Important Articles of Indian Constitution, Parts, Articles, Schedule

11-12-2024

07:15 AM

1 min read

Parts of The Indian Constitution
Important Articles in Indian Constitution
Part I Union And Its Territory Articles 1 to 4
Part II Citizenship Articles 5 To 11
Part III Fundamental Rights Articles 12 To 35
Part IV Directive Principles Of State Policy Articles 36 To 51
Part IVA Fundamental Duties Article 51a
Part V Union Article 52 to Article 151
Part VI State Article 152 to 237
Part VII The States In Part B Of The First Schedule
Part VIII The Union Territories Articles 239 to 241
Part IX Panchayati Raj Article 243 to 243o
Part IX-A Municipalities Article 243 P to 243ZG
Part IX-B Cooperative Societies Article 243 ZH to 243ZT
Part X The Scheduled And Tribal Areas Article 244 to 244 A
Part XI Relations Between The Union And The States Article 245 To 263
Part XII Finance Property Contracts And Suits Article 268 to 293
Part XIII Inter-State Trade Commerce Articles 301 to 307
Part XIV Services Under The Union And The States Articles 308 to 323
Public Services
Public Service Commission
Part XIVA Tribunals Article 323A and 323B
Part XV ElectionsArticles 324 to 329
Part XVI Special Provisions Relating To Certain Classes Articles 330 to 342 A
Part XVII Official Language Articles 343 to 351
Part XVIII Emergency provisions Articles 352 to 360
Part XX Amendment Of The Constitution
Part XXI Temporary Transitional and Special Provisions
Schedules of Indian Constitution
Important Articles Of Indian Constitution UPSC PYQs
Important Articles Of Indian Constitution FAQs

Prelims: Indian Polity & Governance – Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.

Mains: Indian Constitution—historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions, and basic structure.

The important articles of the Indian Constitution are the foundation of India's democratic governance, adopted on November 26, 1949, and enacted on January 26, 1950. This comprehensive constitutional document, with 25 Parts, 12 Schedules, and 448 Articles, defines the structure, powers, and responsibilities of the Union, states, and local governments.

As a dynamic document, the Indian Constitution has undergone 106 amendments, ensuring it meets the nation's evolving governance needs. It safeguards citizens' rights, defines their duties, and promotes justice, equality, and the rule of law across India.

Parts of The Indian Constitution

The Indian Constitution, adopted on November 26, 1949, and implemented on January 26, 1950, consists of 25 Parts, 12 Schedules, and 448 Articles. Originally, it featured 395 Articles divided into 22 Parts and 8 Schedules. Over time, the Constitutional amendment introduced four additional Parts and Schedules, though one Part was later repealed. As of December 2024, the Constitution has been amended 106 times, reflecting its dynamic and evolving nature.

Parts	Subjects	Articles
Part I	Union & Its Territory	Article 1-4
Part II	Citizenship	Article 5-11
Part III	Fundamental Rights	Article 12-35
Part IV	Directive Principles of State Policy	Article 36-51
Part IV-A	Fundamental Duties	Article 51A
Part V	The Union	Article 52-151
Part VI	The States	Article 152-237
Part VII	7th Constitutional Amendment Act (CAA), 1956 (Repealed)
Part VIII	Union Territories	Article 239-242
Part IX	The Panchayats	Article 243-243O
Part IX A	The Municipalities	Article 243P-243ZG
Part IX B	Cooperative Societies	Article 243ZH-243ZT
Part X	Scheduled and Tribal Areas	Article 244-244A
Part XI	Relation between Union & States	Article 245-263
Part XII	Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits	Article 264-300A
Part XIII	Trade, Commerce, and Intercourse within the territory of India	Article 301-307
Part XIV	Services under the Union and States	Article 308-323
Part XIV A	Tribunals	Article 323A-323B
Part XV	Elections	Article 324-329A
Part XVI	Special Provisions relating to certain classes	Article 330-342
Part XVII	Official Languages	Article 343-351
Part XVIII	Emergency Provisions	Article 352-360
Part XIX	Miscellaneous	Article 361-367
Part XX	Amendment of the Constitution	Article 368
Part XXI	Temporary, Transitional, and Special Provisions	Article 369-392
Part XXII	Short title, Commencement, Authoritative Text in Hindi and Repeals	Article 393-395

Important Articles in Indian Constitution

The Indian Constitution serves as a cornerstone of governance, establishing the framework for the nation's administration and defining the rights and duties of its citizens. Certain articles play a pivotal role in shaping India's democratic processes. This discussion highlights these key articles and their significance in our constitutional framework.

Part I: Union And Its Territory (Articles 1 to 4)

The Indian Constitution, under Part I (Articles 1 to 4), defines the Union's name and territory while outlining provisions for the admission, establishment, and reorganization of states. It also empowers Parliament to amend related Schedules and address supplementary legal matters.

Article	Provisions
Article 1	Name and territory of the union
Article 2	Admission or establishment of new States
Article 3	Formation of new States, and altering the areas, boundaries, or names of existing States
Article 4	State laws under Articles 2 and 3 should include provisions for amending the First and Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental, and consequential matters

Part II: Citizenship (Articles 5 To 11)

The Indian Constitution, under Part II (Articles 5 to 11), defines citizenship at its commencement on January 26, 1950, but does not provide permanent provisions. It empowers Parliament to legislate on citizenship, resulting in the Citizenship Act, of 1955, which is amended periodically.

Article	Provisions
Article 5	Citizenship at the Commencement of the Constitution
Article 6	Rights of citizenship to certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan
Article 7	Rights of citizenship to certain migrants to Pakistan
Article 8	Rights of citizenship to certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India
Article 9	Persons voluntarily acquire citizenship of a foreign State and are not to be citizens
Article 10	Continuance of the rights of citizenship
Article 11	Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law

Part III: Fundamental Rights (Articles 12 To 35)

The Indian Constitution, inspired by the USA's Bill of Rights, enshrines Fundamental Rights in Part III (Articles 12 to 35), often described as the Magna Carta of India. These rights ensure equality, dignity, and freedoms, protecting individuals from state overreach while promoting democracy, public interest, and the rule of law.

Article	Provisions
Article 12	Definition of State
Article 13	Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the Fundamental Rights
Right to Equality
Article 14	Equality before law
Article 15	Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth
Article 16	Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment
Article 17	Abolition of untouchability
Article 18	Abolition of titles
Right to Freedom
Article 19	Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc
Article 20	Protection in respect of conviction for offences
Article 21	Protection of life and personal liberty
Article 21A	Right to education
Article 22	Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases
Right against Exploitation
Article 23	Prohibits human trafficking and forced labor, and protects individuals from exploitative practices
Article 24	Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc
Right to Freedom of Religion
Article 25	Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice, and propagation of religion
Article 26	Freedom to manage religious affairs
Article 27	Freedom to pay taxes for the promotion of any particular religion
Article 28	Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions
Cultural and Educational Rights
Article 29	Protection of interests of minorities
Article 30	Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions
Right to Property (Repealed by 44th CAA)
Article 31	Compulsory acquisition of property
Article 31A	Saving of laws providing for the acquisition of estates, etc
Article 31B	Validation of certain Acts and Regulations
Article 31C	Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles
Right to Constitutional Remedies
Article 32	Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this part
Article 33	Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this part in their application to forces, etc
Article 34	Restriction on rights conferred by this part while martial law is in force in any area
Article 35	Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this part

Part IV: Directive Principles Of State Policy (Articles 36 To 51)

The Indian Constitution incorporates Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV (Articles 36 to 51), inspired by the Irish and Spanish Constitutions. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar called them "novel features," and Granville Austin termed them the "Conscience of the Constitution," reflecting their role alongside Fundamental Rights (FRs) in shaping India's democratic philosophy.

Article	Provisions
Article 36	Definition of State
Article 37	Application of the principles contained in this part
Article 38	State to secure a social order for the promotion of the welfare of the people
Article 39	Certain principles of policy are to be followed by the State
Article 39A	Equal justice and free legal aid
Article 40	Organization of village panchayats
Article 41	Right to work, education, and public assistance in certain cases
Article 42	Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief
Article 43	Living wage, etc., for workers
Article 43A	Participation of workers in the management of industries
Article 44	Uniform Civil Code for the citizens
Article 45	Provision for early childhood care and education to children below the age of six years
Article 46	Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other weaker sections
Article 47	The duty of the State is to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health
Article 48	Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry
Article 48A	Protection and improvement of the environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife
Article 49	Protection of monuments, places, and objects of national importance
Article 50	Separation of the judiciary from the executive
Article 51	Promotion of international peace and security

Part IVA: Fundamental Duties (Article 51a)

The Indian Constitution incorporated Fundamental Duties through the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, based on recommendations by the Swaran Singh Committee. This addition, during the internal emergency, emphasized citizens' responsibilities alongside their rights, introducing Part IVA and Article 51A, listing ten Fundamental Duties.

Article	Provisions
Article 51A	Fundamental Duties

Part V: Union (Article 52 to Article 151)

The Indian Constitution, in Part V (Articles 52 to 151), details the Union's executive framework, encompassing the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, and Attorney General of India. It highlights the President's role as the nation's first citizen, symbolizing unity and integrity.

President And Vice President (Articles 52 to 73)

The Indian Constitution, through Articles 52 to 73, outlines the roles, powers, and responsibilities of the President of India and Vice-President of India of India. These provisions define their election process, terms, qualifications, and functions, emphasizing their pivotal roles in the Union's executive framework.

Article	Provisions
Article 52	The President of India
Article 53	Executive power of the Union
Article 54	Election of President
Article 55	Manner of election of President.
Article 57	Eligibility for re-election
Article 58	Qualifications for election as President
Article 59	Conditions of the President's Office
Article 60	Oath or affirmation by the President.
Article 61	Procedure for impeachment of the President
Article 62	Time of holding an election to fill a vacancy in the office of President
Article 63	The Vice-President of India.
Article 64	The Vice-President to be ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States.
Article 65	The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the office, or the absence, of the President.
Article 66	Election of Vice-President.
Article 67	Term of office of Vice-President.
Article 68	Time of holding election to fill a vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.
Article 70	Discharge of President’s functions in other contingencies.
Article 71	Matters relating to the election of President.
Article 72	Pardoning Powers of the President and to suspend, remit, or commute sentences in certain cases.
Article 73	The extent of executive power of the Union

Union Minister (Articles 74 to 78)

The Indian Constitution, under Articles 74 to 78, defines the structure and responsibilities of the Union Council of Ministers, including their role in advising the President. It also outlines provisions related to the Attorney-General of India, the conduct of government business, and the Prime Minister's duties in maintaining communication with the President.

Article	Provisions
Article 74	Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President
Article 75	Other provisions as to Ministers.
Article 76	Attorney-General of India (AGI)
Article 78	Duties of the Prime Minister as respect to the furnishing of information to the President, etc.

Parliament (Articles 79 to 122)

The Indian Constitution establishes Parliament as the legislative organ of the Union government, central to the democratic system and modelled on the Westminster framework. Through Articles 79 to 122, it defines the structure of Parliament, comprising the President, Rajya Sabha (Council of States), and Lok Sabha (House of the People), outlining their composition, powers, functions, and legislative procedures.

Article	Provisions
Article 79	Constitution of Parliament
Article 80	Composition of the Council of States
Article 81	Composition of the House of the People.
Article 82	Readjustment after each census.
Article 83	Duration of Houses of Parliament.
Article 84	Qualification for Membership of Parliament
Article 85	Sessions of Parliament, prorogation, and dissolution.
Article 86	Right of the President to address and send messages to Houses.
Article 87	Special address by the President.
Article 88	Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses.
Officers of Parliament
Article 89	Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States.
Article 90	Vacation of, resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman.
Article 91	Power of Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office, or to act as Chairman.
Conduct of Business
Article 92	The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman is not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
Article 93	The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People.
Article 94	Vacation of, resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
Article 95	Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office, or to act as Speaker.
Article 96	The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker is not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
Article 97	Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
Article 99	Oath or affirmation by members.
Article 100	Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum.
Disqualifications of Members
Article 101	Vacation of seats.
Article 102	Disqualifications for membership
Article 103	Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.
Article 104	Penalty for sitting and voting before making an oath or affirmation under Article 99 or when not qualified or disqualified.
Powers, Privileges, and Immunities of Parliament and its Members
Article 105	Parliamentary privileges, powers, and rights of the Houses of Parliament, as well as those of their members and parliamentary committees.
Article 106	Salaries and allowances of members.
Legislative Procedure
Article 107	Provisions as to the introduction and passing of Bills
Article 108	Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases
Article 109	Special procedure in respect of Money Bills
Article 110	Definition of Money Bills
Article 111	Assent to Bills
Procedures in Financial Matters
Article 112	Annual financial statement
Article 113	Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates
Article 114	Appropriation Bills
Article 115	Supplementary, additional, or excess grants.
Article 116	Votes on account, votes of credit, and exceptional grants.
Article 117	Special provisions as to financial Bills.
Procedure Generally
Article 118	Rules of procedure.
Article 119	Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business.
Article 120	Language to be used in Parliament.
Article 121	Restriction on discussion in Parliament.
Article 122	Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament.
Legislative Powers of the President
Article 123	Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament.

Supreme Court (Articles 124 to 147)

The Indian Constitution establishes an integrated judicial system with the Supreme Court at the top, supported by high courts and subordinate courts. Articles 124 to 147 outline its organization, jurisdiction, and powers, making it the apex authority for enforcing central and state laws uniformly.

Article	Provisions
Article 124	Establishment and Constitution of Supreme Court (SC)
Article 124A	National Judicial Appointments Commission (struck down by the Supreme Court in 2015)
Article 124B	Functions of Commission
Article 124C	Power of Parliament to make law
Article 125	Salaries, etc., of Judges.
Article 126	Appointment of acting Chief Justice.
Article 127	Appointment of ad hoc Judges
Article 128	Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court.
Article 129	Supreme Court to be a court of record.
Article 130	The seat of Supreme Court
Article 131	Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
Article 132	Appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases.
Article 133	Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to civil matters.
Article 134	Appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters
Article 134A	Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court.
Article 135	Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court.
Article 136	Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court.
Article 137	Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court.
Article 138	Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
Article 139	Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs.
Article 140	Ancillary power of the Supreme Court
Article 141	Law declared by the Supreme Court to be binding on all courts.
Article 142	Enforcement of decrees and orders of the Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc.
Article 143	Power of the President to consult the Supreme Court.
Article 144	Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court.
Article 145	Rule of court, etc.
Article 146	Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court

Comptroller And Auditor-General Of India ( Articles 148 to 151)

The Indian Constitution, through Articles 148 to 151, establishes the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India as an independent authority responsible for auditing the accounts of the Union and State governments. These provisions define the CAG's powers, duties, and role in ensuring transparency and accountability in public financial management.

Article	Provisions
Article 148	Comptroller and Auditor General of India
Article 144	Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor General
Article 145	Form of accounts of the Union and the states
Article 146	Audit reports

Part VI State (Article 152 to 237)

The Indian Constitution, under Part VI (Articles 152–237), outlines the structure of the State Government by defining the roles of the Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary, including the powers of Governors, Chief Ministers, and the jurisdiction of High Courts and Subordinate Courts.

Governor (Articles 153 to 167)

The Indian Constitution, through Articles 153 to 167, defines the role of the Governor as the constitutional head of a state, detailing their powers, duties, and appointment process, including legislative, executive, and judicial responsibilities, ensuring balanced state governance.

Article	Provisions
Article 152	Definition of State
Article 153	Governors of states
Article 154	Executive power of the state
Article 155	Appointment of Governor
Article 156	Term of office of Governor
Article 157	Qualifications for appointment as Governor
Article 158	Conditions of Governor's office
Article 160	Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies
Article 161	Power of the Governor to grant pardons and others
Article 162	Extent of executive power of the state

State Ministers And Advocate General (Articles 163 to 167)

The Indian Constitution provides for a parliamentary system of government in states, modelled on the Union framework. The council of ministers, led by the Chief Minister, acts as the real executive authority, with Articles 163 and 164 defining their status, responsibilities, and functions in the politico-administrative system.

Article	Provisions
Article 163	Council of Ministers to aid and advise the Governor
Article 164	Other provisions as to ministers like appointments, term, salaries, and others
Article 165	Advocate General of State
Article 166	Conduct of business of the government of a state
Article 167	Duties of the Chief Minister regarding furnishing of information to the Governor

State Legislature (Article 168 to 213)

The Indian Constitution places the state legislature at the core of the political system of a state. Articles 168 to 213 outline its organization, composition, duration, powers, and procedures, highlighting similarities with the Parliament while acknowledging certain differences.

Article	Provisions
General
Article 168	Constitution of Legislatures in states.
Article 169	Abolition or creation of State Legislative Councils.
Article 170	Composition of the Legislative Assemblies.
Article 171	Composition of the Legislative Councils
Article 172	Duration of State Legislatures
Article 173	Qualification for membership of the State Legislature
Article 174	Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation, and dissolution
Article 175	Right of the Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses
Article 176	Special address by the Governor
Article 177	Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respect the Houses
Officers of the State Legislature
Article 178	The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly.
Article 179	Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
Article 180	Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker.
Article 181	The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker is not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
Article 182	The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council.
Article 183	Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman.
Article 184	Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman.
Article 185	The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman is not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
Article 186	Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman.
Article 187	Secretariat of State Legislature
Conduct of Business
Article 188	Oath or affirmation by members
Article 189	Voting in houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum
Disqualifications of Members
Article 190	Vacation of seats.
Article 191	Disqualifications for membership
Article 192	Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members
Article 193	Penalty for sitting and voting before making an oath or affirmation under Article 188 or when not qualified/disqualified.
Powers, Privileges, and Immunities of State Legislatures and their Members
Article 194	Powers, privileges, etc., of the House of Legislatures, members, and committees thereof.
Article 195	Salaries and allowances of members.
Legislative Procedure
Article 196	Provisions as to the introduction and passing of Bills.
Article 197	Restriction on powers of the Legislative Council regarding Bills other than Money Bills.
Article 198	Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.
Article 199	Definition of Money Bills
Article 200	Assent to Bills
Article 201	Bills reserved for the President's consideration
Procedure in Financial Matters
Article 202	Annual financial statement
Article 203	Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates
Article 204	Appropriation Bills
Article 205	Supplementary, additional, or excess grants
Article 206	Votes on account, votes of credit, and exceptional grants
Article 207	Special provisions as to financial Bill
Procedure Generally
Article 208	Rules of procedure
Article 209	Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the state in relation to financial business
Article 210	Language to be used in the Legislature
Article 211	Restriction on discussion in the Legislature
Article 212	Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature.
Legislative Powers of the Governor
Article 213	Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature

High Court (Article 214 to 231)

The Indian Constitution, under Articles 214 to 231, establishes a unified judicial system with high courts positioned below the Supreme Court but above the subordinate courts. High courts play a pivotal role in the judicial administration of states and union territories, with their jurisdiction being either exclusive to a state or shared across multiple states or union territories.

Article	Provisions
Article 214	High Courts for states.
Article 215	High Courts to be courts of record.
Article 216	Constitution of High Courts.
Article 217	Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court.
Provisions Related to High Court Judges
Article 218	Application of certain provisions relating to the Supreme Court to High Courts
Article 220	Restriction on practice after being a permanent judge
Article 222	Transfer of a judge from one High Court to another
Article 223	Appointment of acting Chief Justice
Article 224	Appointment of additional and acting judges
Article 224A	Appointment of retired judges at sittings of High Courts.
Jurisdiction and Powers
Article 225	Jurisdiction of existing High Courts.
Article 226	Power of High Courts to issue certain writs
Article 227	Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court.
Special Provisions and Miscellaneous
Article 228	Transfer of certain cases to the High Court
Article 229	Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts.
Article 230	Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to union territories.
Article 231	Establishment of a common High Court for two or more states.

Subordinate Court (Article 233 to 237)

The Indian Constitution, under Articles 233 to 237, provides for the regulation and organization of subordinate courts to ensure their independence from the executive. These provisions include the appointment, posting, and promotion of district judges by the governor in consultation with the high court.

Article	Provisions
Article 233	Appointment of district judges
Article 233A	Validation of appointments of, judgments, etc., delivered by certain district judges.
Article 234	Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service
Article 235	Control over subordinate courts.
Article 237	Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain classes or classes of Magistrates.

Part VII: The States In Part B Of The First Schedule

Article 238 [Repealed]

Part VIII: The Union Territories (Articles 239 to 241)

The Indian Constitution, under Articles 239 to 241 in Part VIII, outlines the administration of Union Territories. While these territories are administered by the President through appointed administrators, their governance structures vary, with some having legislative assemblies and councils of ministers.

Article	Provisions
Article 239	Administration of Union territories.
Article 239A	Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories.
Article 239AA	Special provisions with respect to Delhi.
Article 239AB	Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery.
Article 239B	Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.
Article 240	Power of the President to make regulations for certain Union territories.
Article 241	High Courts for Union territories.

Part IX: Panchayati Raj (Article 243 to 243o)

The Indian Constitution established Panchayati Raj Institutions as a system of rural local self-government through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992, encompassing Articles 243 to 243O. It aims to build democracy at the grassroots level and is entrusted with rural development across all states in India.

Article	Provisions
Article 243	Definitions
Article 243A	Gram Sabha
Article 243B	Constitution of Panchayats
Article 243C	Composition of Panchayats
Article 243D	Reservation of seats
Article 243E	Duration of Panchayats, and so on
Article 243F	Disqualifications for membership
Article 243G	Powers, authority, and responsibilities of Panchayats
Article 243H	Powers to impose taxes by, and funds of, the Panchayats
Article 243-I	Constitution of Finance Commission to review the financial position
Article 243K	Elections to the Panchayats
Article 243L	Application to Union Territories
Article 243M	Part not to apply to certain areas
Article 243O	Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters

Part IX-A: Municipalities (Article 243 P to 243ZG)

The Indian Constitution, through the 74th Amendment Act of 1992, introduced Part IX-A, titled "The Municipalities," covering Articles 243P to 243ZG. This amendment provided constitutional status to municipalities, aiming to revitalize and strengthen urban local bodies for effective functioning as units of local government.

Article	Provisions
Article 243P	Definitions
Article 243Q	Constitution of municipalities
Article 243R	Composition of municipalities
Article 243S	Constitution and composition of wards committees, and so on.
Article 243T	Reservation of seats
Article 243U	Duration of municipalities, and so on.
Article 243V	Disqualifications for membership
Article 243W	Powers, authority, and responsibilities of municipalities.
Article 243X	Powers to impose taxes by, and funds of, the municipalities.
Article 243Y	Finance Commission
Article 243ZA	Elections to the municipalities
Article 243ZB	Application to union territories
Article 243ZD	Committee for District Planning
Article 243ZE	Committee for Metropolitan Planning
Article 243ZF	Continuance of existing laws and municipalities
Article 243ZG	Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters

Part IX-B: Cooperative Societies (Article 243 ZH to 243ZT)

The Indian Constitution, through the 97th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2011, granted constitutional status and protection to cooperative societies by adding Part IX-B. This includes Articles 243ZH to 243ZT, ensuring the regulation and promotion of cooperative societies.

Article	Provisions
Article 243ZH	Definitions.
Article 243ZI	Incorporation of Cooperative Societies.
Article 243ZK	Election of Members of Board.
Article 243ZM	Audit of Accounts of Cooperative Societies.
Article 243ZR	Application to Multi-State Cooperative Societies
Article 243ZS	Application to Union Territories

Part X: The Scheduled And Tribal Areas (Article 244 to 244 A)

The Indian Constitution, under Article 244 in Part X, establishes a special administrative system for 'Scheduled Areas' and 'Tribal Areas.' The Fifth Schedule deals with the governance of Scheduled Areas and Tribes in states except Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram. At the same time, the Sixth Schedule governs tribal areas in these northeastern states.

Article	Provisions
Article 244	Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.
Article 244 A	Formation of an autonomous state comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of a local legislature or Council of Ministers or both.
Article 339	Control of the Union over the administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes.

Part XI: Relations Between The Union And The States ( Article 245 To 263)

The Indian Constitution, under Part XI (Articles 245 to 263), outlines the legislative and administrative relations between the Union and the states. It defines the division of powers, legislative jurisdiction, and mechanisms for coordination, ensuring a balance between federal and state governance.

Legislative Relations (Articles 245 to 255)

The Indian Constitution, under Articles 245 to 255, defines legislative relations between the Centre and states, dividing powers over territory and legislative subjects. It also permits parliamentary legislation in state fields under extraordinary situations and establishes the Centre’s control over state legislation in specific cases.

Article	Provisions
Article 245	Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the legislatures of states
Article 246	Subject matter of laws made by Parliament and by the legislatures of states
Article 246A	Special provision with respect to goods and services tax.
Article 247	Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts.
Article 248	Residuary powers of legislation.
Article 249	Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the state list in the national interest.
Article 250	Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the state list if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.
Article 251	Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under Articles 249 and 250 and laws made by the legislatures of states.
Article 252	Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more states by consent and adoption of such legislation by any other state.
Article 253	Legislation for giving effect to international agreements.
Article 254	Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the legislatures of states.
Article 255	Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions are to be regarded as matters of procedure only.

Administrative Relations (Articles 256 to 263)

The Indian Constitution, under Articles 256 to 263, governs administrative relations between the Union and the states. It ensures cooperation and coordination through obligations, control mechanisms, and provisions like the Inter-State Council and dispute resolution over inter-state relations in river waters.

Article	Provisions
Article 256	Obligation of states and the Union.
Article 257	Control of the Union over states in certain cases
Article 258	Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on states in certain cases.
Article 258A	Power of the states to entrust functions to the Union.
Article 260	Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India.
Article 261	Public acts, records, and judicial proceedings.
Article 262	Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-state rivers or river valleys
Article 263	Provisions with respect to an inter-state Council

Part XII: Finance, Property, Contracts And Suits (Article 268 to 293)

The Indian Constitution, under Articles 268 to 293, outlines financial relations between the Union and states, covering tax levies, distribution, grants, and borrowing. It introduces key mechanisms like the Finance Commission and GST Council, ensuring fiscal federalism and cooperative governance.

Article	Provisions
Article 268	Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the states.
Article 269	Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the states.
Article 269A	Levy and collection of goods and services tax in the course of inter-state trade or commerce.
Article 270	Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the states.
Article 271	Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union.
Article 274	Prior recommendations of the President required bills affecting taxation in which states are interested.
Article 275	Grants from the Union to certain states.
Article 276	Taxes on professions, trades, callings, and employment.
Article 279A	Goods and Services Tax Council.
Article 280	Finance Commission
Article 281	Recommendations of the Finance Commission
Article 283	Custody, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds, and money credited to the public accounts.
Article 292	Borrowing by the Government of India
Article 293	Borrowing by states

Part XIII Inter-State Trade, Commerce (Articles 301 to 307)

The Indian Constitution, under Articles 301 to 307, regulates inter-state trade and commerce, ensuring economic unity by guaranteeing freedom of trade while permitting reasonable restrictions by Parliament or states to address specific concerns.

Article	Provisions
Article 301	Freedom of trade, commerce, and intercourse.
Article 302	Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce, and intercourse.
Article 303	Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the states with regard to trade and commerce.
Article 304	Restrictions on trade, commerce, and intercourse among states.
Article 305	Saving of existing laws and laws providing for state monopolies.

Part XIV: Services Under The Union And The States (Articles 308 to 323)

The Indian Constitution, under Part XIV (Articles 308–323), regulates All-India, Central, and State Services while establishing the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) and State Public Service Commissions (SPSCs) to ensure efficient recruitment and governance in public administration.

Public Services

The Indian Constitution, under Articles 308 to 314, provides for the regulation of All-India Services, Central Services, and State Services, ensuring a structured administrative framework across the country.

Article	Provisions
Article 309	Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a state
Article 311	Dismissal, removal, or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a state
Article 312	All-India Services
Article 312A	Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain services

Public Service Commission

The Indian Constitution, under Articles 315 to 323, establishes the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) as the central recruiting agency and the State Public Service Commission (SPSC) at the state level. These provisions ensure the composition, appointment, powers, functions, and independence of both UPSC and SPSCs, promoting autonomy and efficiency in their operations.

Article	Provisions
Article 315	Public Service Commissions for the Union and the states.
Article 316	Appointment and term of office of members.
Article 317	Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission.
Article 318	Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission.
Article 319	Prohibition as to the holding of office by members of the Commission on ceasing to be such members.
Article 320	Functions of Public Service Commissions
Article 321	Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions.
Article 323	Reports of Public Service Commissions

Part XIVA: Tribunals (Article 323A and 323B)

The Indian Constitution, under Part XIVA (Articles 323A and 323B), provides for the establishment of tribunals to handle administrative and other specialized matters, ensuring speedy and efficient dispute resolution outside traditional courts.

Article	Provisions
Article 323A	Administrative Tribunals
Article 323B	Tribunals for other matters

Part XV: Elections(Articles 324 to 329)

The Indian Constitution, under Part XV (Articles 324 to 329), establishes the framework for free and fair elections in India, detailing the powers of the Election Commission, principles of universal adult suffrage, and the roles of Parliament and state legislatures in electoral governance.

Article	Provisions
Article 324	Superintendence, direction, and control of elections are to be vested in an Election Commission.
Article 325	No person is to be ineligible for inclusion in or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste, or sex.
Article 326	Elections to the House of the People and the Legislative Assemblies of States to be based on adult suffrage.
Article 327	Power of Parliament to make provisions to elections to Legislatures
Article 328	Power of Legislature of a State to make provisions to elections to such Legislature.
Article 329	Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.

Part XVI: Special Provisions Relating To Certain Classes (Articles 330 to 342 A)

The Indian Constitution, under Part XVI (Articles 330 to 342A), provides special provisions for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Backward Classes, and the Anglo-Indian community. These provisions, including reserved representation and commissions, aim to promote social justice and equality in line with constitutional ideals.

Article	Provisions
Article 330	Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People.
Article 332	Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
Article 334	Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after seventy years.
Article 335	Claims of SCs and STs to services and posts.
Article 336	Special provision for the Anglo-Indian community in certain services.
Article 337	Special provision to educational grants for the benefit of the Anglo-Indian community.
Article 338	National Commission for Scheduled Castes.
Article 338A	National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
Article 338B	National Commission for Backward Classes
Article 339	Control of the Union over the administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes.
Article 340	Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of Backward Classes.
Article 341	Scheduled Castes
Article 342	Scheduled Tribes
Article 342A	Socially and Educationally Backward Classes.

Part XVII: Official Language (Articles 343 to 351)

The Indian Constitution, under Part XVII, deals with the official language in Articles 343 to 351. These provisions are categorized into four heads: Language of the Union, Regional Languages, Language of the Judiciary, and Special Directives.

Article	Provisions
Article 343	Official language of the Union
Article 344	Commission and Committee of Parliament on Official Language
Regional Language
Article 345	Official language or languages of a state
Article 346	Official language for communication between one state and another or between a state and the Union.
Article 347	Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a state.
Language of the Supreme Court, High Courts, etc.
Article 348	Language to be used in the Supreme Court and High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc.
Article 349	Special procedure for the enactment of certain laws relating to language.
Special Directives
Article 350	Language to be used in representation for redress of grievances.
Article 350A	Facilities for instruction in the mother tongue at the primary stage.
Article 350B	Special Officer for linguistic minorities.
Article 351	Directive for the development of the Hindi language.

Part XVIII Emergency provisions (Articles 352 to 360)

The Indian Constitution, in Part XVIII (Articles 352 to 360), incorporates Emergency provisions to empower the Central government to address abnormal situations effectively. These provisions safeguard sovereignty, unity, integrity, security, and democracy by transforming the federal structure into a unitary one during emergencies without formal constitutional amendments.

Article	Provisions
Article 352	Proclamation of National Emergency
Article 353	Effect of Proclamation of Emergency
Article 354	Application of provisions relating to the distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.
Article 355	The duty of the Union was to protect states against external aggression and internal disturbance.
Article 356	President's Rule can be imposed on any state of India on the grounds of the failure of the constitutional machinery.
Article 357	Exercise of legislative powers under a proclamation issued under Article 356.
Article 358	Suspension of provisions of Article 19 during Emergencies
Article 359	Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during Emergencies.
Article 360	Provisions as to Financial Emergency

Part XX: Amendment Of The Constitution

Article	Provisions
Article 368	Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor.

Part XXI: Temporary, Transitional, and Special Provisions

The Indian Constitution, under Articles 371 to 371-J in Part XXI, provides special provisions for twelve states, including Maharashtra, Gujarat, Nagaland, and others. These provisions aim to address regional aspirations, protect tribal and cultural interests, and ensure law and order in specific areas.

Article	Provisions
Article 369	Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the State List as if they were matters in the Concurrent List.
Article 370	Temporary provisions to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
Article 371	Special provision to the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Article 371A	Special provision to the state of Nagaland.
Article 371B	Special provision to the state of Assam.
Article 371C	Special provision to the state of Manipur.
Article 371D	Special provisions to the state of Andhra Pradesh or the state of Telangana.
Article 371E	Establishment of a Central University in Andhra Pradesh.
Article 371F	Special provisions to the state of Sikkim.
Article 371G	Special provision to the state of Mizoram.
Article 371H	Special provision to the state of Arunachal Pradesh.
Article 371-I	Special provision to the state of Goa.
Article 371J	Special provisions to the state of Karnataka.

Schedules of Indian Constitution

When the Indian Constitution was adopted in 1949, it contained 8 Schedules. Over time, subsequent amendments expanded this number to the current total of 12 Schedules of Indian Constitution. This progression highlights the evolving nature of India's constitutional framework.

Schedules	Features of Schedules
First Schedule	Names of States and Union Territories Territorial Jurisdiction of states is also included
Second Schedule	-The provisions in relation to allowances, privileges, and emoluments of: President of India, Governors of Indian States Speaker of Lok Sabha & Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha Chairman of Rajya Sabha & Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha Speaker and Deputy Speaker of Legislative Assemblies of Indian States Chairman and Deputy Chairman of Legislative Councils of the Indian States Judges of Supreme Court (SC) & High Courts (HCs) Comptroller and Auditor General
Third Schedule	- Forms of oath and affirmation for: Union Ministers of India Parliament Election Candidates Members of Parliament (MPs) Judges of SC & HCs Comptroller and Auditor General State Ministers State Legislature Elections Candidates State Legislature Members
Fourth Schedule	Provisions in relation to the allocation of seats for States and Union Territories in the Rajya Sabha.
Fifth Schedule	Provisions in relation to the administration and control of scheduled areas and scheduled tribes
Sixth Schedule	Provisions in relation to the administration of tribal areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram
Seventh Schedule	This schedule deals with the three legislative lists: Union, State, Concurrent
Eight Schedule	It deals with the 22 official languages recognized by the Indian Constitution
Ninth Schedule	Introduced by the 1st Amendment Act of 1951, shields laws on land reforms and other matters from judicial review for violating fundamental rights.
Tenth Schedule	Added by the 52nd Amendment Act of 1985 (Anti-Defection Law), outlines provisions for the disqualification of MPs and MLAs on grounds of defection.
Eleventh Schedule	Added by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992, specifies the powers, authority, and responsibilities of Panchayats, encompassing 29 matters.
Twelfth Schedule	Added by the 74th Amendment Act of 1992, outlines the powers, authority, and responsibilities of Municipalities, covering 18 matters.

Important Articles Of Indian Constitution UPSC PYQs

Q1. With reference to the Constitution of India, prohibitions or limitations or provisions contained in ordinary laws cannot act as prohibitions or limitations on the constitutional powers under Article 142. It could mean which one of the following? (UPSC Prelims 2019)

(a) The decisions taken by the Election Commission of India while discharging its duties cannot be challenged in any court of law.

(b) The Supreme Court of India is not constrained by laws made by the Parliament in the exercise of its powers for ensuring ‘complete justice’.

(c) In the event of a grave financial crisis in the country, the President of India can declare a Financial Emergency without counsel from the Cabinet.

(d) State Legislatures cannot make laws on certain matters without the concurrence of the Union Legislature

Ans: b

Q2. Under which Schedule of the Constitution of India can the transfer of tribal land to private parties for mining be declared null and void? (UPSC Prelims 2019)

(a) Third Schedule

(b) Fifth Schedule

(d) Twelfth Schedule

Ans: b

Q3.The provisions in the Fifth Schedule and Sixth Schedule in the Constitution of India are made in order to ((UPSC Prelims 2015)

a) Protect the interests of Scheduled Tribes
b) Determine the boundaries between States
c) Determine the powers, authority, and responsibilities of Panchayats
d) Protect the interests of all the border States

Ans: a

Q4.Which one of the following schedules of the Constitution of India contains provisions regarding the Anti-Defection Act? (UPSC Prelims 2014)

(a) Second Schedule

(b) Fifth Schedule

(d) Tenth Schedule

Ans: d

Important Articles Of Indian Constitution FAQs

Q1. What is Article 21?

Ans. According to Article 21: “Protection of Life and Personal Liberty: No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.” This fundamental right is available to every person, citizens and foreigners alike.

Q2. What are 448 articles?

Ans. The Indian Constitution originally had 395 articles, now expanded to 448, covering key areas like Legislatures, Executive, Schedules, Fundamental Rights, and governance bodies.

Q3. What is the Articles 12 to 35?

Ans. Articles 12 to 35 in Part III of the Indian Constitution outline Fundamental Rights, including equality before the law and non-discrimination based on religion, caste, sex, or birthplace.

Q4. What is Article 395 of the Constitution of India?

Ans. The Indian Independence Act, 1947, and the Government of India Act, 1935, together with all enactments amending or supplementing the latter Act, but not including the Abolition of Privy Council Jurisdiction Act, 1949, are hereby repealed.

Q5. Who is called the father of our Constitution?

Ans. Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, as the head of the Drafting Committee formed on 29 August 1947, is regarded as the Father of the Indian Constitution.