning for weather forecasting and climate simulation.

Certificate of Deposit (CD)

September 14, 2025

Certificate of Deposit Latest News

Issuance of certificates of deposit (CDs) by banks has fallen sharply in the last few months, pushing mutual funds to explore alternative money market instruments such as treasury bills and commercial papers to park funds.

About Certificate of Deposit

It is a fixed-income financial tool that is governed by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and is issued in a dematerialized form.
It is a type of agreement made between the depositors and the banks, wherein the bank pays an interest on your investment.
It is a short-term investment that comes with fixed investment amounts and maturity tenure ranging between 1-3 years.

Features of Certificate of Deposit

A CD in India can be issued for a minimum deposit of Rs. 1 lakh or in subsequent multiples of it.
Eligibility Criteria:
- CDs are issued by the Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) and All-India Financial Institutions.
- The Cooperative Banks and the Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) are not eligible for issuing a CD.
- It is issued to individuals, corporations, companies, and funds, among others.
- CDs could also be issued to NRIs but on a non-repatriable basis only.
Maturity Period:
- The maturity period of a CD can range between 7 days and 1 year when issued by commercial banks.
- However, for other financial institutions, the maturity period ranges from 1 year to 3 years.
CDs are offered at discount rates or floating rates, depending on the banks’ requirements.
Interest Rates: A CD offers a higher interest rate than savings accounts or some other fixed-term financial products.
CDs in dematerialised form can be transferred through endorsement or delivery, similar to dematerialised securities. This feature enhances the liquidity and ease of transactions for CDs.
Unlike some other financial instruments, there is no lock-in period for a CD. This flexibility allows investors to access their funds or reinvest after the agreed-upon term without restrictions.
Since CDs do not have any lock-in period, CDs cannot be used as collateral, and banks can’t buy back their own CDs before maturity.
Banks have to maintain the statutory liquidity ratio and cash reserve ratio on the price of a CD.
A CD is fully taxable under the Income Tax Act.
A CD cannot be publicly traded.

Source: TH

Certificate of Deposit FAQs

Q1: Who regulates the issuance of Certificates of Deposit (CDs) in India?

Ans: Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

Q2: What is the minimum deposit amount required for issuing a Certificate of Deposit (CD) in India?

Ans: ₹1,00,000

Q3: What is the maturity period for Certificates of Deposit (CDs) issued by commercial banks?

Ans: 7 days to 1 year

Q4: Can Certificates of Deposit (CDs) be issued to Non-Resident Indians (NRIs)?

Ans: Yes, but only on a non-repatriable basis.

Erra Matti Dibbalu

September 14, 2025

Erra Matti Dibbalu Latest News

Recently, Andhra Pradesh’s Erra Matti Dibbalu (Red Sand Dunes) have been included in the UNESCO Tentative List of World Heritage Sites.

About Erra Matti Dibbalu

Erra Matti Dibbalu, also known as the Red Sand Dunes is located along the coast near Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh.
It was first documented by British geologist William King in 1886, these formations are regarded as rare coastal geomorphological features.

Key Features of Erra Matti Dibbalu

It is composed of sand, silt, and clay, with their distinct reddish hue resulting from natural oxidation over thousands of years.
The uniqueness of this site is that the red sediments are a part of the continuation of the evolution of the earth and represent the late quaternary geologic age.
They exhibit badland topography with different geomorphic landforms and features, including gullies, sand dunes, buried channels, beach ridges, paired terraces, the valley in the valley, wave-cut terrace, knick point and waterfalls.
It is a lively scientific evolution site, which depicts the real-time effects of climate change.
The site also has archaeological significance, as studies of artefacts indicate an Upper Palaeolithic horizon and on cross dating assigned to Late Pleistocene epoch, which is 20,000 BC.
The site contains dendritic drainage patterns and sediment layers that record fluctuations in sea level and climatic changes over the late Quaternary period.
Other similar sites: Only two other similar sites exist in the world, one in Sri Lanka and another in Tamil Nadu (Teri Sands).
The Geological Survey of India (GSI) declared Erra Matti Dibbalu a National Geo-heritage Monument in 2016.
Issues: Experts note that the site faces threats from tourism and filming activities.

Source: NIE

Erra Matti Dibbalu FAQs

Q1: How many national geological monuments are there in India?

Ans: 34

Q2: Which is India's first geo heritage site?

Ans: Ramgarh Crater

Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary

September 14, 2025

Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary Latest News

Madhya Pradesh wildlife officials have initiated plans to introduce a female cheetah to the Gandhi Sagar wildlife sanctuary.

About Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary

Location: It is situated in northwestern Madhya Pradesh, along the Madhya Pradesh-Rajasthan border and lies within the Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion.
Key features:
- It was declared a sanctuary in 1974, covering an area of 368 sq. km.
- Rivers: The Chambal River flows through the sanctuary, dividing it into two parts.
- It is a designated Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA).
- The sanctuary houses sites of historical and archaeological significance, such as Chaurasigarh, Chaturbhujnath Temple, Bhadkaji rock paintings, Hinglajgarh Fort,and Taxakeshwar Temple.
Topography and Vegetation: The sanctuary includes hills, plateaus, and the catchment area of the Gandhi Sagar Dam.
Vegetation: Northern tropical dry deciduous forest, Northern tropical dry mixed deciduous forest, Dry deciduous scrub.
Flora: It mainly consists of Khair, Salai, Kardhai, Dhawda, Tendu, and Palash trees.
Fauna: Chinkara, Nilgai, and Spotted Deer, Indian Leopard, Striped Hyena, and Jackal etc.

Source: IE

Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary FAQs

Q1: Which are the main tributaries of the Chambal River?

Ans: The tributaries of the Chambal include KShipra, Choti Kalisindh, Sivanna, Retam, Ansar, Kalisindh.

Q2: In which state Gandhi Sagar WildLife Sanctuary is located?

Ans: Madhya Pradesh

Mission Amrit Sarovar

September 14, 2025

Amrit Sarovar Mission Latest News

The Government recently informed that over 68 thousand ponds have been created under the Amrit Sarovar Mission.

About Amrit Sarovar Mission

It was launched in April 2022 to construct or rejuvenate 75 Amrit Sarovars (ponds) in each district of the country as a part of the celebration of Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav.
It helps to overcome the water crisis in rural areas of the country.

Salient Features of Amrit Sarovar Mission

Every Amrit Sarovar will have a pondage area of at least 1 acre with a water holding capacity of about 10,000 cubic metre.
Every Amrit Sarovar will be surrounded by trees like Neem, Peepal, and Banyan, etc.
Every Amrit Sarovar will be a source of generation of livelihoods by using the water for different purposes like irrigation, fisheries, duckery, cultivation of water chestnut, water tourism, and other activities.
The Amrit Sarovar will also act as a social gathering point in that locality.
The site of Amrit Sarovars will be approved by special Gram Sabha, which will also name Panchayat Partinidhi, who will supervise the development of Amrit Sarovar on its behalf.
It focuses on water conservation, people’s participation, and proper utilization of soil excavated from the water bodies to boost infrastructure projects.
It is based on the “Whole of Government” approach with the participation from the Ministry of Rural Development, Ministry of Jal Shakti, Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, and technical organizations.
There is no separate financial allocation for Mission Amrit Sarovar.
Mission Amrit Sarovar works are being taken up by the states and districts with convergence from various ongoing schemes such as Mahatma Gandhi NREGS, 15th Finance Commission Grants, Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sichayi Yojna sub-schemes such as the Watershed Development Component, Har Khet ko Pani, besides States’ own schemes.
Bhaskar Acharya National Institute for Space Application and Geo-informatics (BISAG-N) has been engaged as a technical partner for the Mission.
- Amrit Sarovar Portal and Mobile App developed by BISAG-N is used for tracking the progress/ performance of Mission Amrit Sarovar in districts.

Source: NOA

Amrit Sarovar Mission FAQs

Q1: What is the purpose of Mission Amrit Sarovar?

Ans: To construct or rejuvenate 75 Amrit Sarovars (ponds) in each district of the country.

Q2: When was the Amrit Sarovar Mission launched?

Ans: April 2022

Q3: Which body approves the site of an Amrit Sarovar?

Ans: The site of Amrit Sarovars will be approved by special Gram Sabha.

Q4: Which organization serves as the technical partner for the Amrit Sarovar Mission?

Ans: Bhaskar Acharya National Institute for Space Application and Geo-informatics (BISAG-N)

Brown Trout

September 14, 2025

Brown Trout Latest News

The Kashmir fisheries department plans to reintroduce the Brown trout back into the Valley for game.

About Brown Trout

The brown trout (Salmo trutta) is a species of salmonid ray-finned fish and the most widely distributed species of the genus Salmo.
It has been widely introduced globally as a game fish.
It is one of the world's worst invasive species outside of its native range.
It is a cold-water fish that prefers cool and well-oxygenated water.
Appearance: It usually grows to between 15 and 22 inches in length and between 1 and 5 pounds, the trout is considered a popular game fish..
Breeding Season: October/November is the breeding season for this fish.
It is best suited to freshwaters; this fish spends much of its time in crevices between boulders in streams.
Distribution: The native range extends from northern Norway and White Sea tributaries in Russia in the Arctic Ocean to the Atlas Mountains in North Africa.
The western limit of their native range is Iceland in the north Atlantic, while the eastern limit is in Aral Sea tributaries in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
In India, the British first introduced the brown trout in the Valley’s streams in 1900.
Conservation Status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List)

Source: IE

Brown Trout FAQs

Q1: Where is trout most commonly found?

Ans: They spend their entire lives exclusively in freshwater lakes, rivers and wetlands.

Q2: What is meant by invasive species?

Ans: Invasive species are the subset of established non-native alien or naturalized species that are a threat to native species and biodiversity.

Exercise Siyom Prahar

September 14, 2025

Exercise Siyom Prahar Latest News

Recently, the Indian Army successfully conducted Exercise Siyom Prahar.

About Exercise Siyom Prahar

It is a major field training exercise conducted by the Indian Army.
It is aimed at validating the employment of drone technology in modern tactical operations.
The exercise was held under realistic battlefield conditions and marked “a significant step in operational preparedness” by integrating unmanned aerial systems across tactical and operational depths.
The drones were employed for persistent surveillance, battlefield reconnaissance, target acquisition and precision strikes, underscoring their role in enhancing combat effectiveness.
Focus: The central focus of the exercise was the development and validation of new Tactics, Techniques and Procedures for future battlefields.
It included methods of fusing drone-derived intelligence with conventional firepower, refining joint targeting processes and ensuring rapid decision-making in dynamic combat environments.

Significance of Exercise Siyom Prahar

The exercise highlighted the importance of adaptability and synergy between traditional combat arms and emerging technological enablers, the official added.
This exercise reflected the Indian Army’s proactive approach to adapting to modern warfare and its emphasis on future-readiness.

Source: TH

Exercise Siyom Prahar FAQs

Q1: In which state Exercise Siyom Prahar was conducted by the Indian Army?

Ans: Arunachal Pradesh

Q2: What is the drone?

Ans: A drone refers to an aerial vehicle that receives remote commands from a pilot or relies on software for autonomous flight.

Development Push in Manipur – PM Modi Inaugurates Projects Worth ₹1,200 Crore

September 14, 2025

Development Push in Manipur Latest News

Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated and laid the foundation stone of multiple development projects worth over ₹1,200 crore in Imphal, Manipur.
These initiatives focus on infrastructure, digital connectivity, women empowerment, sports, governance, and disaster resilience, highlighting the government’s commitment to inclusive growth in the North-East.
His visit to Manipur’s capital Imphal, is the first since the onset of ethnic violence in the state (in May 2023).
He urged both the Meitei-dominated valley and the Kuki-dominated hill districts to “build a strong bridge of harmony” and move forward on the path of peace and development.

Development Push in the North-East

Mizoram connected to railways:
- Before Manipur, PM visited Mizoram and inaugurated the 51.38-km Bairabi–Sairang railway line, connecting Aizawl (Mizoram’s capital) to the Indian Railways network for the first time.
- With this, Aizawl becomes the fourth Northeastern capital (after Guwahati, Agartala, and Itanagar) linked to the railway grid.
- Alongside, he laid the foundation stone and inaugurated development projects worth over ₹9,000 crore in Aizawl.
Significance:
- Act East Policy: Mizoram, sharing borders with Myanmar and Bangladesh, is crucial for India’s Act East Policy. Railway connectivity strengthens trade, transit, and people-to-people ties with Southeast Asia.
- Economic integration: Boosts movement of goods and people, reducing transport costs. Facilitates export of local products (agriculture, bamboo, horticulture, handicrafts). Enhances tourism potential of Mizoram.
- National integration: Makes Mizoram less isolated by physically linking it with the Indian heartland. Aizawl joins other connected state capitals in the Northeast, strengthening inclusivity in development.

Key Announcements and Projects for the Manipur

Infrastructure development:
- Launch of Manipur Urban Roads Project (₹3,600 crore) to boost connectivity in Imphal.
- Enhanced pace of National Highway and rural road construction, connecting villages.
- Civil Secretariat and Police Headquarters inaugurated at Mantripukhri.
Digital and IT growth:
- Manipur Infotech Development Project (₹500 crore).
- IT Special Economic Zone to encourage startups and tech industries.
Smart city and urban development:
- He informed that under this vision, several projects have been completed in Imphal, and many other projects are progressing rapidly.
- Manipur Bhawans at Delhi and Kolkata for affordable accommodation, especially for women.
Women empowerment:
- Inauguration of 4 new Ima Markets (women-only markets).
- Emphasis on Ima Keithel tradition as a symbol of women-led economy.
- Women empowerment linked to Atmanirbhar Bharat vision.
Disaster management: Recognition of flood-related challenges; new projects underway for mitigation.
Cultural and historical identity:
- Manipur is described as the “crown jewel of India.”
- Tribute to Indian National Army (INA) flag hoisting in Manipur and renaming of Mount Harriet as Mount Manipur.
- Stress on peace, dialogue, and harmony between hills and valleys.
Sports as a growth driver:
- Establishment of National Sports University in Manipur.
- Khelo India and Olympic Podium schemes supporting Manipuri athletes.
- To promote polo, the Marjing Polo Complex has been established, featuring the world’s tallest polo statue.
Socio-economic relief:
- Highlighting that their government has significantly reduced GST, the PM stated that this will bring double benefits to the people of Manipur.
- 7,000 new houses have been approved for displaced families. The central government has recently declared a special package of approximately ₹3,000 crore for Manipur.
- He added that over ₹500 crore has been allocated specifically to assist displaced individuals.
National security and defence contribution:
- Tribute to Shaheed Deepak Chingkham (Operation Sindoor).
- Recognition of Manipuri youth in armed forces and sports.

Significance for Manipur and North-East

Shift from marginalisation to mainstream development.
Manipur is positioned as a hub for connectivity, culture, sports, and IT.
Promotes peace, stability, and women empowerment as foundations for inclusive growth.

Way Forward

Peace and stability: Violence undermines Manipur’s historical legacy and development potential. Therefore, peace-building and dialogue are crucial.
Balanced growth: Bridging divides between hills and valley is essential for long-term harmony.
Women-centric economy: Strengthening Ima Markets and women-led initiatives will boost local entrepreneurship.
Sports diplomacy and soft power: Leveraging Manipuri athletes’ contributions enhances India’s global sporting image.
Integration with national growth: Projects reflect Act East Policy and aim to make Manipur a growth engine for the 21st-century North-East.

Source: IE | PIB

Development Push in Manipur FAQs

Q1: What is the significance of the inauguration of the Bairabi-Sairang rail line for Mizoram?

Ans: The 51.38 km rail line integrates the state with national transport and boosts connectivity under the Act East policy.

Q2: What significance do the Manipur Urban Road Project and the Infotech Development Project have?

Ans: These projects aim to modernize connectivity and digital infrastructure, making Imphal a “city of possibilities” and a growth hub in the Northeast.

Q3: In what ways did the PM highlight the role of women in Manipur’s economy?

Ans: By celebrating the Ima Keithel tradition, the PM linked women empowerment to Atmanirbhar Bharat.

Q4: How did PM Modi invoke Manipur’s cultural and historical legacy to promote unity?

Ans: He recalled the INA’s flag hoisting in Manipur, renamed Mount Harriet as Mount Manipur, etc.

Q5: What measures did the PM outline for addressing the humanitarian crisis arising from ethnic violence in Manipur?

Ans: He assured continuous efforts for peace, stability, and rehabilitation, announcing special packages, housing projects for displaced families.

Enhanced Powers of Foreigners Tribunals under Immigration and Foreigners Act 2025

September 14, 2025

Foreigners Tribunals Latest News

The Union Home Ministry has notified Rules, Order, and Exemption Order under the Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025.
This law regulates all matters on foreigners and immigration, replacing older legislations including the Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920, the Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939, the Foreigners Act, 1946, and the Immigration (Carriers’ Liability) Act, 2000.

Rationale Behind the New Immigration and Foreigners Act

The government introduced the Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025 to prevent overlap among multiple pre-Independence laws on passports, travel documents, visas, registration, and immigration.
While most provisions existed in earlier notifications, new clauses and conditions have been added to address significant changes in travel, security, and immigration that have emerged since the old Acts were enacted.

Key Provisions of the Immigration and Foreigners Rules

The new Rules formally empower the Bureau of Immigration (BOI) to investigate immigration fraud, coordinate with states on identifying and deporting foreigners, and maintain an immigration database.
They also mandate biometric recording of all foreigners, previously limited to select visa categories.
Educational institutions must now report details of all foreign students, including semester-wise attendance and conduct, to the Foreigners Regional Registration Office (FRRO).
Additionally, premises such as resorts or clubs can be shut down if frequented by illegal migrants, alongside earlier categories of undesirable foreigners or those linked to crime.
The Rules also define “immigration officers” as Intelligence Bureau personnel.

Provisions of the Immigration and Foreigners Order, 2025

The Immigration and Foreigners Order, 2025 grants Foreigners Tribunals (FTs), earlier unique to Assam, the powers of a first-class judicial magistrate, enabling them to send individuals without proof of citizenship to detention or holding centres.
FTs can now issue arrest warrants if contested individuals fail to appear, with membership capped at three, and ex-parte orders open for review within 30 days.
Though applicable nationwide, FTs currently operate only in Assam, where 100 are functional after the NRC process excluded 19 lakh applicants.
The Order also legalises the role of border forces like BSF and Assam Rifles in preventing illegal entry by recording biometric and demographic data before sending migrants back.
Entry refusal now includes broader grounds such as anti-national activities, terrorism, espionage, human trafficking, cybercrime, narcotics trade, financial crimes like hawala, and crimes against humanity.

Immigration and Foreigners (Exemption) Order, 2025

The Exemption Order spares Nepalese, Bhutanese, and Tibetans from the Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025, while adding two new groups.
Registered Sri Lankan Tamil nationals who sought shelter in India before January 9, 2015, are exempted from the passport/visa requirements under Section 3.
Additionally, undocumented minorities from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan — including Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis, and Christians — who entered India without valid documents or whose documents expired before December 31, 2024, are exempted from penal provisions and deportation.
However, only these minorities can apply for long-term visas (LTVs) leading to citizenship, while the exemption for Sri Lankan Tamils does not extend to LTVs.

Source: TH

Foreigners Tribunals FAQs

Q1: What is the Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025?

Ans: The Act regulates all matters relating to foreigners and immigration, replacing older legislations like the Passport Act, Foreigners Act, and Immigration (Carriers’ Liability) Act.

Q2: What powers have been given to Foreigners Tribunals under the 2025 Order?

Ans: Foreigners Tribunals now hold the powers of a first-class judicial magistrate, including issuing arrest warrants and sending undocumented persons to detention or holding centres.

Q3: What are the key provisions of the Immigration and Foreigners Rules, 2025?

Ans: They empower the Bureau of Immigration to investigate fraud, mandate biometric recording of foreigners, and require institutions to report details of foreign students.

Q4: Who is exempt under the Immigration and Foreigners (Exemption) Order, 2025?

Ans: Exemptions cover Nepalese, Bhutanese, Tibetans, Sri Lankan Tamils sheltered before 2015, and undocumented minorities from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.

Q5: What new grounds have been added for refusing entry under the 2025 Order?

Ans: New grounds include anti-national activities, terrorism, espionage, narcotics trafficking, cybercrime, financial crimes, and crimes against humanity.

Missed Demographic Dividend in South Asia: Youth Unemployment, Protests, and India’s Future Potential

September 14, 2025

Demographic Dividend Latest News

In recent years, youth-led uprisings have erupted across Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Indonesia, and Nepal, where economic growth has failed to translate into better opportunities for the young. Instead, corruption and elite prosperity dominate.
Nepal’s protests have spotlighted “nepo kids” flaunting luxury lifestyles, fuelling Gen Z anger over inequality.
Transparency International’s 2024 corruption rankings placed Nepal at 107, Bangladesh 151, Sri Lanka 121, and Indonesia 99, underscoring widespread governance challenges.

Youth Uprisings and the Missed Demographic Dividend in Asia

In recent years, youth-led uprisings have shaken Sri Lanka (2022), Bangladesh (2024), Indonesia (2025), and Nepal, driven by frustration over economic growth that has failed to create better opportunities for young people.
Despite headline growth, the benefits have largely bypassed the labour force entrants, while ruling elites and business classes prospered.

Corruption and Optics of Power

Nepal’s Gen Z protests spotlighted the luxurious lifestyles of political elites’ children, with “nepo kids” trending on social media.
Transparency International’s 2024 rankings reflect deep-rooted corruption: Nepal (107), Bangladesh (151), Sri Lanka (121), and Indonesia (99).
Leaders’ actions worsened optics — for instance, Indonesia’s President Prabowo Subianto dismissed respected finance minister Sri Mulyani Indrawati amid backlash over lawmakers’ extravagant $3,000 housing allowance, nearly 10 times Jakarta’s minimum wage.

Economic Growth Without Inclusion

Although these nations witnessed economic expansion, high corruption and weak political continuity prevented inclusive growth.
The youth remain the worst affected, struggling with unemployment and limited opportunities.

A Young Demographic at Risk

With median ages of Nepal (25), Bangladesh (25.7), Indonesia (30.1), and Sri Lanka (33.1), these countries are among the youngest globally.
Yet, instead of reaping a demographic dividend, they face unrest as disillusioned youth demand accountability and equitable growth.

The Vanishing Demographic Dividend in Asia

The demographic dividend arises when a country’s working-age population grows faster than dependents, boosting economic potential.
However, many Asian economies have failed to harness this advantage. Despite strong growth, millions of new jobs have not materialised, leaving young people underemployed.
Automation has sharply reduced opportunities in traditional sectors such as textiles and auto manufacturing, once the backbone of youth employment.
- The Asian Development Bank notes that today’s car factories employ only 15% of the workforce needed 25 years ago.
The World Bank warned in 2023 that South Asia may waste its demographic dividend, as it created only 10 million jobs a year from 2000 to 2023 — just half of what was needed.
This shortfall underscores the urgent need for inclusive job creation to ensure the region’s youth can drive growth rather than unrest.

High Youth Unemployment in South Asia

Indonesia’s Youth Struggles - In 2024, Indonesia’s unemployment rate was 4.91%, but for ages 20–24 it spiked to 15.34%, showing youth face joblessness at over three times the national average.
Bangladesh’s Jobless Youth - Bangladesh recorded 3.35% overall unemployment in 2023. However, youth aged 15–24 had the highest rate at 8.24%, underscoring the lack of opportunities for the young workforce.
Nepal’s Employment Crisis - Nepal’s unemployment rose from 11.4% in 2017–18 to 12.6% in 2022–23, with underemployment widespread among youth. Limited industrial growth and reliance on remittances highlight weak domestic job creation.
- Young Nepalis seek jobs abroad, making remittances nearly a quarter of GDP. Without urgent investment in emerging sectors, Nepal risks losing its demographic dividend.

India’s Demographic Dividend in the Making

India has shifted from a high fertility-high mortality society to a low fertility-low mortality one, reshaping its age profile and creating the potential for a demographic dividend.

Changing Age Profile

According to the 2011 Census, 48% of Indians were in the working-age group (15–59 years), 31% were children under 14, and 9% were elderly above 60.
The dependency ratio fell from 64% in 2001 to 55% in 2011, indicating fewer dependents per worker.
India’s median age is just 28, making it one of the youngest nations globally.

Peak Demographic Dividend

The Economic Survey 2018–19 estimates that India’s demographic dividend will peak around 2041, when the working-age population (20–59 years) is expected to reach nearly 59%.
The UN Population Fund notes India’s demographic window spans five decades (2005–2055), longer than any other country.
Unlike China, which saw its demographic dividend peak around 2010, India’s more gradual transition ensures opportunities until 2055, giving it an unparalleled advantage globally.

Source: IE | TH

Demographic Dividend FAQs

Q1: What is meant by the demographic dividend?

Ans: The demographic dividend refers to accelerated economic growth when the working-age population outnumbers dependents, boosting productivity and income—provided enough jobs are created.

Q2: Why has South Asia struggled to benefit from its demographic dividend?

Ans: South Asia has failed to create enough jobs, with automation shrinking traditional sectors and corruption blocking inclusive growth, leading to unrest among youth.

Q3: What do recent youth-led uprisings in Asia reveal about missed opportunities?

Ans: Uprisings in Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Indonesia highlight how growth failed to deliver jobs or equity, leaving youth angry over corruption and inequality.

Q4: How severe is youth unemployment in South Asian countries?

Ans: Indonesia’s youth unemployment is 15.34%, Bangladesh’s 8.24%, and Nepal’s 12.6%, with many young Nepalis seeking work abroad, making remittances vital to GDP.

Q5: How does India’s demographic dividend differ from its neighbours?

Ans: India’s demographic dividend window spans 2005–2055, longer than most nations. It will peak around 2041, giving India time to align education, skilling, and jobs.

India’s Outward FDI Trends – Shift Towards Tax Havens

September 14, 2025

Outward FDI Latest News

Nearly 60% of India’s outward FDI is now routed through tax havens like Singapore, Mauritius, and the UAE, reflecting both tax advantages and strategic global expansion needs.

Introduction

India’s outward foreign direct investment (FDI) has grown significantly over the past two decades, reflecting the ambition of Indian companies to expand their global presence.
While domestic reforms have supported inbound investment, outward investment trends reveal a distinct preference for low-tax jurisdictions.
According to Reserve Bank of India (RBI) data, nearly 60% of India’s outward FDI in 2023-24 was routed through tax havens such as Singapore, Mauritius, and the UAE.
This pattern highlights not only tax efficiencies but also strategic advantages for Indian companies seeking global expansion.

India’s Outward Investment Trends

India’s outward FDI has witnessed structural changes in both volume and destination preferences.
From traditional investments in manufacturing and energy, Indian firms have diversified into IT services, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods, and infrastructure globally. The main objectives driving this trend include:
- Access to new markets: Indian companies are establishing subsidiaries abroad to tap into consumer demand in Europe, the U.S., and Africa.
- Technology acquisition: Outward investments enable Indian firms to access advanced technologies, particularly in healthcare, automotive, and clean energy.
- Strategic partnerships: Cross-border mergers, acquisitions, and joint ventures strengthen Indian firms’ positioning in global supply chains.
- Risk diversification: By expanding abroad, companies hedge against domestic regulatory and market volatility.
The government has supported outward FDI by easing regulatory approvals, enhancing bilateral investment treaties, and facilitating credit support through institutions like EXIM Bank.
However, the heavy reliance on tax havens underscores a complex mix of regulatory arbitrage, strategic structuring, and global investor preferences.

News Summary

Recent data shows that 56% of India’s outward FDI in 2023–24, amounting to about Rs. 1,946 crore out of a total of Rs. 3,488 crore, flowed into low-tax jurisdictions such as Singapore (22.6%), Mauritius (10.9%), and the UAE (9.1%).

[my_image src="https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Outward-Investment-Trends.png"]

Image Caption: Outward Investment Trends

In the first quarter of 2024-25, this figure rose further, with 63% of outward FDI routed through these jurisdictions. Experts clarify that this is not solely for tax avoidance but also for strategic reasons:
- Global investor comfort: International partners prefer investing in entities located in jurisdictions with stable tax laws and flexible fund transfer regimes.
- Strategic structuring: Using special-purpose vehicles in hubs like Singapore helps Indian companies attract investors and manage stake dilutions effectively.
- Joint ventures: Almost 60% of outward FDI in these low-tax hubs in July 2025 was in joint ventures, showing their role as neutral platforms for partnerships.
Experts also note that rising U.S. tariffs on Indian exports could push more firms to establish subsidiaries abroad to mitigate trade risks.
Thus, while India continues efforts to curb profit shifting to tax havens, the outward FDI trend reflects a blend of tax advantages and global business strategy.

Conclusion

India’s outward FDI trajectory highlights a dual narrative: on one hand, concerns about tax revenue leakage and regulatory arbitrage; on the other, the strategic necessity for Indian firms to leverage tax-efficient jurisdictions to expand globally.
With nearly 60% of investments flowing through tax havens, it is evident that these destinations serve as both gateways for third-country expansion and buffers against global trade risks.
Going forward, India’s challenge will be to balance regulatory oversight with the need to support its companies’ global ambitions.

Source: TH

Outward FDI FAQs

Q1: What percentage of India’s outward FDI goes to tax havens?

Ans: Nearly 60% of India’s outward FDI is routed through low-tax jurisdictions.

Q2: Which countries receive the largest share of India’s outward FDI?

Ans: Singapore, Mauritius, and the UAE account for over 40% of the total outward FDI.

Q3: Why do Indian companies prefer tax havens for FDI?

Ans: They offer tax stability, flexible fund transfers, and attract global investors.

Q4: What role do joint ventures play in outward FDI?

Ans: Around 60% of investments in tax havens are through joint ventures, enabling cross-border partnerships.

Q5: How might U.S. tariffs affect India’s outward FDI?

Ans: High tariffs could drive Indian firms to set up overseas entities to bypass trade restrictions.