UPSC Geography Notes 2025, Topic wise, Download PDF

Geography Notes for UPSC by Vajiram and Ravi is a great resource, offering vast coverage of all the key topics for the Geography section of the UPSC CSE 2025. It provides in-depth insights into Indian and world geography, as well as physical, human, and economic geography, making it a valuable resource for aspirants.  Keep reading the article to get the download link for Geography Notes for UPSC PDF.

UPSC Geography Notes

Geography is a crucial subject for the UPSC Exam 2025 having a vast syllabus to cover. UPSC Geography Notes are an excellent resource to build that foundation, as they offer concise and reliable content that is prepared by the subject expert. The topics covered,

such as Physical Geography, Human Geography, Environmental Geography, and Indian Geography, are central to both the UPSC Prelims and Mains exams.

UPSC Geography

Geography plays a significant role in both the UPSC Prelims and Mains Exams including the Earth’s physical features and complex interactions between human society and the environment. For effective UPSC preparation, Geography has two major components, Physical Geography and Human Geography. Students must develop a solid foundation with the basics from NCERTs and strengthen their knowledge with the right study material which is UPSC Geography Notes by Vajiram and Ravi.

Indian Geography – Geography of India notes

Understand India’s diverse geography with detailed notes on physiographic divisions, mountain ranges, plateaus, and natural resources. Explore essential topics like glaciers, passes, and vegetation to strengthen your UPSC preparation with ease.

• Indian Geography – Geography of India notes
  • Physiography of India – Major Physiographic divisions and their significance
  • Rock System in India
    • Deccan Trap
  • Mountain Ranges in India
    • Himalayas
    • Western Ghats
    • Aravalli Range
  • Plateaus in India – Peninsular plateau
    • Deccan Plateau
    • Chota Nagpur Plateau
    • Malwa Plateau
  • Islands of India
    • Andaman and Nicobar Islands
  • Mountain Passes in India – major passes and their significance
  • Glaciers in India – Major glaciers and their significance
  • Lakes in India
  • Natural Vegetation of India
  • Soils of India – Types and Significance
  • Northern Plains 
  • Deserts
  • Largest State in India 2024

Climate of India

Explore the diverse climate of India, from the dynamic Indian Monsoon to the impactful Western Disturbances. Understand how these climatic patterns shape the country’s weather and influence agriculture, biodiversity, and daily life.

• Climate of India
  • Indian Monsoon 
  • Western Disturbances

Drainage system of India – River systems in India

Explore the diverse drainage systems of India, including the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra river systems, peninsular rivers like Krishna and Godavari, drainage patterns, and key river interlinking projects shaping India’s water network.

• Drainage system of India – River systems in India
  • Drainage Patterns
  • Indus River System – Indus and its tributaries
  • Ganga River System – Ganga and its tributaries
  • Brahmaputra River System – Brahmaputra and its tributaries
  • Peninsular river system
    • Krishna River 
    • Godavari River 
  • Interlinking of Rivers – River interlinking projects in India

The Universe – Origin and its Composition

Explore the mysteries of the universe, from the Big Bang Theory and solar system formation to Earth’s evolution, motion, and time zones. Dive into celestial phenomena like comets, asteroids, the Kuiper Belt, and the Oort Cloud.

• The Universe – Origin and its Composition
  • Big Bang Theory
  • Solar System
  • Origin and Evolution of Earth
    • Motion of Earth – Rotation and Revolution
    • Latitude, Longitude and Time Zone
  • Comets
  • Asteroid – Formation, Characteristics and Asteroid Belt
  • Kuiper Belt
  • Oort Cloud

Interior of the Earth Sources and Structure

Explore the Earth’s interior and its dynamic processes. Delve into geomagnetism, plate tectonics, continental drift, earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic activity. Learn about rocks, seafloor spreading, palaeomagnetism, and more for UPSC exam preparation.

• Interior of the Earth Sources and Structure
  • Geomagnetism – Earth’s Magnetic Field
    • Van Allen Radiation Belt
  • Continental Drift Theory
  • Sea Floor Spreading 
  • Paleomagnetism
  • Convection Current Theory
  • Plate Tectonics
  • Earthquake 
    • Tsunami
  • Volcano
  • Rocks – Igneous, Metamorphic and Sedimentary

Geomorphology

Discover the dynamic processes shaping Earth’s surface. This section covers essential topics like weathering, erosion, mass movements, landform evolution, and soil components, providing a solid foundation for your UPSC journey.

• Geomorphology
  • Weathering 
  • Erosion 
  • Mass Movement 
  • Landforms and their Evolution 
  • Soil- Components

Climatology

Explore key climatology topics, including atmospheric composition, solar radiation, weather systems, jet streams, climatic regions, El Niño, and more. Strengthen your understanding of geographical concepts essential for excelling in the UPSC Exam 2025.

• Climatology
  • Atmosphere Composition and Structure 
  • Solar Radiation, Heat Balance and Temperature
  • Atmospheric Circulation and Weather Systems
    • Planetary Winds
    • Local Winds
    • Jetstream
    • Geostrophic Wind
  • Climatic Regions of World 
  • Cryosphere
  • El Nino and La Nina 
  • Water in the atmosphere
  • Types of Clouds
  • Types of Rainfall
    • Acid Rain

Forests in India – Types, Characteristics and Examples

Explore the diverse forest types of India, their distinct characteristics, and notable examples. Gain insights into evergreen and tropical deciduous forests, their role in agriculture, and land use, and their significance in India’s ecological framework.

• Forests in India – Types, Characteristics and Examples
  • Evergreen Forest
  • Tropical Deciduous Forest
  • Agriculture-Land Use 

Oceanography

Explore the scientific study of oceans, encompassing ocean currents, tides, and marine deposits. Learn about polymetallic nodules, ocean acidification, and the Deep Ocean Mission, emphasizing their critical role in resource management and environmental sustainability.

• Oceanography
  • Ocean Currents
  • Tides
  • Oceanic Deposits – Marine Resources and their significance
    • Polymetallic Nodules
  • Ocean acidification
  • Deep ocean mission

Economic Geography

Examine the foundation of economic geography, focusing on India’s natural resources, including forests, water, and minerals. Explore the significance of dams, industries, transportation, communication networks, major ports, national highways, and the coastal states shaping India’s economy.

• Economic Geography
  • Natural Resource 
    • Forest Resources – Importance of forest and its resources
    • Dams in India
  • Water Resources in India
  • Mineral Resources 
  • Industries and Industrial regions 
  • Transport and Communication
    • National Highways in India
    • Major Ports in India
  • Coastal States of India

Human Geography

Analyze the dynamics of human geography, focusing on population, migration trends, and India’s demography. Explore settlement patterns, urbanization processes, and their role in shaping the socio-economic landscape of the nation.

• Human Geography
  • Population and Migration
  • Demography in India
  • Settlement Patterns and Urbanization

Natural Vegetation of India

Discover the rich diversity of India’s natural vegetation, ranging from tropical rainforests to alpine flora. Understand their ecological significance, regional distribution, and the critical role they play in sustaining biodiversity and environmental balance.

• Natural Vegetation of India