Global Capability Centres: How India Is Moving from Cost Advantage to Innovation Leadership

Global Capability Centres Latest News

• At the CII GCC Business Summit and the inaugural GCC summit organised by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), two senior government voices spoke on the future of India’s Global Capability Centres (GCCs). 
• Chief Economic Advisor V Anantha Nageswaran, while addressing the summit, cautioned that India’s GCC advantage could erode if the country becomes complacent. 
• A day later, Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman urged industry leaders to move beyond simply hosting GCCs and instead focus on maximising innovation and accelerating discovery from India.

What Are GCCs and Why Do They Matter to India?

• GCCs are offshore units set up by multinational companies to perform specialised business functions — ranging from IT and R&D to finance and analytics — from a single location. 
• India has emerged as the world’s leading hub for such centres.
• According to the CEA, India now hosts more than 2,000 GCCs, employing over 2 million people, with revenues heading towards $100 billion. 
• Collectively, these centres contribute around 2% of India’s GDP. 
• With global companies — from banks to carmakers and semiconductor firms — increasingly performing cutting-edge artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning work in these centres, India has become the second-largest base of enterprise AI talent in the world.

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CEA Nageswaran’s Caution: Don’t Get Complacent

• CEA described the rise of GCCs as “one of the quiet successes” of India. However, he warned against complacency, pointing to two emerging challenges:
  • Rising domestic costs: Operating costs for GCCs in India are increasing.
  • Growing global competition: Other countries are closely observing and replicating India’s GCC model.
• He noted that in certain skill categories, Indian talent is already becoming scarce. 
• His central message was that “indispensability is not a title we can hold forever. It is a position we have to earn, and then earn again.” 

Will AI Threaten Jobs in Indian GCCs?

• Addressing concerns that AI could replace Indian professionals such as coders, Nageswaran offered a nuanced view. 
• He said that if a GCC’s value lies merely in “doing simple tasks at low cost,” then that value is indeed under real threat from AI. 
• However, he argued that building, deploying, and governing AI systems still requires human judgment — and a growing share of this higher-value work is increasingly being done in India itself. 
• In well-run GCCs, he said, AI actually raises the value of each employee rather than replacing them.

Government’s Role: Building the Runway, Not Flying the Plane

• Nageswaran emphasised that both government and industry must work together to ensure GCCs continue to “move up” the value chain rather than stagnating. 
• He highlighted specific measures announced in the 2026-27 Union Budget that support this transition, including:
  • Greater tax certainty for GCCs
  • A simplified and expanded transfer-pricing safe harbour, along with a higher threshold
• With these policy foundations in place, he said industry must now lead the shift “from cost to capability, from execution to innovation.” 

Finance Minister Sitharaman: Move Beyond Hosting to Leading Innovation

• A day after Nageswaran’s remarks, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman addressed the inaugural GCC summit organised by CII, reinforcing and expanding on similar themes.
• She said the ambition for the next decade should not simply be to host GCCs, but “to ensure that an increasing share of the world’s ideas, patents, products, algorithms, platforms and enterprise capabilities are conceived, engineered and led from India.”

Moving Up the Value Chain

• The Finance Minister urged industry leaders to move decisively up the value chain by:
  • Creating intellectual property
  • Leading frontier research
  • Developing AI applications
  • Building their own product architecture to drive global innovation
• She also called on industry to deepen engagement with knowledge institutions to ensure that innovation moves seamlessly from laboratories to markets.

Expanding Beyond Metropolitan Centres

• A key theme in Sitharaman’s address was geographical diversification. She noted that Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities are rapidly developing the talent, infrastructure, and innovation capacity required for globally competitive enterprises.
• She also urged successful enterprises already operating in India to become “ambassadors” for India’s capabilities, noting that their success stories serve as the “strongest endorsement of India’s GCC ecosystem.”

The Multiplier Effect of GCCs

• FM explained that establishing a GCC in a new city creates a multiplier impact on the local economy. 
• It generates demand for advanced skills and specialised training, supports start-ups and professional services, and drives investment in housing and urban infrastructure. 
• It also encourages stronger partnerships between universities, industry, and local institutions — helping cities evolve into vibrant innovation ecosystems.
• In this way, she said, GCCs can become genuine catalysts for balanced regional development. 
• She added that different states possess different competitive advantages, and if they develop specialised ecosystems aligned to their own strengths, this would make India’s overall innovation ecosystem more resilient, diversified, and globally competitive.

Conclusion

• Together, both the CEA and the Finance Minister sent a consistent message: India’s GCC success cannot be taken for granted. 
• The next phase demands a decisive shift — from cost advantage to genuine innovation leadership, and from a few metropolitan hubs to a geographically diverse, human-centred innovation ecosystem spanning the country.

Source: IE | IE