Articles on 27 December 2025

by Vajiram & Ravi - 27 December 2025

Vajiram & Ravi provides Daily articles for 27 December 2025, tailored for aspirants. We cover all relevant news and events crucial for the exam, ensuring you stay updated & well-prepared.

Devadasi System, History, Practices, Reforms, Challenges, Impact

December 27, 2025
Devadasi System

The Devadasi System refers to the ritual dedication of young girls to temples, historically linked with religious service, classical arts, and ritual performances. Over centuries, the system transformed from a respected cultural institution into a mechanism of exploitation, particularly affecting marginalized communities. Despite being legally prohibited across India, multiple academic and governmental studies confirm its continued presence in disguised forms, especially in southern India. Contemporary research highlights systemic failures in law enforcement, rehabilitation, and social awareness, keeping the practice alive despite statutory bans.

Devadasi System

The Devadasi System involves dedicating minor girls to deities through ceremonial rituals, symbolically marrying them to gods. Traditionally, Devadasis performed temple rituals, music, and classical dance forms such as Bharatanatyam and Odissi. Over time, the withdrawal of royal patronage and socio-economic decline pushed many Devadasis into sexual exploitation. Present day manifestations show forced dedication of minors, absence of consent, and systemic abuse, particularly among Dalit and economically vulnerable families in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu.

Devadasi System Historical Background

The Devadasi System evolved from temple based artistic service into exploitation due to political, colonial, and economic disruptions.

  • Early Origins: Temple dancers referenced in 3rd century CE texts like Silappadikaram.
  • Gupta Period Evidence: Kalidasa’s Meghaduta describes female temple performers.
  • Medieval Expansion: 6th - 13th centuries saw royal patronage and social prestige.
  • Chola Administration: Brihadisvara Temple maintained 400 Devadasis with land grants.
  • Vijayanagara Era: Devadasis accumulated wealth, land, and social status.
  • Colonial Decline: British dismantled temple patronage systems.
  • Moral Reframing: Colonial authorities equated Devadasis with prostitution.
  • Legal Suppression: Bombay Devadasi Protection Act enacted in 1934.
  • Post Independence Ban: Madras Devadasi Act passed in 1947.
  • Nationwide Prohibition: Formal outlawing completed by 1988.

Also Read: Role of Women in India

Devadasi System in India

The Devadasi System existed under different regional names with varied ritual practices and social outcomes.

  • Karnataka Basavi System: Dedicated girls associated with Yellamma cult.
  • Odisha Mahari Tradition: Jagannath temple dancers maintained ritual celibacy.
  • Andhra Natavalollu: Temple dancers later absorbed into hereditary communities.
  • Maharashtra Matangi: Ritual dedication merged with caste based occupation.
  • Tamil Nadu Devar Adigalar: Chola era temple servants institutionalized arts.
  • Goa Kalavantin: Portuguese records describe dancer communities.
  • Local Terminologies: Jogini, Murali, Nailis reflect regional diversity.

Devadasi System Practices

Dedication ceremonies symbolically married girls to deities through publicly sanctioned religious rituals.

  • Pottukattu Ceremony: Tali tying ritual marked temple dedication.
  • Sadanku Rite: Puberty ceremony formalized lifelong servitude.
  • Temple Priest Role: Religious authorities officiated dedication.
  • Community Participation: Entire villages celebrated dedication rituals.
  • Symbolic Marriage: Girl treated as deity’s spouse.
  • Permanent Status: Devadasis called nitya sumangali.
  • No Human Marriage: Marriage to mortals prohibited.
  • Inherited Practice: Dedication later became hereditary.

Devadasi System Legal Gaps

Existing laws inadequately recognize Devadasi dedication as trafficking, child abuse, or sexual exploitation.

  • KDPD Act 1982: Karnataka failed to frame implementation rules.
  • JJ Act 2015: Dedicated children excluded from protection category.
  • ITPA 1956: Sexual exploitation not acknowledged post dedication.
  • POCSO Act 2012: Rarely applied despite minor abuse.
  • Trafficking Bill 2018: Dedicated girls excluded as trafficking victims.
  • Poor Awareness: Only 48% know dedication is illegal.
  • NGO Capacity Gap: Limited legal procedural knowledge.

Devadasi System Impact

There are several social, physical and mental impacts due to the prevalence of Devadasi System in India as given below:

  • Mental Trauma: Early abuse causes lifelong psychological harm.
  • Economic Marginalization: No stable livelihood opportunities.
  • Social Stigma: Persistent caste based discrimination.
  • Healthcare Exclusion: Limited access to medical support.
  • Educational Deprivation: Schooling disrupted early.
  • Inter Generational Cycle: Children face repeat vulnerability.

Devadasi System Reforms 

India enacted multiple laws banning Devadasi dedication, but weak enforcement undermines effectiveness. Along with it Grassroots activism plays a crucial role in rehabilitation and prevention of Devadasi dedication.

  • Bombay Act 1934: First legal prohibition.
  • Madras Act 1947: Post independence reform.
  • Andhra Act 1988: State level criminalization.
  • National Ban 1988: Formal nationwide outlawing.
  • Judicial Support: Courts recognize dedication as exploitation.
  • Implementation Deficit: Laws poorly enforced.
  • Rehabilitation Gaps: Limited livelihood integration.
  • Amy Carmichael: Early rescue efforts during colonial era.
  • Sitavva Joddati: Rescued over 4,800 Devadasis.
  • MASS NGO: Rehabilitation through education and dignity.
  • Youth Vigilance: Community based prevention networks.
  • Self Help Groups: Economic empowerment initiatives.
  • Awareness Campaigns: Challenging superstition.

Also Read: Women Empowerment

Devadasi System Challenges

Deep rooted social beliefs normalize Devadasi dedication, preventing reporting and enforcement.

  • Religious Belief: Dedication seen as divine appeasement.
  • Community Pressure: Families coerced into participation.
  • Fear of Backlash: Victims avoid reporting abuse.
  • Police Inaction: Suo motu action rarely initiated.
  • Victim Hostility: Survivors often turn hostile in court.
  • Preventive Failure: Focus remains on welfare, not prevention.
  • Inter Departmental Gaps: Poor coordination weakens response.

Way Forward: Multi sectoral reforms are essential to eliminate Devadasi dedication permanently.

  • Police Suo Motu Action: Immediate registration of cases.
  • Regular Surveys: Mapping vulnerable districts.
  • Education Drives: Universal school enrolment.
  • Legal Awareness: Strengthening legal literacy.
  • Vocational Training: Alternative livelihoods.
  • Scholarships: Education support for children.
  • Community Monitoring: Panchayat level vigilance

Devadasi System Recent Developments

Despite legal prohibition, studies confirm Devadasi dedication continues illegally in multiple Indian states.

  • Karnataka Numbers: 80,000 Devadasis identified in 2018 university study.
  • Government Estimate: 40,600 recorded in Karnataka in 2008.
  • Andhra Pradesh Data: 16,624 Devadasis officially identified.
  • Maharashtra Allowance: 2,479 recognized beneficiaries.
  • Odisha Status: Government claims eradication.
  • Tamil Nadu Claim: State reports zero prevalence.
  • Life Expectancy: Rarely exceeds 50 years.
  • Child Dedication: Majority dedicated before age 18.
  • NLSIU and TISS studies expose systemic exploitation, weak enforcement, and deep social acceptance of Devadasi dedication.
    • 92% dedicated below 18 years.
    • 53% dedicated between 4 - 12 years.
    • 39% dedicated between 13 - 18 years.
    • 50% abused sexually during childhood.
    • Disabled children face higher vulnerability.
    • Predominantly affects oppressed communities.
    • Only four cases filed in Karnataka (2011 - 2017).

Devadasi System FAQs

Q1: What is the Devadasi System?

Ans: The Devadasi System involves dedicating young girls to temples, where many later face sexual exploitation despite legal prohibition.

Q2: Is the Devadasi System legally banned in India?

Ans: Yes, it is legally banned nationwide, with state laws enacted between 1934 and 1988 prohibiting dedication practices.

Q3: Where is the Devadasi System still prevalent?

Ans: Studies show continued illegal practice mainly in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and parts of Tamil Nadu.

Q4: At what age are girls usually dedicated as Devadasis?

Ans: Research indicates over 90% of Devadasis were dedicated as minors, many between 4 and 12 years.

Q5: What are the main challenges in ending the Devadasi System?

Ans: Social acceptance, weak law enforcement, poor awareness, and lack of rehabilitation sustain the practice.

Operation Smiling Buddha, History, Significance, Impact

December 27, 2025
Operation Smiling Buddha

Operation Smiling Buddha was India’s first confirmed nuclear test, conducted on 18 May 1974 at the Pokhran Test Range in Rajasthan. Officially described by the Government of India as a peaceful nuclear explosion, it marked India’s entry into the nuclear capable states outside the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. The test was executed under extreme secrecy and demonstrated India’s indigenous scientific and technological capability in nuclear weapon design, plutonium production, and controlled detonation.

Operation Smiling Buddha

Operation Smiling Buddha, designated as Pokhran I by the Ministry of External Affairs, was the code name for India’s first nuclear weapon test. Conducted at 8:05 IST on 18 May 1974, the test involved a plutonium based implosion device developed entirely by Indian scientists. The operation was tightly supervised by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and involved coordinated efforts of BARC, DRDO, the Atomic Energy Commission, and the Indian Army, establishing India’s strategic autonomy in nuclear technology.

Pokhran I

Pokhran I refers to India’s first underground nuclear test conducted in Rajasthan using a plutonium implosion device.

  • Test location: Pokhran Test Range in Rajasthan under complete military control.
  • Test date: Conducted precisely on 18 May 1974 at 8:05 IST.
  • Test nature: Underground nuclear explosion described officially as peaceful.
  • Global status: First nuclear test by a country outside UN Security Council P-5.
  • International codename: Referred to as “Happy Krishna” by US intelligence.
  • Strategic secrecy: Information restricted to a small political and scientific circle.
  • Military role: Indian Army managed logistics, security, and test site preparations.

Operation Smiling Buddha Historical Background

India’s nuclear journey evolved gradually from peaceful research to strategic deterrence between 1945 and 1974.

  • 1945 foundation: Homi Bhabha established TIFR initiating India’s nuclear research base.
  • 1948 legislation: Atomic Energy Act created the Indian Atomic Energy Commission.
  • 1954 institution: Department of Atomic Energy formed for civilian nuclear development.
  • 1956 milestone: APSARA reactor at Trombay became Asia’s first operational reactor.
  • 1958 project: Nehru approved Project Phoenix for plutonium reprocessing using PUREX.
  • 1962 conflict: Sino-Indian war accelerated India’s strategic nuclear considerations.
  • 1964 transition: Shastri approved subterranean nuclear studies without weapon testing.
  • 1966 shift: Indira Gandhi resumed nuclear weapons development after leadership changes.
  • 1969 capability: Sufficient plutonium accumulated for a single nuclear device.
  • 1972 authorization: Formal approval granted for nuclear test device development.

Operation Smiling Buddha Development

Scientific, engineering, and material development progressed secretly over a decade using indigenous expertise. The key highlights of the operation are given here:

  • Project leadership: Raja Ramanna led weapon design with P.K. Iyengar as deputy.
  • Plutonium control: Homi Sethna supervised fissile material production at BARC.
  • Reactor source: CIRUS reactor supplied plutonium using heavy water moderation.
  • Fuel processing: Indigenous PUREX reprocessing enabled plutonium separation.
  • Implosion research: V.S. Ramamurthy led implosion geometry development.
  • Explosive lenses: DRDO’s TBRL developed precise high explosive lens systems.
  • Detonation system: HEMRL Pune engineered synchronized firing mechanisms.
  • Neutron initiator: Polonium beryllium initiator code named “Flower” was used.
  • Scientific workforce: Only 75 scientists involved to maintain extreme secrecy.
  • 1971 catalyst: USS Enterprise deployment during Indo-Pak war reinforced urgency.

Operation Smiling Buddha Nuclear Test

The nuclear device was detonated underground using controlled implosion technology with variable yield estimates. The major features of the Nuclear Test Device used in Operation Smiling Buddha has been highlighted below:

  • Device type: Implosion type plutonium fission bomb similar to Fat Man design.
  • Plutonium mass: Approximately 6 kg plutonium sourced from CIRUS reactor.
  • Device dimensions: Hexagonal structure measuring 1.25 meters in diameter.
  • Device weight: Total mass approximately 1,400 kilograms.
  • Transport method: Rail mounted transport concealed under sand by army engineers.
  • Test execution: Detonation triggered by Pranab Dastidar pressing firing switch.
  • Yield claims: Official yield initially stated as 12 kilotons.
  • Independent estimates: Seismic data suggested 4 - 6 kiloton explosive yield.
  • Later admissions: Sethna and Iyengar acknowledged actual yield near 8 kilotons.
  • Containment: Underground shaft prevented atmospheric radioactive release.

Operation Smiling Buddha Significance

The test established India’s technological independence and strategic credibility in nuclear science.

  • Strategic autonomy: Demonstrated indigenous nuclear weapon design capability.
  • Scientific confidence: Validated decades of Indian nuclear research investments.
  • Deterrence message: Signaled India’s ability to develop nuclear weapons independently.
  • Global recognition: Positioned India among advanced nuclear capable nations.
  • Policy leverage: Strengthened India’s bargaining power in global nuclear negotiations.
  • Technological spin offs: Advanced metallurgy, explosives, and reactor engineering.
  • Political impact: Reinforced executive authority over strategic defence decisions.

Also Read: Military Operations of India

Operation Smiling Buddha Impact

The test produced major domestic political gains and significant international policy consequences. The aftermath and impact of the Operation Smiling Buddha is given below:

  • Domestic response: Boosted Indira Gandhi’s popularity post 1971 war.
  • Parliament reaction: Broad political approval across party lines.
  • National honours: Padma Vibhushan awarded to Sethna, Ramanna, Nagchaudhuri.
  • Scientific recognition: Five scientists received Padma Shri awards.
  • International backlash: Triggered formation of Nuclear Suppliers Group.
  • NSG restrictions: Nuclear exports tied to full scope IAEA safeguards.
  • Canada response: Froze nuclear assistance citing violation of 1971 understanding.
  • US stance: Continued Tarapur fuel supply despite expressing concern.
  • Pakistan reaction: Cancelled talks; perceived test as strategic intimidation.
  • Regional impact: Encouraged Pakistan’s pursuit of nuclear weapons capability.

Pokhran II

Pokhran II represented India’s second series of nuclear tests conducted in May 1998 after 24 years, carried out after the Operation Smiling Buddha.

  • Operation name: Code named Operation Shakti by Indian authorities.
  • Test period: Conducted between 11 - 13 May 1998 at Pokhran.
  • Technological evolution: Built on two decades of weapons research.
  • Test devices: Included thermonuclear and boosted fission designs.
  • Strategic doctrine: Established credible minimum nuclear deterrence.
  • Policy clarity: India openly declared itself a nuclear weapon state.
  • Continuity link: Pokhran II directly traced scientific lineage to Smiling Buddha.

Operation Smiling Buddha FAQs

Q1: What was Operation Smiling Buddha?

Ans: Operation Smiling Buddha was India’s first successful nuclear test conducted on 18 May 1974 at Pokhran, Rajasthan.

Q2: Why was Operation Smiling Buddha conducted?

Ans: Operation Smiling Buddha aimed to demonstrate India’s indigenous nuclear capability and strengthen strategic and technological self reliance.

Q3: Who led Operation Smiling Buddha?

Ans: Operation Smiling Buddha was led scientifically by Raja Ramanna under political supervision of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.

Q4: What type of nuclear device was used in Operation Smiling Buddha?

Ans: Operation Smiling Buddha used a plutonium based implosion type nuclear fission device developed indigenously.

Q5: What was the global impact of Operation Smiling Buddha?

Ans: Operation Smiling Buddha led to the formation of the Nuclear Suppliers Group and reshaped global nuclear non proliferation policies.

Karst Landforms, Features, Formation, Types, Distribution

December 27, 2025
Karst Landforms

Karst Landforms develop in regions dominated by soluble carbonate rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. These landscapes evolve primarily through chemical weathering caused by slightly acidic rainwater dissolving calcium carbonate over long geological periods. The result is a terrain marked by underground drainage, limited surface rivers, and distinctive surface and subsurface features. Karst regions occupy significant portions of Earth’s land surface and play a crucial role in groundwater storage, cave systems, and mineral deposition, making them geomorphologically and hydrologically important.

Karst Landforms

Karst Landforms refer to a unique geomorphic system shaped by rock dissolution, underground water movement, and structural weaknesses in carbonate rocks. These landforms are best developed in dense, thinly bedded, and fractured limestone where groundwater flow is concentrated along joints. Karst landscapes are globally distributed and support extensive cave networks, sinkholes, underground rivers, and springs. Their evolution depends on rock type, rainfall intensity, relief, and water table depth, creating highly specialized surface and subsurface morphology.

Also Read: Landforms of the Earth

Karst Landforms Features

Karst Landforms display distinctive surface and underground characteristics shaped by chemical erosion and subterranean drainage dominance.

  • Bleak Surface Landscape: Thin soils and exposed limestone produce barren, rocky terrain.
  • Absence of Surface Rivers: Most rainfall infiltrates underground through joints and fissures.
  • Dry Valleys: Former river valleys remain dry due to subsurface water diversion.
  • Underground Streams: Water flows through widened fractures forming subterranean channels.
  • Springs and Resurgences: Groundwater reappears where limestone meets impermeable rock.
  • Well Jointed Limestone: Closely spaced fractures accelerate dissolution processes.
  • Low Water Table Dependency: Deep water tables enhance downward percolation efficiency.
  • High Rock Porosity: Enlarged solution cavities increase subsurface void development.

Karst Landforms Formation

Karst Landforms form through chemical dissolution of carbonate rocks driven by acidic groundwater circulation over extended geological time.

  • Carbonic Acid Formation: Rainwater absorbs atmospheric and soil carbon dioxide.
  • Calcium Carbonate Dissolution: Weak carbonic acid dissolves limestone progressively.
  • Joint Enlargement: Rock fractures widen into channels and conduits.
  • Subsurface Drainage Development: Water bypasses surface routes into underground systems.
  • Cave Initiation: Continuous dissolution enlarges passages into caves and caverns.
  • Collapse Processes: Roof failure creates sinkholes and surface depressions.
  • Low Chalk Development: Chalk limits karst due to uniform porosity, not fractures.
  • Rainfall Control: Moderate to heavy rainfall accelerates dissolution rates.

Also Read: Fluvial Landforms

Erosional Karst Landforms

Erosional Karst Landforms form primarily due to solution and collapse mechanisms.

  • Swallow Holes: Surface streams disappear into limestone openings.
  • Lapies: Small ridges created by differential limestone dissolution.
  • Limestone Pavements: Flattened rock surfaces dissected by grikes.
  • Pinnacles: Sharp vertical rock blades formed by intense corrosion.
  • Bogas: Open fissures draining surface water underground.
  • Fensters: Collapsed roofs exposing subterranean watercourses.
  • Pools: Surface openings collecting water over insoluble layers.
  • Blind Valleys: Valleys ending at underground water entry points.

Depositional Karst Landforms

Depositional Karst Landforms develop through mineral precipitation from carbonate rich water.

  • Speleothems: Mineral deposits formed inside limestone caves.
  • Stalactites: Downward growing calcium carbonate formations.
  • Stalagmites: Upward growing deposits formed from dripping water.
  • Pillars: Vertical columns formed by fused stalactites and stalagmites.
  • Helictites: Irregular, sideways growing stalactitic forms.
  • Curtains: Draped limestone sheets hanging from cave ceilings.
  • Tufa: Soft limestone deposited from ambient temperature water.
  • Travertine: Dense carbonate deposits from springs and rivers.
  • Terra Rossa: Iron rich residual soil with reddish coloration.

Karst Landforms Types

Karst Landforms include a wide range of erosional and depositional features formed at surface and subsurface levels.

  • Grikes: Deepened solution cracks separating limestone blocks.
  • Clints: Rectangular limestone slabs between grikes.
  • Sinkholes: Circular depressions formed by surface collapse or dissolution.
  • Dolines: Enlarged sinkholes created by coalescence of swallow holes.
  • Uvalas: Complex depressions formed by merging multiple dolines.
  • Poljes: Large flat plains reaching up to 400 square kilometres.
  • Blind Valleys: Valleys ending abruptly where streams sink underground.
  • Karst Windows: Collapsed cave roofs exposing underground streams.
  • Caves and Caverns: Underground chambers formed by sustained water erosion.
  • Karst Lakes: Water bodies formed by collapsed subterranean cavities.

Karst Landforms Significance

Karst Landforms hold geological, hydrological, ecological, and economic importance at local and global scales.

  • Freshwater Storage: Karst aquifers supply nearly 25 percent of global drinking water.
  • Mineral Resources: Limestone supports cement, construction, and chemical industries.
  • Petroleum Reservoirs: Nearly 50 percent of hydrocarbons occur in carbonate formations.
  • Biodiversity Hotspots: Unique cave and surface ecosystems support endemic species.
  • Archaeological Records: Caves preserve prehistoric human and faunal remains.
  • Tourism Potential: Karst caves attract geotourism and scientific exploration.
  • Agricultural Constraints: Thin soils limit farming but support pasture grasses.
  • Hazard Sensitivity: Sinkhole collapse poses serious infrastructure risks.

Also Read: Glacial Landforms

Karst Landforms Distribution

Karst Landforms occur worldwide in regions dominated by extensive carbonate rock exposures.

  • France: The Causses Plateau exhibits classic limestone karst morphology.
  • China: Guangxi and Yunnan host UNESCO listed South China Karst.
  • United States: Kentucky and Florida show sinkhole dense karst plains.
  • Mexico: Yucatán Peninsula features cenotes and underground rivers.
  • Slovenia: Dinaric Alps present textbook karst terrain.
  • Australia: Nullarbor Plain forms the world’s largest limestone karst.
  • Ireland: Burren region shows exposed limestone pavements.
  • Vietnam: Ha Long Bay displays tropical tower karst.

Karst Landforms in India

India hosts significant karst features across multiple physiographic regions.

  • Vindhya Range: Extensive limestone plateaus support sinkholes and caves.
  • Himalayas: Karst occurs in carbonate belts of Kashmir and Himachal.
  • Bastar Plateau: Limestone caves dominate Chhattisgarh’s karst terrain.
  • Pachmarhi: Karst processes shape cave and spring systems.
  • Gupt Godavari Cave: Limestone cave system in Andhra Pradesh.
  • Visakhapatnam Coast: Coastal karst influenced by marine processes.
  • Borra Caves: East Coast limestone caves in Ananthagiri Hills.
  • Araku Valley: Underground streams sculpt karst cave networks.

Human Activities in Karst Regions

Human interaction with Karst Landforms is shaped by geological constraints and resource potential.

  • Limited Agriculture: Thin soils restrict crop productivity.
  • Pastoral Use: Limestone supports poor grasslands for grazing.
  • Mining Activity: Limestone quarrying supplies cement industries.
  • Water Vulnerability: Rapid groundwater flow increases pollution risks.
  • Settlement Hazards: Sinkhole collapse threatens infrastructure.
  • Tourism Development: Cave systems attract eco tourism revenue.
  • Biodiversity Conservation: Karst forests preserve rare plant species.
  • Urban Challenges: Septic leakage contaminates karst aquifers.

Karst Landforms FAQs

Q1: What are Karst Landforms?

Ans: Karst Landforms are landscapes formed by chemical dissolution of limestone, dolomite, or gypsum, featuring caves, sinkholes, and underground drainage.

Q2: Why is surface water scarce in Karst regions?

Ans: Most rainwater infiltrates through joints and fissures, flowing underground instead of forming surface rivers.

Q3: Which rock type best develops Karst Landforms?

Ans: Dense, thinly bedded, and highly fractured limestone supports the strongest karst development.

Q4: What are the major Karst Landforms found in India?

Ans: Borra Caves in Andhra Pradesh are a prominent example of Indian karst terrain.

Q5: Why are Karst aquifers highly vulnerable to pollution?

Ans: Rapid groundwater flow through open conduits allows contaminants to spread quickly without natural filtration.

Social Issues in India, Challenges, Impact, Movements

December 27, 2025
Social Issues in India

Social Issues in India are deeply interconnected and rooted in historical, economic, and structural factors. While constitutional safeguards, government schemes, and civil society efforts have brought measurable progress, persistent inequalities remain. These problems are interconnected and influence education, health, employment, safety, and social harmony. Addressing these challenges requires inclusive growth, effective governance, social awareness, and sustained investment in education, healthcare, employment, and environmental protection.

Social Issues in India

Social Issues in India arise from historical inequalities, rapid urbanisation, population pressure, economic disparities, and uneven access to public services. Challenges such as caste discrimination, gender inequality, poverty, healthcare gaps, education disparities, environmental degradation, unemployment, crime, and digital exclusion continue to shape daily life. Government interventions, legal reforms, and civil society movements have shown progress, but structural problems persist, requiring sustained policy focus and public participation.

Caste System and Social Stratification

The caste system continues to shape access to education, employment, housing, and social dignity across regions.

  • Historical Origins: Varna-based hierarchy emerged in ancient society, later becoming rigid birth-based stratification.
  • Scheduled Castes Impact: SC communities face higher poverty, lower literacy, and employment discrimination.
  • Educational Barriers: Dropout rates remain higher among SC and ST students.
  • Employment Inequality: Informal and hazardous jobs dominate lower-caste employment patterns.
  • Social Exclusion: Residential segregation persists in rural and urban settlements.
  • Legal Safeguards: Untouchability is abolished under Article 17 of the Constitution.
  • Reservation Policy: Quotas exist for SCs, STs, and OBCs in education and public employment.
  • Atrocity Laws: SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities Act criminalises caste-based violence.
  • Awareness Campaigns: Government-led social justice programs promote inclusion.
  • Continuing Challenge: Social mobility remains uneven despite constitutional protections.

Gender Inequality and Women’s Rights

Gender inequality affects workforce participation, safety, health outcomes, and decision-making power.

  • Economic Participation: Women contribute about 17% to India’s GDP.
  • Missing Women: Census and survey data indicate 63 million missing women nationally.
  • Wage Gap: Women earn significantly less than men for similar work.
  • Workplace Barriers: Promotion and leadership opportunities remain limited.
  • Gender Violence: High incidence of domestic violence and sexual crimes reported annually.
  • Safety Concerns: Public transport and workplaces remain unsafe for many women.
  • Legal Protection: Sexual Harassment at Workplace Act enacted in 2013.
  • Girl Child Schemes: Beti Bachao Beti Padhao addresses declining child sex ratio.
  • Marriage Rights: Triple Talaq law strengthened women’s legal security.
  • Social Change Need: Cultural attitudes slow progress despite strong legal framework.

Poverty and Economic Disparities

Economic inequality remains a core social challenge despite poverty reduction efforts.

  • Rural Poverty: Rural households face limited employment and infrastructure access.
  • Urban Inequality: Urban poverty exists alongside concentrated wealth.
  • Basic Amenities: Clean water and sanitation remain inaccessible for many rural families.
  • COVID Impact: Pew Research reported 75 million Indians pushed into poverty.
  • Shrinking Middle Class: Nearly 32 million people slipped out of middle-income status.
  • Employment Guarantee: MGNREGA provides 100 days of wage employment.
  • Food Security: Public Distribution System supplies subsidised food grains.
  • Housing Support: Indira Awaas Yojana targets rural housing shortages.
  • Regional Gaps: Eastern and central states show higher poverty ratios.
  • Inclusive Growth Need: Growth benefits remain uneven across social groups.

Healthcare Challenges in India

Healthcare access and affordability remain unequal across regions and income groups.

  • Rural Access Gap: Rural areas face shortages of doctors and hospitals.
  • Urban Cost Burden: High out-of-pocket expenditure dominates private healthcare.
  • Mental Health Prevalence: Over 10.6% adults face mental health disorders.
  • Treatment Gap: Mental healthcare gap ranges between 70 and 92%.
  • Economic Loss: Mental illness reduces productivity and workforce participation.
  • Ayushman Bharat: Provides health insurance coverage to vulnerable families.
  • National Health Mission: Strengthens primary healthcare infrastructure.
  • Hospital Sector: Accounts for nearly 80% of healthcare services.
  • Industry Size: Healthcare market approached USD 132 billion by 2023.
  • Awareness Deficit: Stigma limits healthcare-seeking behaviour.

Education System and Literacy Rates

Education quality and access vary widely across geography, gender, and income.

  • Literacy Growth: National literacy improved to nearly 77.7%.
  • Urban Advantage: Urban literacy exceeds rural literacy by over 14 percentage points.
  • School Infrastructure: Many rural schools lack teachers and basic facilities.
  • Dropout Rates: Economic pressure increases school dropout risk.
  • Gender Gap: Female literacy lags behind male literacy.
  • Right to Education: Guarantees free education for ages 6 to 14.
  • Mid-Day Meals: Improves attendance and child nutrition.
  • NEP Reform: National Education Policy focuses on inclusivity and skills.
  • Digital Divide: Online learning widened inequality during pandemic.
  • Outcome Disparity: Learning outcomes remain inconsistent nationwide.

Environmental Issues and Sustainability

Environmental degradation directly impacts health, livelihoods, and food security.

  • Air Pollution: Urban air quality frequently exceeds safe limits.
  • Health Impact: Pollution increases respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
  • Water Pollution: Industrial discharge contaminates rivers and groundwater.
  • Climate Vulnerability: India faces floods, droughts, and heatwaves.
  • Agricultural Risk: Erratic monsoons threaten farmer incomes.
  • NCAP Program: Targets reduction in urban air pollution levels.
  • Swachh Bharat: Improves sanitation and waste management.
  • Biodiversity Plan: Protects ecosystems and endangered species.
  • Urban Pressure: Unplanned growth worsens environmental stress.
  • Sustainability Need: Long-term development requires ecological balance.

Religious and Ethnic Conflicts

Social harmony is challenged by periodic religious and ethnic tensions.

  • Colonial Legacy: Historical divisions intensified during colonial rule.
  • Identity Politics: Religion and ethnicity influence political mobilisation.
  • Community Violence: Conflicts disrupt social and economic stability.
  • Trust Deficit: Inter-community mistrust affects coexistence.
  • Economic Loss: Violence damages livelihoods and infrastructure.
  • Legal Safeguards: Laws prohibit hate speech and communal violence.
  • Education Role: Civic education promotes tolerance.
  • Community Dialogue: Peace initiatives encourage reconciliation.
  • Security Concerns: Religious sites face heightened risk during unrest.
  • Unity Priority: Social cohesion remains essential for national stability.

Urbanization

Rapid urban growth reshapes social structures and public service demand.

  • Urban Shift: Half of India’s population expected urban by 2031.
  • Rural Migration: Job search drives large-scale migration.
  • Economic Opportunity: Cities offer employment and services.
  • Overcrowding: Housing shortages worsen urban living conditions.
  • Slum Growth: Informal settlements lack sanitation and healthcare.
  • Transport Stress: Infrastructure struggles with rising population.
  • Affordable Housing: Shortage affects low-income migrants.
  • Planning Gaps: Weak urban governance worsens inequality.
  • Public Services: Education and health facilities face pressure.
  • Sustainable Cities: Planned growth essential for livability.

Social Movements

Social movements have driven legal reforms and public awareness.

  • Women’s Movements: Advanced gender equality and legal reforms.
  • Dalit Assertion: Challenged caste-based oppression.
  • Environmental Movements: Protected forests and rivers.
  • RTI Movement: Increased government transparency.
  • Civil Society Role: Acts as bridge between state and citizens.
  • Grassroots Advocacy: Mobilises marginalised communities.
  • Policy Influence: Shapes legislative and administrative reforms.
  • Public Awareness: Strengthens democratic participation.
  • Legal Victories: Courts influenced by sustained activism.
  • Social Accountability: Movements improve governance outcomes.

Youth and Employment Issues

Youth unemployment poses economic and social risks.

  • Unemployment Rate: Youth unemployment reached 8.1% in 2022.
  • Educated Joblessness: Degrees do not guarantee employment.
  • Gender Gap: Young women face higher unemployment rates.
  • Skill Mismatch: Education not aligned with market needs.
  • Skill India: Targets large-scale workforce training.
  • PMKVY Scheme: Supports vocational certification.
  • Apprenticeship Program: Encourages industry-based training.
  • Startup India: Promotes entrepreneurship among youth.
  • Digital Jobs: IT sector offers emerging opportunities.
  • Demographic Dividend: Employment critical for harnessing youth potential.

Impact of Technology on Society

Technology reshapes education, employment, and social interaction.

  • Digital Divide: Rural areas lag in internet connectivity.
  • Economic Barriers: Device affordability limits access.
  • Education Impact: Online learning benefits digitally connected students.
  • Social Media Reach: Expands awareness and mobilisation.
  • Misinformation Risk: Rapid spread affects social trust.
  • Cyber Harassment: Online abuse disproportionately targets women.
  • Digital India: Expands digital infrastructure nationwide.
  • E-Governance: Improves service delivery transparency.
  • Skill Training: Focus on digital literacy.
  • Inclusive Tech Need: Equitable access essential for social equity.

Crime and Public Safety

Public safety challenges affect trust in institutions.

  • Crime Rate: Reported crime rate stood near 445 per 100,000 population.
  • Violence Against Women: Remains a major safety concern.
  • Cybercrime Rise: Digital fraud and identity theft increasing.
  • Urban Crime: Migration and inequality influence crime patterns.
  • Police Shortage: Staffing gaps reduce enforcement capacity.
  • Judicial Backlog: Delayed justice weakens deterrence.
  • Legal Reforms: New criminal laws aim faster trials.
  • Community Policing: Improves local trust.
  • Technology Use: Surveillance aids crime prevention.
  • Public Confidence: Law enforcement reform essential.

Social Issues in India FAQs

Q1: What are major Social Issues in India?

Ans: Major social issues include caste discrimination, gender inequality, poverty, unemployment, healthcare gaps, education inequality, and environmental degradation.

Q2: Why does caste system remain a Social Issues in India?

Ans: The caste system continues due to historical hierarchy, social practices, economic inequality, and uneven implementation of constitutional safeguards.

Q3: How does gender inequality affect India’s development?

Ans: Gender inequality reduces workforce participation, lowers GDP contribution, increases violence, and limits education and leadership opportunities for women.

Q4: What role does poverty play in Social Issues in India?

Ans: Poverty restricts access to education, healthcare, nutrition, and employment, reinforcing intergenerational inequality across rural and urban regions.

Q5: How is the government addressing Social Issues in India?

Ans: The government uses laws, welfare schemes, reservations, education reforms, healthcare programs, and digital initiatives to promote social inclusion.

Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient, India’s Rank in Gini Index

December 27, 2025
Lorenz Curve

Income and wealth inequality are important indicators of a country’s socio-economic health. Economists use statistical tools like the Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient to measure how evenly income or wealth is distributed among the population. These concepts help governments design welfare policies and assess inclusive growth. India’s position in the Gini Index reflects its progress and challenges in achieving economic equality.

What is Lorenz Curve?

The Lorenz Curve is a graphical representation used to show the distribution of income or wealth within a population. It compares the cumulative percentage of population (from poorest to richest) with the cumulative percentage of income or wealth they receive.

In a perfectly equal society, every individual earns the same income, and the Lorenz Curve coincides with the Line of Equality (a 45-degree straight line). Any deviation of the Lorenz Curve below this line indicates the presence of inequality, with greater deviation showing higher inequality.

Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient

The value of the Gini Coefficient ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 represents perfect equality and 1 represents perfect inequality. A higher Gini value indicates greater income inequality. While the Lorenz Curve provides a visual understanding, the Gini Coefficient allows easy comparison between countries, regions, or time periods.

India’s Rank in Gini Index

  • India ranks fourth globally in income equality with a Gini Index score of 25.5, according to the World Bank, placing it just behind the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, and Belarus.
  • The country falls in the “moderately low inequality” category (25–30) and is very close to entering the low-inequality group, which includes only a few countries worldwide.
  • India’s Gini score is significantly lower than China (35.7) and the United States (41.8), indicating a more equal income distribution compared to many major economies.
  • Among over 170 countries, India performs better than all G7 and G20 nations in terms of income equality, despite being one of the world’s largest and most diverse economies.
  • India’s inequality level has steadily improved over time, with the Gini Index declining from 28.8 in 2011 to 25.5 in 2022, showing consistent progress toward inclusive growth.
  • The improvement in India’s Gini ranking is closely linked to large-scale poverty reduction, as 171 million people moved out of extreme poverty between 2011 and 2023.
  • According to the World Bank, extreme poverty fell to 2.3% in 2022–23 under the $2.15 per day threshold, contributing to a more balanced income distribution.
  • Targeted welfare and inclusion schemes such as Jan Dhan Yojana, Direct Benefit Transfer, Ayushman Bharat, and PMGKAY have played a key role in narrowing income gaps.

Lorenz Curve Significance

The Lorenz Curve plays a crucial role in economic analysis and policy formulation. Its importance can be understood through the following points:

  • Visual Representation of Inequality: The Lorenz Curve clearly shows how income or wealth is distributed across the population. A curve closer to the Line of Equality indicates more equitable distribution.
  • Basis for Gini Coefficient: It forms the foundation for calculating the Gini Coefficient, a widely used measure of inequality, allowing comparisons between countries or regions.
  • Policy Assessment Tool: Policymakers use it to evaluate the effectiveness of welfare schemes, subsidies, and taxation in reducing economic disparities.
  • Tracking Changes Over Time: By comparing Lorenz Curves from different years, economists can track trends in inequality and monitor whether growth benefits all sections of society.
  • Identifying Social Imbalances: It highlights which segments of the population earn disproportionately low or high income, helping target interventions to the needy.
  • Supporting Inclusive Growth: The Lorenz Curve helps design policies that aim for equitable economic development, ensuring that growth reaches marginalized and vulnerable groups.

Lorenz Curve FAQs

Q1: What is a Lorenz Curve?

Ans: The Lorenz Curve is a graphical representation that shows the distribution of income or wealth among individuals or households in a population.

Q2: What does the Lorenz Curve indicate?

Ans: It indicates the degree of inequality in a society. The farther the curve is from the Line of Equality, the greater the inequality.

Q3: What is the Line of Equality?

Ans: The Line of Equality is a 45-degree diagonal line on the Lorenz Curve graph that represents perfect income or wealth equality.

Q4: How is the Lorenz Curve related to the Gini Coefficient?

Ans: The Gini Coefficient is derived from the Lorenz Curve and measures inequality as the ratio of the area between the Lorenz Curve and the Line of Equality to the total area under the Line of Equality.

Q5: Can the Lorenz Curve be used for things other than income?

Ans: Yes, it can also measure inequality in wealth, land distribution, consumption, and other economic variables.

First Information Report (FIR), Definition, Authority, Zero FIR

December 27, 2025
First Information Report

An FIR (First Information Report) is the very first step in the criminal justice process. It plays a crucial role in setting the law in motion whenever a cognizable offence is committed. Understanding FIR is important not only for law students and competitive exam aspirants but also for every citizen, as it protects legal rights and ensures police accountability.

What is First Information Report (FIR)?

A First Information Report (FIR) is a written document prepared by the police when they receive information about the commission of a cognizable offence. It is called “first” because it is the earliest information that reaches the police regarding a crime.

Although the term FIR is not expressly defined in the Indian Penal Code (IPC) or the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023, it is commonly used to refer to the information relating to the commission of a cognizable offence recorded by the police under Section 173 of the BNSS, which corresponds to Section 154 of the erstwhile CrPC.

Features of an FIR

  • It is generally a complaint lodged by the victim or someone on their behalf.
  • Anyone can file an FIR, either orally or in writing.
  • It marks the official beginning of a police investigation.
  • It helps prevent manipulation or fabrication of facts at a later stage.

What is Zero FIR?

A Zero FIR is an FIR that can be registered by any police station regardless of territorial jurisdiction when information about a cognizable offence is received. It is recorded to ensure immediate action and to prevent delay in serious cases. Such an FIR is not given a regular number and is therefore marked as “Zero”. After registration, it is transferred to the police station having proper jurisdiction, which then assigns a regular FIR number and carries out the investigation.

Cognizable Offences

  • Cognizable offences are offences in which the police have the power to register an FIR and arrest the accused without a warrant.
  • The police can start investigation on their own without seeking prior permission from a Magistrate.
  • These offences are generally serious in nature and affect public order, safety, or morality.
  • Immediate police action is considered necessary to prevent further harm or destruction of evidence.
  • FIR in cognizable offences is registered under the relevant provisions of BNSS, 2023 (earlier CrPC).
  • Examples: Murder, rape, kidnapping, robbery, dowry death, and grievous hurt.

Non-Cognizable Offences

  • Non-cognizable offences are offences in which the police do not have the authority to arrest without a warrant.
  • The police cannot start investigation without prior permission of a Magistrate.
  • These offences are comparatively less serious and usually involve private disputes.
  • Information is recorded by the police, and the complainant is advised to approach the court for appropriate orders.
  • Investigation begins only after the court directs the police to do so.
  • Examples: Defamation, public nuisance, cheating (simple cases), criminal intimidation, and simple hurt.

What Happens After an FIR is Filed?

  • Investigation Begins: Police immediately initiate investigation in a cognizable offence as per BNSS, 2023, without prior court approval.
  • Evidence Collection: Statements of witnesses, documents, electronic records, and forensic evidence are collected to establish facts.
  • Arrest of Accused: Accused persons may be arrested if legal requirements are met and custodial interrogation is necessary.
  • Search and Seizure: Police conduct lawful searches and seize articles connected with the offence, maintaining proper records.
  • Medical & Forensic Examination: Medical examination of victims or accused is conducted where required to support the investigation.
  • Submission of Police Report: Police file a charge sheet if evidence is sufficient, or a final report if allegations are not proved.
  • Court’s Review: The court may take cognizance, accept the report, or order further investigation if unsatisfied.

Difference Between a Complaint and an FIR

The difference between a Complaint and an FIR has been tabulated below to clearly explain their meaning, authority, and legal procedure. This comparison helps in understanding how a complaint differs from an FIR in initiating criminal proceedings.

Difference Between a Complaint and an FIR
Basis Complaint FIR

Definition

Allegation made to a Magistrate for taking action under law

Information recorded by police regarding a cognizable offence

Authority

Filed before a Magistrate

Registered at a police station

Legal Provision

Defined under the CrPC/BNSS as an allegation to Magistrate

Recorded under Section 173 BNSS (earlier Section 154 CrPC)

Nature of Offence

May relate to cognizable or non-cognizable offences

Relates only to cognizable offences

Investigation

Magistrate may order investigation

Police can start investigation directly

Includes Police Report

Does not include a police report

Itself becomes the basis of police investigation

Importance of FIR in the Criminal Justice System

  • It sets the criminal law in motion by formally recording information about the commission of a cognizable offence and enabling the police to begin investigation.
  • It ensures prompt police action, helping in the timely collection of evidence and preventing delay or destruction of crucial facts.
  • It protects the rights of victims by officially documenting their version of events and providing them access to the justice system.
  • It reduces the chances of fabrication or manipulation of facts, as the FIR is recorded at the earliest stage of the incident.
  • It forms the foundation of the entire investigation and subsequent trial, guiding the police and courts in criminal proceedings.
  • It promotes transparency and accountability in policing by making the registration of offences a mandatory legal duty.

First Information Report (FIR) FAQs

Q1: What is an FIR?

Ans: An FIR (First Information Report) is the first formal record prepared by the police on receiving information about the commission of a cognizable offence, which sets the criminal law in motion.

Q2: Under which law is an FIR registered now?

Ans: An FIR is registered under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023, which has replaced the CrPC. The provision corresponding to FIR is Section 173 BNSS (earlier Section 154 CrPC).

Q3: Who can file an FIR?

Ans: Any person, including the victim, a witness, or any individual having knowledge of the offence, can file an FIR either orally or in writing.

Q4: Is it mandatory for the police to register an FIR?

Ans: Yes, registration of an FIR is mandatory if the information discloses the commission of a cognizable offence.

Q5: What should be done if police refuse to register an FIR?

Ans: The aggrieved person can approach the Superintendent of Police/DCP or file an application before a Magistrate seeking directions for registration and investigation.

Revenue Deficit, Meaning, Calculation, Example, Impact

December 27, 2025
Revenue Deficit

What Is Revenue Deficit?

Revenue Deficit occurs when the government’s revenue expenditure exceeds its revenue receipts during a financial year. Revenue receipts include income from taxes and non-tax sources, while revenue expenditure covers regular expenses such as salaries, pensions, subsidies, and interest payments.

In simple terms, revenue deficit shows that the government is spending more on daily operations than it earns, forcing it to borrow even to meet routine expenses. This situation is considered unhealthy for an economy because borrowings should ideally be used for development, not consumption.

Also Read: Fiscal Deficit

Calculation of Revenue Deficit

Revenue Deficit is calculated using a simple formula:

Revenue Deficit = Revenue Expenditure - Revenue Receipts

Example:

If Revenue Expenditure = ₹40 lakh crore and Revenue Receipts = ₹35 lakh crore

Revenue Deficit = ₹40 - ₹35 = ₹5 lakh crore

If revenue expenditure is higher than revenue receipts, the result is a revenue deficit. If revenue receipts are higher, the government records a revenue surplus. A continuous revenue deficit indicates poor fiscal discipline and rising financial stress on the government.

What Is Effective Revenue Deficit?

Effective Revenue Deficit is defined as the difference between revenue deficit and grants for capital assets, showing the actual gap in the government’s revenue account after accounting for spending that leads to asset creation.

Effective Revenue Deficit = Revenue Deficit - Grants for Capital Assets

Effective Revenue Deficit highlights how much of the revenue deficit is truly unproductive in nature. If the effective revenue deficit is zero, it means the government’s borrowings are being used for capital formation rather than routine consumption, which is considered a positive sign for economic growth.

Revenue Deficit in India

Revenue Deficit in India is on a declining trend, reflecting improved fiscal discipline and better revenue management by the government. It is expected to reduce from 4.8% of GDP in FY 2024–25 to 4.4% of GDP in FY 2025–26, indicating a gradual narrowing of the gap between revenue receipts and revenue expenditure. This decline suggests efforts toward controlling routine expenditure, improving tax collections, and reducing dependence on borrowings for day-to-day government spending, which is a positive sign for India’s overall fiscal health.

Revenue Deficit Impact

  • Increases Government Borrowings: A revenue deficit forces the government to borrow even to meet routine expenses, leading to higher public debt and future repayment pressure.
  • Reduces Capital Expenditure: Funds that should be used for infrastructure, education, and healthcare are diverted to cover day-to-day expenses, slowing long-term economic growth.
  • Raises Interest Burden: Higher borrowings increase interest payments, which further add to revenue expenditure and worsen the deficit cycle.
  • Weakens Fiscal Discipline: Persistent revenue deficit indicates poor financial management and inefficient use of public resources.
  • Creates Inflationary Pressure: Financing deficits through excessive borrowing or money creation can increase inflation in the economy.
  • Crowding Out Private Investment: Large government borrowings may raise interest rates, making loans expensive for private businesses and reducing private investment.
  • Limits Policy Flexibility: High revenue deficit restricts the government’s ability to respond effectively to economic shocks, emergencies, or welfare needs.
  • Impacts Credit Rating: Continuous revenue deficit can negatively affect the country’s credit rating, making external borrowing costlier.
  • Burden on Future Generations: Borrowing for consumption shifts today’s expenses to future taxpayers, increasing their financial burden.

Revenue Deficit FAQs

Q1: What is Revenue Deficit?

Ans: Revenue Deficit is the excess of government revenue expenditure over revenue receipts in a financial year.

Q2: Why is Revenue Deficit harmful?

Ans: Revenue Deficit is harmful because it indicates borrowing for routine consumption instead of productive development.

Q3: Difference between Revenue Deficit and Fiscal Deficit?

Ans: Revenue Deficit shows imbalance in the revenue account, while Fiscal Deficit shows the total borrowing requirement of the government.

Q4: Can a country have zero Revenue Deficit?

Ans: Yes, zero revenue deficit occurs when revenue receipts are equal to or greater than revenue expenditure.

Q5: What is Effective Revenue Deficit?

Ans: Effective Revenue Deficit is revenue deficit minus grants for creation of capital assets.

Israel becomes First Country to Recognize Somaliland as Independent State

December 27, 2025
Israel becomes First Country to Recognize Somaliland as Independent State

Why Somaliland is in News?

Israel has become the first country to formally recognize Somaliland as an independent and sovereign country, signing a mutual declaration with its leadership and pledging cooperation across sectors like agriculture, technology, and security.

About Somaliland

  • Somaliland is located in the Horn of Africa, bordering Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia, and the Puntland region, with a strategic coastline along the Gulf of Aden.
  • The region’s location near the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait makes it crucial for global maritime trade and energy routes.
  • It functions as a de facto independent state with its own constitution, elected government, judiciary, security forces, currency, and national symbols.
  • Despite meeting most criteria of statehood, Somaliland lacks international recognition and is not a UN member.
  • Governance combines modern democratic institutions with traditional clan-based mechanisms, ensuring stability and conflict resolution.
  • It has a bicameral legislature, including the House of Elders (Guurti), and conducts regular elections contributing to institutional legitimacy.
  • Hargeisa is the political capital, while Berbera serves as the main economic and strategic hub with a growing deep-sea port.
  • Berbera Port is being developed as a regional trade and logistics corridor, particularly serving landlocked Ethiopia.
  • The economy is largely livestock-based, with exports to Gulf countries forming a major revenue source.

Somaliland Historical Background

  • Somaliland was a British protectorate from the late 19th century, valued for its strategic coastline along the Gulf of Aden.
  • On 26 June 1960, it gained independence as the State of Somaliland.
  • It united with Italian Somaliland on 1 July 1960 to form the Somali Republic.
  • Northern regions faced political marginalization, economic disparities, and administrative neglect under the Somali government.
  • Siad Barre’s regime (1970s-80s) intensified repression, leading to civil war and mass displacement in the north.
  • In 1991, following state collapse, Somaliland declared independence, establishing its own political institutions and relative stability.

Somaliland FAQs

Q1: What is Somaliland?

Ans: Somaliland is a self-declared independent region in the Horn of Africa, functioning as a de facto state with its own government, constitution, and currency, but lacking international recognition.

Q2: Where is Somaliland located?

Ans: It is in northwestern Somalia, bordering Djibouti, Ethiopia, Puntland (Somalia), and the Gulf of Aden.

Q3: Is Somaliland recognized internationally?

Ans: No, it is not officially recognized by any UN member state, although Israel recently became the first country to formally recognize it in 2025.

Q4: What is the capital of Somaliland?

Ans: Hargeisa is the capital, while Berbera is its main economic and strategic hub.

Q5: What type of government does Somaliland have?

Ans: It has a hybrid system combining democratic elections with traditional clan-based governance, including a bicameral legislature with a House of Elders (Guurti).

Industrial Sickness, Causes, Symptoms, Impact, Examples

December 27, 2025
Industrial Sickness

Industrial Sickness refers to a persistent condition of financial and operational weakness in industrial units, where revenues consistently fail to cover costs, forcing dependence on external finance for survival. It reflects deep structural inefficiencies such as outdated technology, weak management, poor financial planning, and adverse market conditions. In India, Industrial Sickness has been a recurring economic challenge affecting employment, industrial output, banking stability, and public finances. The phenomenon gained prominence with rising non-performing assets, closure of large public and private units, and repeated policy interventions aimed at revival, restructuring, or orderly exit of failing enterprises.

Industrial Sickness

Industrial Sickness describes the stage at which an industrial unit is unable to generate surplus from normal operations and continuously incurs losses, eroding its net worth. It typically arises when accumulated losses equal or exceed net worth, cash losses persist for successive years, and debt obligations remain unpaid despite formal demands. Such units function below the break-even point, depend heavily on borrowings, and lose internal capacity to sustain production, employment, and investment. In policy terms, Industrial Sickness signals both firm-level failure and systemic stress within the broader industrial and financial ecosystem.

Industrial Sickness Features

Industrial Sickness exhibits identifiable characteristics that distinguish temporarily distressed firms from structurally unviable units, helping policymakers, banks, and regulators assess revival prospects.

  • Persistent Losses: Continuous cash losses over multiple financial years without operational recovery.
  • Erosion of Net Worth: Accumulated losses fully consuming paid-up capital and reserves.
  • Debt Default: Failure to service principal or interest for three consecutive quarters.
  • External Dependence: Heavy reliance on bank credit and government support for survival.
  • Low Capacity Utilisation: Production operating significantly below installed capacity levels.
  • Technological Obsolescence: Outdated machinery reducing productivity and competitiveness.
  • Liquidity Crunch: Inability to meet working capital requirements for raw materials and wages.
  • Declining Market Share: Loss of demand due to quality issues and stronger competitors.

Sick Company

A Sick Company represents the firm-level manifestation of Industrial Sickness, defined legally and economically to trigger corrective or exit mechanisms. A sick company is an industrial enterprise that has incurred cash losses for two consecutive financial years and whose accumulated losses equal or exceed its net worth after at least five years of registration.

  • Statutory Recognition: Formally identified under special laws for rehabilitation or closure.
  • Operational Failure: Inability to sustain routine production using internal resources.
  • Financial Insolvency: Persistent mismatch between liabilities and realisable assets.
  • Credit Freeze: Restricted access to fresh institutional finance due to high risk.
  • Employment Impact: Wage arrears, layoffs, and erosion of worker morale.
  • Revival Uncertainty: Limited turnaround potential without structural intervention.

Industrial Sickness Causes

Industrial Sickness arises from cumulative internal and external factors rather than a single trigger, making diagnosis and resolution complex. A combination of managerial inefficiency, financial mismanagement, market shocks, and policy constraints gradually weakens industrial units.

  • Poor Management: Weak leadership, faulty decisions, and absence of long-term planning.
  • Inadequate Capital: Insufficient working capital and overdependence on short-term loans.
  • Technological Lag: Failure to modernise production processes and adopt innovations.
  • Cost Escalation: Rising input costs without proportional increase in output prices.
  • Labour Issues: Industrial disputes, absenteeism, and declining productivity levels.
  • Market Competition: Pressure from domestic and global competitors reducing margins.
  • Policy Shocks: Sudden regulatory, tax, or trade policy changes affecting viability.
  • Supply Disruptions: Irregular raw material availability and power shortages.

Industrial Sickness Symptoms

Symptoms of Industrial Sickness provide early warning signals, enabling preventive or corrective action before irreversible decline. These indicators were later codified under special legislation to standardise identification.

  • Continuous Losses: Recurrent operational losses across successive accounting periods.
  • Net Worth Erosion: Reserves and capital fully wiped out by accumulated deficits.
  • Payment Defaults: Delays in servicing loans, statutory dues, and supplier payments.
  • Production Decline: Sustained fall in output volumes and capacity utilisation.
  • Inventory Pile-Up: Unsold stock accumulation reflecting demand contraction.
  • Credit Downgrades: Loss of lender confidence and withdrawal of banking facilities.

Industrial Sickness in India Examples

India’s experience with Industrial Sickness spans public and private sectors, manufacturing and services, illustrating systemic vulnerabilities. Several high-profile cases highlight how structural inefficiencies and market changes lead to failure.

  1. Hindustan Cables Limited: Obsolete technology and declining telecom demand led to closure in 2016.
  2. HMT Limited: Inability to compete with private players caused chronic losses and unit shutdowns.
  3. Scooters India Limited: Poor management and shrinking market resulted in recommended closure.
  4. Kingfisher Airlines: Excessive debt, high fuel costs, and weak finances halted operations in 2012.
  5. National Textile Corporation Units: Outdated machinery and rising costs caused mill-level sickness.

Industrial Sickness Impact

Industrial Sickness has wide-ranging economic and social consequences, extending beyond individual firms to the national economy. Persistent sickness distorts resource allocation, employment, and financial stability.

  • Employment Loss: Job cuts and wage arrears affecting industrial labour households.
  • Banking Stress: Rising non-performing assets burdening public sector banks.
  • Output Decline: Reduced industrial production impacting GDP growth.
  • Fiscal Pressure: Increased government spending on bailouts and subsidies.
  • Regional Imbalance: Concentrated closures worsening backward area development gaps.
  • Investor Confidence: Perception of industrial risk discouraging private investment.

Sick Industrial Companies Act 1985

The Sick Industrial Companies Act addressed Industrial Sickness through early detection, revival, or orderly exit of failing large firms. Enacted in 1985, it aimed to protect productive capacity and employment.

  • Legal Framework: Special law focusing on industrial revival rather than liquidation.
  • BIFR Creation: Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction assessed sickness cases.
  • Revival Schemes: Structured plans involving banks, promoters, and government support.
  • Exit Mechanism: Orderly closure where revival proved unviable.
  • Process Delays: Lengthy procedures reduced effectiveness over time.
  • Repeal Outcome: Replaced by Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code in 2016.

Industrial Sickness Legal Provisions

Industrial Sickness jurisprudence clarified the balance between creditor recovery and revival protection. Courts interpreted statutory safeguards to prevent misuse while ensuring fairness.

  • Section 22 Protection: Temporary suspension of coercive recovery actions during revival.
  • Limited Immunity: Protection not extended to actions not affecting revival schemes.
  • Judicial Oversight: Courts ensured balance between creditor rights and rehabilitation.
  • Precedent Value: Landmark judgments refined interpretation of statutory safeguards.

Industrial Sickness Remedies

Effective remedies for Industrial Sickness combine early detection, managerial reform, financial restructuring, and legal resolution.

Timely intervention reduces economic and social costs of prolonged sickness.

  • Early Warning Systems: Regular financial monitoring to detect stress indicators early.
  • Professional Management: Induction of skilled leadership to improve decision-making.
  • Financial Restructuring: Loan rescheduling and interest relief for viable units.
  • Technology Upgradation: Support for modern machinery and productivity enhancement.
  • Infrastructure Support: Reliable power, transport, and logistics reducing costs.
  • Orderly Exit: Swift closure under insolvency law when revival is impossible.
  • Stakeholder Coordination: Banks, workers, government, and promoters acting jointly.

Industrial Sickness FAQs

Q1: What is Industrial Sickness?

Ans: Industrial Sickness refers to persistent financial weakness where an industrial unit cannot cover costs and survives through external funding.

Q2: When is a company classified under Industrial Sickness?

Ans: A company is considered sick when it incurs continuous losses and its accumulated losses equal or exceed its net worth.

Q3: What are the main causes of Industrial Sickness?

Ans: Poor management, outdated technology, inadequate capital, market competition, and adverse economic conditions are major causes.

Q4: How does Industrial Sickness affect the economy?

Ans: It leads to job losses, higher bank NPAs, reduced industrial output, and increased fiscal pressure on governments.

Q5: Which law replaced the Sick Industrial Companies Act for Industrial Sickness?

Ans: The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code replaced SICA, providing a faster and time-bound resolution mechanism.

Global Capability Centres (GCCs)

December 27, 2025
Global Capability Centres

Global Capability Centres Latest News

Global Capability Centres (GCCs) are now the primary engine sustaining India’s technology job market, contrasting sharply with the hiring slowdown witnessed by large IT firms in the country.

About Global Capability Centres 

  • Global Capability Centres (GCCs), or Captive Centres, are offshore offices or subsidiaries set up by multinational corporations (MNCs) to handle various business processes and services. 
  • GCCs connect organizations to a global pool of top-tier talent, equipped with the latest technology and training needed to stay ahead of industry trends, continually innovate, and create sustained growth. 
  • These centres are responsible for a wide range of tasks, including IT support, research and development (R&D), data analytics, finance, human resources, and other back-office functions. 
  • Over time, many GCCs have evolved from being simple support centres to becoming strategic hubs that drive innovation and high-value business functions.
  • GCCs in India:
    • Earlier, GCCs were established in India primarily to reap cost benefits. 
    • Customer support, data processing, and IT services that these centres mainly focused on. 
    • Due to its abundant skilled labour force and lower operational cost, India proved to be an ideal location for setting up GCCs. 
    • However, GCCs have evolved over time to expand massively and now include critical business functions such as R&D, analytics, digital transformation, and innovation.
    • India now hosts 1,850 GCCs employing almost two million professionals.
    • India is projected to have more than 2,400 GCCs by 2030 and employ more than three million workers to achieve a $125 billion market size, signalling a transition into strategic ‘enterprise AI brains.’
    • Key GCC hubs are located in Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Mumbai, and the National Capital Region (NCR).

Source: TH

Global Capability Centres FAQs

Q1: What are Global Capability Centres (GCCs)?

Ans: GCCs are offshore offices or subsidiaries set up by multinational corporations (MNCs) to handle various business processes and services.

Q2: Why were Global Capability Centres (GCCs) initially established in India?

Ans: GCCs were established in India primarily to reap cost benefits.

Q3: Approximately how many GCCs currently operate in India?

Ans: 1,850

T Chamaeleontis

December 27, 2025
T Chamaeleontis

T Chamaeleontis Latest News

Recently, astronomers used archival spectroscopic data from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope Mid Infrared Instrument (MIRI) to study polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the spectrum of the young star T Chamaeleontis.

About T Chamaeleontis

  • It is a young but sun-like star in the small southern constellation of Chamaeleon.
  • It is located about 350 light-years from Earth.
  • It can be found in the southern celestial hemisphere.
  • It is approximately 70 % of the size of the Sun and temperature on its surface is around 5111 K (4838 °C).
  • It is surrounded by a planet-forming disk called circumstellar disk that contains a wide gap—likely carved out by an emerging protoplanet.
    • Normally, the dense inner regions of such disks act like a protective wall or veil blocking much of the star’s ultraviolet light from reaching the colder, outer regions.
  • Significance: This gap makes the system a key target for studying how young planets interact with their natal disks and shape their surrounding environments during the early stages of planet formation.

What are Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)?

  • These are flat, ring-shaped molecules of carbon and hydrogen.
  • They make up a fifth of all carbon in interstellar space.
  • Origin: There is a hypothesis that meteors brought PAHs from space to young earth and created the first building blocks of life, attaching important value to their ability to survive in space.
  • Properties of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
    • They have a relatively low solubility in water but are highly lipophilic and are soluble in most organic solvents.
    • These hydrocarbons, on earth, are formed through incomplete combustion or pyrolysis of organic materials, such as fossil fuels and biomass.
    • When PAHs collide with other particles or absorb high-energy radiation, they can have more internal energy than their weakest chemical bond can handle.

Source: PIB

T Chamaeleontis FAQs

Q1: What is T Chamaeleontis?

Ans: A star in the Chamaeleon constellation

Q2: What is unique about T Chamaeleontis' circumstellar disk?

Ans: T Chamaeleontis' circumstellar disk has a wide gap, likely caused by a protoplanet.

Santhali Language

December 27, 2025
Santhali Language

Santhali Language Latest News

President Droupadi Murmu recently released the Constitution of India in the Santhali language at a function held at the Rashtrapati Bhavan here.

About Santhali Language

  • The Santhali language, which was included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution through the 92nd Amendment Act, 2003, is one of the most ancient living languages of India.
  • It is spoken by a significant number of tribal people in Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, and Bihar.
  • It is primarily used by the Santhal tribal community. 
  • It is also spoken in Nepal and Bangladesh.
  • In India, it is spoken by an estimated 7 million people, according to recent census data.
  • It is a member of the Munda branch of the Austroasiatic language family, which is an ancient family of languages spoken across parts of South and Southeast Asia. 
  • It is quite distinct from the Indo-European language family of languages spoken in much of India.
  • It is closely related to other Munda languages, such as Ho, Mundari, and Korku. 
    • These languages share common features such as their agglutinative nature (where words are formed by stringing together smaller units of meaning) and their use of tones.
  • Santhali has a unique and rich tradition, with its own script and oral literature, reflecting the culture and beliefs of the Santhal tribe.
  • Santhali uses the Ol Chiki script, a writing system that was developed in 1925 by Pandit Raghunath Murmu, a Santhal scholar and writer.

Source: TH

Santhali Language FAQs

Q1: The Santhali language was added to the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution through which Amendment Act?

Ans: 92nd Amendment Act, 2003

Q2: Santhali belongs to which language family?

Ans: Austroasiatic (Munda branch)

Q3: Santhali is primarily spoken by which tribal community?

Ans: Santhal tribe

Q4: In addition to India, Santhali is also spoken in which countries?

Ans: Nepal and Bangladesh

Veer Bal Diwas

December 27, 2025
Veer Bal Diwas

Veer Bal Diwas Latest News

Recently, the Prime Minister addressed the Veer Bal Diwas programme in New Delhi.

About Veer Bal Diwas

  • It is observed on December 26 every year, starting in 2022.
  • It is commemorated in remembrance of the martyrdom of Guru Gobind Singh ji’s (the tenth Sikh Guru) sons Sahibzada Zorawar Singh ji and Sahibzada Fateh Singh ji. 
  • The objective is to honour the bravery of the two young heroes of the country.

Historical Context of Veer Bal Diwas

  • Guru Gobind Singh, along with his family and disciples, were compelled to flee as the Mughal Army encircled the Anandpur fort.
  • During the chaos, Guru Gobind Singh’s youngest sons, Zorawar Singh and Fateh Singh, were captured by the Mughal forces.
  • The two young boys courageously refused to abandon their faith, and consequently they were bricked alive on December 26, 1704.

Key facts about Guru Gobind Singh

  • Guru Gobind Singh was the 10th Sikh guru, following the demise of his father, Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Sikh Guru.
  • Contribution to Sikh religion
    • He is renowned for founding the principles of Khalsa or the Five ‘K’s i.e kesh (uncut hair), kanga (wooden comb), kara (iron or steel bracelet), kirpan (dagger) and kachera (short breeches).
    • He fought against the Mughals in the battle of Muktsar in 1705.
    • He declared Guru Granth Sahib as Sikhism’s holy scripture in 1708, before his death.

Source: PIB

Veer Bal Diwas FAQs

Q1: Whose sacrifice is Veer Bal Diwas dedicated to?

Ans: Guru Gobind Singh Ji's sons

Q2: When is Veer Bal Diwas observed?

Ans: December 26

Lantana camara

December 27, 2025
Lantana camara

Lantana camara Latest News

A silent invasion of Lantana camara is underway in large parts of the world and global warming has made things easier for Lantana, helping it spread faster.

About Lantana camara

  • It is an annual or perennial, small, broadleaf evergreen shrub in the verbena family.
  • It is an invasive alien plant species.
  • Origin: It is native to the tropical and sub-tropical regions of Central and South America.
  • It is an exotic weed that aggressively proliferates and forms a dense mesh of bushes.
  • In India, it was first introduced in the early 18th century as an ornamental plant by the British and since then, it has invaded almost all the tropical areas across the country.

Impact of Lantana camara on Environment

  • Lantana grows in a notoriously aggressive way, releasing chemicals into the soil that suppress other vegetation.
  • Its leaves, flowers, and berries contain toxins that make them harmful to livestock.
  • Its roots dig deep into the soil and spread wide in search of water and nutrients.
  • Its timber is used for making furniture and also as fuelwood, etc.
  • Its biomass can be used to produce organic compost and vermicompost, which will be better for organic farming.

Source: TH

Lantana camara FAQs

Q1: Why is Lantana camara harmful to livestock?

Ans: Its leaves, flowers, and berries are toxic

Q2: When was Lantana camara introduced to India?

Ans: Early 18th century

National Council for Cement and Building Materials

December 27, 2025
National Council for Cement and Building Materials

National Council for Cement and Building Materials Latest News

Recently, the Global Cement and Concrete Association (GCCA) India–NCB Carbon Uptake Report was released on the occasion of the 63rd Foundation Day of the National Council for Cement and Building Materials (NCB).

About National Council for Cement and Building Materials

  • It was established in 1962 as an apex research and development organization.
  • Objective: To promote research and scientific work connected with cement and building materials trade and industry.
  • It functions under the administrative control of Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Govt. of India.
  • It has its corporate centre and main laboratories located at Ballabgarh (near New Delhi).
  • It has a well established regional centre at Hyderabad and a Centres at Ahmedabad (Gujarat) & Bhubaneswar.

Functions of National Council for Cement and Building Materials

  • NCB’s areas of work span over the entire spectrum of cement manufacturing and usage.
  • It serves as the nodal agency for providing the Government the necessary support for formulation of its policy and planning activities related to growth and development of cement industry.
  • It is devoted to protecting the interests of consumers of cement and concrete in the country.

Source: PIB

National Council for Cement and Building Materials FAQs

Q1: Under which ministry does National Council for Cement and Building Materials operate?

Ans: Ministry of Commerce and Industry

Q2: What is the primary objective of the National Council for Cement and Building Materials?

Ans: To develop technologies for durable infrastructure and affordable housing.

Guru Gobind Singh Jayanti 2025, Major Contributions, Khalsa Formation

December 27, 2025
guru gobind singh jayanti 2025

Guru Gobind Singh Jayanti 2025 is celebrated with great devotion by the Sikh community across India and globally. This day marks the birth anniversary of Guru Gobind Singh Ji, the tenth Sikh Guru, a spiritual leader, warrior, poet, and philosopher.

Guru Gobind Singh Jayanti 2025 falls on 27th December, and Sikhs commemorate this day with religious fervor, including prayers, kirtans (devotional songs), processions, and community services (Seva).

About Guru Gobind Singh Ji

Guru Gobind Singh Ji, born on 22nd December 1666 in Patna, Bihar, was the tenth Sikh Guru and a revered spiritual leader, warrior, and poet. He became Guru at the age of nine after the martyrdom of his father, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji, and devoted his life to defending righteousness, promoting equality, and guiding the Sikh community. He established the Khalsa in 1699, introduced the Five Ks, and composed significant literary works like the Dasam Granth. His teachings continue to inspire courage, devotion, and moral integrity among Sikhs and humanity at large.

Major Contributions of Guru Gobind Singh

Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s contributions are immense, both spiritually and socially. Some of the major contributions include:

  • Formation of the Khalsa (1699): Guru Gobind Singh Ji established the Khalsa on Baisakhi of 1699, creating a distinct identity for Sikhs with principles of courage, discipline, and devotion. The Khalsa was tasked to uphold justice and fight oppression, emphasizing "Sant-Sipahi" (Saint-Soldier) ideals.
  • Introduction of the Five Ks: He introduced the Five Ks (Kesh, Kangha, Kara, Kachera, Kirpan) as symbols of faith and commitment for Sikhs. These serve as a constant reminder of moral duty, courage, and spirituality.
  • Literary and Philosophical Works:
     Guru Gobind Singh Ji authored Dasam Granth, a compilation of hymns, poems, and spiritual discourses. Works like Jaap Sahib, Akal Ustat, and Zafarnama showcase his literary brilliance and philosophical depth.
  • Strengthening Sikh Identity: By uniting the Sikh community and formalizing practices, he ensured the preservation of Sikh traditions, values, and principles amid political turmoil.
  • Military Leadership and Resistance: He led Sikhs in several battles against Mughal forces, protecting the freedom and dignity of the community. His courage and strategy continue to inspire leaders and warriors.

List of the Ten Sikh Gurus

The ten Sikh Gurus laid the foundation of Sikhism, guiding the community spiritually, morally, and socially. Guru Gobind Singh Ji was the tenth in this lineage. The list is as follows:

List of the Ten Sikh Gurus
No. Name of Guru Period of Guruship Contribution

1

Guru Nanak Dev Ji

1469–1539

Founder of Sikhism, emphasized equality and devotion to God

2

Guru Angad Dev Ji

1504–1552

Introduced Gurmukhi script, promoted literacy

3

Guru Amar Das Ji

1479–1574

Established langar system, social reforms

4

Guru Ram Das Ji

1534–1581

Founded Amritsar, composed hymns

5

Guru Arjan Dev Ji

1563–1606

Compiled Adi Granth, built Golden Temple

6

Guru Hargobind Ji

1595–1644

Introduced militarization for self-defense

7

Guru Har Rai Ji

1630–1661

Promoted compassion, herbal medicine

8

Guru Har Krishan Ji

1656–1664

Youngest Guru, known for humility and healing powers

9

Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji

1621–1675

Martyred defending religious freedom

10

Guru Gobind Singh Ji

1666–1708

Established Khalsa, literary works, warrior-saint

Guru Gobind Singh Jayanti 2025 FAQs

Q1: When is Guru Gobind Singh Jayanti 2025?

Ans: Guru Gobind Singh Jayanti in 2025 falls on 27th December.

Q2: Why is Guru Gobind Singh Ji important in Sikhism?

Ans: He was the tenth Sikh Guru, who formalized the Khalsa, introduced the Five Ks, and strengthened Sikh identity spiritually and socially.

Q3: What is the significance of the Khalsa?

Ans: The Khalsa represents courage, discipline, and devotion. It was created to fight injustice and uphold righteousness.

Q4: What are the Five Ks introduced by Guru Gobind Singh Ji?

Ans: The Five Ks are Kesh (uncut hair), Kangha (comb), Kara (bracelet), Kachera (undergarment), and Kirpan (sword), symbolic of faith, morality, and courage.

Q5: Where was Guru Gobind Singh Ji born?

Ans: He was born in Patna, Bihar, on 22nd December 1666.

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

December 27, 2025
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Latest News

Fisher-folk recently urged the Centre to include their representatives in policymaking bodies so that their practical expertise can be utilized, without which the goal of responsible fishing in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) cannot be achieved.

About Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

  • An EEZ is an area of the ocean, generally extending 200 nautical miles (230 miles) beyond a nation’s territorial sea, within which a coastal nation has jurisdiction over both living and nonliving resources.
  • The concept of an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) was adopted through the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. 
  • Under international law, within its defined EEZ, a coastal nation has:
    • Sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring, exploiting, conserving, and managing natural resources of the seabed, subsoil, and waters above it.
    • Jurisdiction as provided for in international law with regard to the establishment and use of artificial islands, installations, and structures; marine scientific research; and the protection and preservation of the marine environment.
    • Other rights and duties provided for under international law.
  • UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea) indicates that the coastal state determines the acceptable level of fishing quotas in its EEZ, with a focus on sustainable management. 
  • The coastal state is entitled to fish the entire quota or to award the surplus to other countries. 
  • Provisions under UNCLOS also provide for the regular exchange of information about the populations of resources in an EEZ in order to promote international scientific cooperation.
  • EEZs have also been used to determine which country is responsible for removing marine hazards such as space debris.
  • UNCLOS establishes rights for how other countries may access the waters in an EEZ.
    • Other States have the right for their ships and aircraft to traverse the EEZ and its airspace and to lay cables and pipelines.

What is the Territorial Sea?

  • The territorial sea (also called territorial waters), under the UNCLOS, is that area of the sea immediately adjacent to the shores of a country and subject to the territorial jurisdiction of that country.
  • Extend: The territorial sea extends to a limit of 12 nautical miles from the baseline of a country’s coast. 
  • Importance of Territorial waters:
    • Within its territorial waters, a country exercises full sovereignty over the air space above the sea and over the seabed and subsoil. 
    • The government can legislate on matters concerning the safety of navigation, the preservation of the environment, and the prevention, reduction, and control of pollution within its territorial waters.
    • Resource use within the territorial sea is strictly reserved to the coastal nation.
    • All countries have the right of innocent passage (passage that is not prejudicial to the security of the coastal country) through the territorial sea of another country, although there is no right of innocent airspace passage.

Source: TH

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) FAQs

Q1: What is the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)?

Ans: It is an area of the ocean, generally extending 200 nautical miles (230 miles) beyond a nation’s territorial sea, within which a coastal nation has jurisdiction over both living and nonliving resources.

Q2: What sovereign rights does a coastal state enjoy within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)?

Ans: It has sovereign rights to explore, exploit, conserve, and manage natural resources of the seabed, subsoil, and waters above it.

Q3: What rights do other states have within another country’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)?

Ans: They have the right to traverse the waters and airspace and to lay cables and pipelines.

Anopheles stephensi

December 27, 2025
Anopheles stephensi

Anopheles stephensi Latest News

Urban malaria, driven largely by the spread of invasive vector Anopheles stephensi in metropolitan areas like Delhi, has emerged as a national concern threatening India’s goal of eliminating the mosquito-borne disease by 2030, according to the Health Ministry’s recently released Malaria Elimination Technical Report, 2025.

About Anopheles stephensi

  • It is an invasive mosquito species originating from parts of Southeast Asia and the Arabian Peninsula.
  • It is a major malaria vector.
  • It has recently spread to parts of Africa, posing a growing public-health concern.
  • Unlike most malaria vectors, it is adept at colonizing urban environments.
  • It can breed in tiny amounts of water year-round and has made a comfortable home in urban areas.
  • Throughout its natural range, Anopheles stephensi is an important vector for both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax.
  • In urban areas, An. stephensi is found throughout the year but is most abundant in the summer months (between June and August), which coincides with the peak period of malaria transmission.

Source: TH

Anopheles stephensi FAQs

Q1: What is Anopheles stephensi?

Ans: Anopheles stephensi is an invasive mosquito species and a major vector of malaria.

Q2: Where did Anopheles stephensi originally come from?

Ans: It originated from parts of Southeast Asia and the Arabian Peninsula.

Q3: What makes Anopheles stephensi different from most other malaria vectors?

Ans: It is highly adapted to colonizing urban environments.

Q4: Which malaria parasites are transmitted by Anopheles stephensi?

Ans: It transmits both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax.

Kanger Valley National Park

December 27, 2025
Kanger Valley National Park

Kanger Valley National Park Latest News

The Chhattisgarh government has stepped up efforts to secure the famed Kanger Valley National Park in Bastar in the state, the official status of a UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) World Heritage Site.

About Kanger Valley National Park

  • It is located in Jagdalpur in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh state.
  • The National Park derives its name from the Kanger River, which flows centrally from the Northwest to the Southeast direction. 
    • The Kanger River is a tributary of the Kolab River, which ultimately joins the Godavari River.
  • The total area of the National Park is 200 sq.km. 
  • Topography: It features low flatlands, gentle slopes, steep inclines, plateaus, deep gorges, valleys, and winding stream courses. 
  • Tirathgarh Falls, which originates from the Kanger River, presents an enchanting view falling from a height of 150 feet. 
  • The national park has more than 15 limestone caves, including the famous Kotumsar, Kailash, and Dandak caves.
  • Flora: Blend of mixed moist deciduous type of forests with the predominance of Sal, teak, and bamboo.
  • Fauna:
    • Major wild animals include tigers, mouse deer, leopards, wildcat, sambar, chital, barking deer, langurs, jackals, rhesus macaque, flying squirrel, etc.
    • The aerial fauna at the park consists of common hill myna, red jungle fowl, spotted owlet, racket-tailed drongos, parrots, etc.

Source: DC

Kanger Valley National Park FAQs

Q1: Kanger Valley National Park is loacted in which state?

Ans: It is located in Jagdalpur in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh state.

Q2: From which river does Kanger Valley National Park get its name?

Ans: It derives its name from the Kanger River.

Q3: The Kanger River is a tributary of which river?

Ans: The Kanger River is a tributary of the Kolab River, which ultimately joins the Godavari River.

Rabies

December 27, 2025
Rabies

Rabies Latest News

According to a paper published in One Health, of the 59,000 rabies-mediated human deaths in the world every year, India represents a third, around 20,000, and more than any other country.

About Rabies

  • Rabies is a vaccine-preventable, zoonotic, viral disease.
  • It is caused by the Rabies virus (RABV) which affects the central nervous system.
  • Rabies infects mammals, including dogs, cats, livestock and wildlife.
  • It is one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTD) that predominantly affects already marginalized, poor, and vulnerable populations.
  • Transmission: Rabies spreads to people and animals via saliva, usually through bites, scratches, or direct contact with mucosa (e.g. eyes, mouth, or open wounds).
  • Clinically, it has two forms: 
    • Furious rabies: It is characterized by hyperactivity and hallucinations.
    • Paralytic rabies: It is characterized by paralysis and coma.

Symptoms of Rabies

  • The incubation period for rabies is typically 2–3 months but may vary from one week to one year.
  • Initial symptoms include generic signs like fever, pain, and unusual or unexplained tingling, pricking, or burning sensations at the wound site. 
  • As the virus moves to the central nervous system, progressive and fatal inflammation of the brain and spinal cord develops. 
  • Once the virus infects the central nervous system and clinical symptoms appear, rabies is fatal in 100% of cases.
  • Prevention: Vaccinating dogs, including puppies, is the most cost-effective strategy for preventing rabies in people because it stops the transmission at its source.

Source: TH

Rabies FAQs

Q1: What is the causative agent of Rabies?

Ans: Virus

Q2: India's National Rabies Control Programme aims to eliminate Rabies by?

Ans: 2030

Bangladesh in Flux: Jamaat’s Rising Influence and India’s Strategic Choices

December 27, 2025
Bangladesh Political Turmoil

Bangladesh Political Turmoil Latest News

  • Amid widespread violence and political unrest in Bangladesh, Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) acting chairman Tarique Rahman returned to the country after 17 years in exile. 
  • The turmoil has also been marked by intensifying anti-India rhetoric, raising regional and diplomatic concerns.

Forces Driving the Current Turmoil in Bangladesh

  • A Planned Regime-Change Operation (July–August 2024)
    • The unrest that began in July–August 2024 has often been described as a spontaneous uprising, but evidence points to a planned operation aimed at regime change. 
    • Bangladesh’s chief adviser Muhammad Yunus publicly acknowledged this in September, identifying a close aide as the strategist behind it. 
    • The Jamaat-e-Islami, long aligned with Pakistan, emerged as a key driving force—and now exerts significant influence over the administration.
  • Dismantling the Post-1971 Political Order
    • A central objective has been to erase the post-1971 legacy. 
    • From August 5, 2024, symbols and institutions linked to the Liberation War and the Awami League have been targeted, signalling an attempt to rewrite national memory and politics.
  • Minority Repression and Visible Islamisation
    • Another major strand is a crackdown on minorities and a push toward more overt Islamisation. 
    • Hindus, Buddhists, Christians, and Ahmadiyyas have faced attacks, including allegations of killings, sexual violence, property destruction, and land grabs. 
    • The lynching of Dipu Chandra Das drew international condemnation, underscoring the severity of abuses.

Mobocracy and Media Control as Tools

  • Jamaat-e-Islami’s consolidation of power has been accompanied by violence and unrest as methods of control.
    • Mobocracy: Crowds surround offices, officials, and judges until demands are met.
    • Institutional Capture: Jamaat-aligned appointees are replacing incumbents across bureaucracy and academia.
    • Media Suppression: Attacks on journalists and outlets have surged; offices of Prothom Alo and The Daily Star were recently attacked, and some journalists detained without trial.

Economic Unravelling and India Ties

  • The turmoil has disrupted long-standing economic cooperation with India, built over decades under Sheikh Hasina. 
  • An economy that grew 6.5–7% annually for 15 years has slowed sharply: growth has halved, factories are closing, unemployment is rising, private investment has stalled, and inflation is high.

Tarique Rahman’s Return: Political Impact After 17 Years

  • Tarique Rahman, acting chairman of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), has returned after 17 years in exile and is widely seen as a frontrunner if elections are held soon. 
  • However, with the Awami League barred from contesting, any poll in the current climate would likely fall short of being free or fair.
  • Rahman’s return is expected to trigger a surge of public support, partly driven by sympathy for his ailing mother. 
  • Still, an electoral victory is not assured, given shifting alliances and internal party dynamics.
  • Rahman’s homecoming does not materially alter the fundamentals: a constrained electoral field, a fragmented BNP, and an emboldened Jamaat. 
  • Popular enthusiasm may be high, but structural realities limit Rahman’s room to reshape outcomes in the near term.

Rising Anti-India Rhetoric in Bangladesh

  • Anti-India sentiment in Bangladesh is not new. Even during 1971, around 20% of the population opposed the Liberation War and India’s role. 
  • This strand has endured over decades alongside mainstream politics.
  • Parallel to this undercurrent, India–Bangladesh relations have been anchored by deep economic cooperation and people-to-people links—including tourism, medical travel, education, and trade—creating mutual stakes beyond politics.

India’s First Priority: Reassure the Bangladeshi People

  • India should signal goodwill toward the people of Bangladesh, not regimes alone. 
  • New Delhi has already demonstrated this by continuing aid and trade, keeping communication channels open, and recently agreeing to export 50,000 metric tonnes of rice. 
  • Maintaining strategic restraint while engaging all principal actors remains key.

India’s Second Priority: Push for Inclusive Elections

  • New Delhi should insist on free, fair, and inclusive elections that allow participation by all parties, including the Awami League. 
  • Only an inclusive process can restore legitimacy and stability; exclusion risks prolonging violence and volatility.

Why the India–Bangladesh Relationship Matters Deeply

  • For Bangladesh, cooperation with India was central to its economic success under Sheikh Hasina. 
  • India has consistently been the first responder in times of need and a reliable partner due to geographic proximity, competitive pricing, shared history, and strong people-to-people ties. 
  • While the current regime is engaging Pakistan, China, and Turkey, none can replicate the scale, speed, or depth of support India provides.

Vital for India’s Security Interests

  • For India, Bangladesh is pivotal primarily due to security considerations. 
  • The two share a 4,000+ km porous land border and a maritime boundary, making cooperation essential. 
  • In the past, Pakistan-backed terror networks and Northeast insurgent groups used Bangladeshi territory as a haven—an issue the Hasina government actively helped address.

Growing Strategic Risks Since August 2024

  • Since August 2024, Pakistan’s state and military have reportedly re-established pre-1971 command-and-control linkages with Bangladesh, seeking deeper military embedding, including near the India–Bangladesh border. 
  • This raises concerns about regional security spillovers.

Source: IE

Bangladesh Political Turmoil FAQs

Q1: Why is Bangladesh political turmoil in the news?

Ans: Bangladesh political turmoil intensified after violence, regime instability, Tarique Rahman’s return from exile, rising Jamaat influence, and growing anti-India rhetoric.

Q2: What role is Jamaat-e-Islami playing in Bangladesh’s crisis?

Ans: Jamaat-e-Islami has emerged as a key force, pushing Islamisation, targeting minorities, weakening democratic institutions, and exerting influence over the interim administration.

Q3: How has the crisis affected Bangladesh’s economy?

Ans: Economic growth has halved, factories are closing, unemployment is rising, private investment has stalled, and inflation is high after disruption of India-centric cooperation.

Q4: Why does Bangladesh matter strategically for India?

Ans: Bangladesh is critical for India’s border security due to a 4,000 km porous boundary and past use of its territory by terror groups and insurgents.

Q5: What should India’s response to Bangladesh’s turmoil be?

Ans: India should maintain engagement, reassure the Bangladeshi people, provide humanitarian support, and push for free, fair, and inclusive elections involving all parties.

Urban Malaria Threat: How Anopheles Stephensi Challenges India’s 2030 Malaria Goal

December 27, 2025
Urban Malaria

Urban Malaria Latest News

  • India’s Malaria Elimination Technical Report, 2025 has flagged urban malaria driven by the invasive mosquito Anopheles stephensi as a growing national concern.
  • It could threaten India’s target of eliminating malaria by 2030, with an interim goal of zero indigenous cases by 2027, aligned with World Health Organisation strategy.

Urban Malaria A New Challenge

  • The spread of Anopheles stephensi in cities such as Delhi marks a shift from traditional rural malaria transmission.
  • The species thrives in urban environments, breeding in artificial containers like overhead tanks, tyres, and construction sites.
  • It efficiently transmits Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, complicating malaria control efforts.

Why Anopheles Stephensi Is a Serious Threat

  • Recognised globally as an invasive vector.
  • Adapted to high population density, informal settlements, and fragmented urban healthcare systems.
  • Requires city-specific vector control and surveillance strategies, unlike conventional rural-focused approaches.

Persistent High-Burden Pockets

  • India has entered the pre-elimination phase, but malaria is now concentrated in specific pockets rather than widespread.
  • High-burden districts persist in Odisha, Tripura, and Mizoram.
  • Cross-border transmission from Myanmar and Bangladesh continues to affect northeastern border districts.

Key Drivers of Continued Transmission

  • Asymptomatic infections, making detection difficult.
  • Difficult terrain and remote tribal and forest areas.
  • Population mobility and migration.
  • Occupational exposure and uneven access to health services.

India’s Progress So Far

  • Malaria cases reduced from 11.7 lakh (2015) to ~2.27 lakh (2024).
  • Deaths declined by 78% over the same period.
  • Active surveillance intensified in tribal, forest, border, and migrant-population settings.

Health System Gaps Identified

  • Inconsistent reporting by the private sector.
  • Limited entomological capacity.
  • Drug and insecticide resistance.
  • Operational gaps in remote tribal regions.
  • Occasional shortages of diagnostics and treatment supplies.

Priority Actions and Research Areas

  • Strengthen surveillance systems and vector monitoring.
  • Improve supply-chain reliability for diagnostics and medicines.
  • Focus operational research on:
    • Asymptomatic malaria infections
    • Ecology and control of Anopheles stephensi
    • Drug and insecticide resistance
    • Optimisation of P. vivax treatment regimens

Strategic Frameworks Guiding Elimination

  • India’s success rests on a clear policy roadmap:
    • National Framework for Malaria Elimination (NFME), 2016: Target of zero indigenous cases by 2027.
    • National Strategic Plan for Malaria Elimination (2023–2027): Focus on enhanced surveillance, “test–treat–track” strategy, and real-time monitoring through the Integrated Health Information Platform (IHIP).

Vector Control and Urban Malaria Management

  • Integrated Vector Management (IVM) has been central, including:
    • Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS)
    • Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs)
    • Special attention has been given to controlling the invasive Anopheles stephensi mosquito, strengthening urban malaria control.

Strengthening Diagnostics, Health Systems, and Communities

  • Establishment of National Reference Laboratories under the National Centre of Vector Borne Diseases Control (NCVBDC).
  • District-specific action plans for tribal, forested, and high-endemic areas.
  • Integration of malaria services into Ayushman Bharat, with Community Health Officers and Ayushman Arogya Mandirs delivering care at the grassroots level.

Capacity Building, Research, and Partnerships

  • Over 850 health professionals trained in 2024 through national refresher programmes.
  • Research on insecticide resistance and drug efficacy guiding evidence-based interventions.
  • Intensified Malaria Elimination Project–3 (IMEP-3) covering 159 districts in 12 states, focusing on vulnerable populations, Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) distribution, entomological studies, and surveillance.

The Road Ahead 2030 Malaria-Free India

  • India remains committed to achieving zero indigenous malaria cases by 2027 and elimination by 2030, with safeguards against re-establishment. 
  • By combining strong policy frameworks, scientific interventions, community participation, and sustained funding, India is emerging as a global benchmark in malaria elimination.

Source: TH | PIB

Urban Malaria FAQs

Q1: Why is urban malaria in India a growing concern?

Ans: Urban malaria in India is rising due to the spread of Anopheles stephensi, which thrives in cities and breeds in artificial containers.

Q2: What makes Anopheles stephensi a dangerous mosquito?

Ans: Anopheles stephensi is an invasive urban-adapted mosquito that efficiently transmits Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, complicating malaria elimination efforts.

Q3: Which regions remain malaria hotspots in India?

Ans: High-burden pockets persist in Odisha, Tripura, and Mizoram, with cross-border transmission affecting northeastern districts near Myanmar and Bangladesh.

Q4: How much progress has India made in malaria reduction?

Ans: India reduced malaria cases from 11.7 lakh in 2015 to about 2.27 lakh in 2024, with deaths falling by nearly 78%.

Q5: What strategies is India using to achieve malaria elimination?

Ans: India uses enhanced surveillance, integrated vector management, real-time data tracking, operational research, and targeted interventions under national elimination frameworks.

India’s Gold Import Dependence and the Rising Shift Towards Financial Gold

December 27, 2025
Gold Import

Gold Import Latest News

  • Rising investor preference for gold, especially through gold ETFs, has renewed debate on India’s gold import dependence and its macroeconomic implications.

Why India Imports So Much Gold

  • India is one of the world’s largest consumers and importers of gold, despite producing negligible quantities domestically. 
  • This structural dependence is driven by a combination of cultural, economic, and financial factors.
  • First, cultural and social factors play a major role. 
    • Gold is deeply embedded in Indian traditions, especially weddings, festivals, and religious ceremonies. 
    • It is viewed not merely as a luxury good but as a symbol of prosperity, security, and social status. Household demand remains stable even during economic slowdowns.
  • Second, gold as a store of value explains persistent demand. 
    • In many Indian households, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas, gold is preferred over financial instruments due to limited financial literacy, distrust of formal markets, and ease of liquidity. 
    • Gold is often treated as an inter-generational asset.
  • Third, macroeconomic uncertainty and inflation hedging increase gold demand. 
    • During periods of high inflation, currency volatility, or weak equity market performance, investors shift towards gold as a safe-haven asset. 
    • Historically, whenever equity returns are sub-optimal or global uncertainty rises, gold demand in India increases.
  • Fourth, limited domestic alternatives for long-term savings also contribute. 
    • Pension penetration remains low, and risk-averse households often find gold more reliable than equities or debt instruments. 
    • This structural preference results in sustained imports, adversely impacting India’s current account balance.

Steps Taken by the Union Government to Curb These Imports

  • Given the adverse impact of gold imports on the current account deficit (CAD) and foreign exchange reserves, successive governments have adopted multiple policy measures.
  • One key step has been the imposition of customs duties on gold imports. 
    • Higher import duties aim to discourage excessive physical gold consumption and reduce outflows of foreign exchange. 
    • However, such measures have also led to smuggling in the past, indicating policy limitations.
  • Another important intervention is the promotion of financial gold instruments. 
  • The government has also introduced Gold Monetisation Schemes, allowing households and institutions to deposit idle gold with banks, thereby mobilising domestic gold stocks and reducing fresh imports.
  • Further, efforts have been made to deepen financial markets and diversify investment avenues, including mutual funds, digital payment systems, and small savings schemes, to gradually shift household savings away from physical assets.
  • Despite these measures, demand moderation has been limited, indicating that gold consumption in India is influenced more by structural and behavioural factors than by short-term policy interventions.

News Summary

  • Indian investors witnessed a difficult year in 2025, with benchmark equity indices delivering negative returns and overall market turnover declining. In contrast, gold ETFs saw a sharp rise in investor interest.
  • Net inflows into gold ETFs surged to Rs. 25,566 crore between January and November 2025, nearly three times higher than the corresponding period in 2024. 
  • Gold ETFs accounted for 3.2% of total net inflows into open-ended mutual fund schemes, the highest share in recent years.
  • Several factors explain this trend. Global uncertainty triggered by trade tensions and geopolitical instability has increased demand for safe-haven assets. 
  • Additionally, central banks across the world have been increasing gold reserves to diversify away from the US dollar, indirectly supporting global gold prices.
  • Gold prices witnessed a historic rally, rising sharply over the last year, while Indian equity markets delivered muted or negative returns. 
  • This relative performance gap encouraged portfolio reallocation towards gold-linked instruments.
  • Experts caution that while long-term fundamentals for gold remain strong, short-term gains could moderate. 
  • Some analysts describe the surge in gold ETF investments as partly driven by “fear of missing out” (FOMO) behaviour among retail investors.
  • Overall, the outlook for gold demand in India will depend on future equity market performance, global monetary conditions, US dollar strength, and central bank policies.

Source: TH

Gold Import FAQs

Q1: Why does India import most of its gold?

Ans: Because domestic production is negligible and household demand remains structurally high.

Q2: How do gold imports affect India’s economy?

Ans: They widen the current account deficit and increase pressure on foreign exchange reserves.

Q3: What are gold ETFs?

Ans: They are mutual fund instruments that track gold prices without physical ownership.

Q4: Why did gold ETFs see high inflows in 2025?

Ans: Due to weak equity returns, global uncertainty, and rising gold prices.

Q5: Can gold demand in India decline in the future?

Ans: Only gradually, as behavioural and cultural factors continue to support long-term demand.

National Parks in Nagaland, Map, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Elephant Reserves

December 27, 2025
National Parks in Nagaland

National Parks and protected areas are legally defined spaces created to conserve natural ecosystems, wildlife, and ecological processes over the long term. As per the IUCN definition, these areas are clearly demarcated and managed through legal or effective means to protect biodiversity, ecosystem services, and cultural values. National Parks specifically safeguard large habitats, allowing natural processes to function with minimal human interference while supporting scientific research, education, recreation, and conservation-based livelihoods in an environmentally compatible manner.

Protected Areas in Nagaland

Nagaland has diverse protected areas conserving forests, wildlife, rivers, and tribal cultural landscapes across varied altitudes.

  • Ecological diversity: Forests range from tropical evergreen to moist deciduous and bamboo-dominated landscapes.
  • Geographic variation: Altitude spans from 200 meters plains to 3,840 meters hill ecosystems.
  • Legal protection: Areas notified under Wildlife Protection Act for long-term conservation.
  • Community context: Protected areas coexist with tribal villages and traditional land-use systems.
  • Biodiversity role: Habitats support mammals, birds, primates, and endemic plant species.

[my_image src="https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/National-Parks-in-Nagaland-map.webp" size="full" align="none" width="auto" height="420px" alt="National Parks in Nagaland Map" title="National Parks in Nagaland map"]

Nagaland has only one notified National Park, reflecting its limited geographical area but high ecological richness. Despite covering just 16,579 square kilometers, the state supports dense forests, mountain ranges, and river systems. The single National Park plays a critical role in conserving flagship species, maintaining ecological connectivity with Assam forests, and preserving Eastern Himalayan biodiversity. Its location near international and inter-state borders further enhances its importance for wildlife movement, climate resilience, and long-term conservation planning in Northeast India.

Intangki National Park

Intangki National Park, also known as Ntangki National Park, is Nagaland’s only National Park, notified in 1993.

  • Location: Situated in Peren district near the western edge of the Barail Range.
  • Area coverage: Spreads across 202 square kilometers of protected forest.
  • Geographic setting: Lies in the foothills of the Patkai range within Eastern Himalayas.
  • River systems: Dhansiri River and tributaries Monglu, Intanki, and Duilong support habitats.
  • Forest types: Tropical evergreen forests, bamboo brakes, and grassland patches.
  • Major mammals: Tiger, clouded leopard, leopard cat, golden cat, sloth bear.
  • Primate diversity: Hoolock gibbon and golden langur present.
  • Avifauna richness: Blyth’s tragopan, hornbills, and black stork recorded.
  • Connectivity: Contiguous with Dhansiri Reserve Forest of Assam enabling wildlife movement.

Also Read: National Parks in India

Elephant Reserves in Nagaland

Elephant Reserves in Nagaland focus on conserving the endangered Asian elephant and its migratory corridors. These reserves form part of broader inter-state landscapes connecting Assam and Nagaland forests. They support seasonal elephant movement, reduce habitat fragmentation, and address human-elephant conflict through monitoring and community engagement. Declared under Project Elephant, these reserves integrate habitat protection, biodiversity conservation, and livelihood-sensitive management. Nagaland’s elephant reserves, though limited in size, are ecologically vital for maintaining genetic flow and landscape-level conservation.

Intangki Elephant Reserve

The Intangki Elephant Reserve lies within Intangki National Park and was declared in 2005.

  • Location: Located in Peren district within Intanki National Park boundaries.
  • Conservation status: Declared Elephant Reserve under Project Elephant.
  • Target species: Asian elephant populations using forest corridors.
  • Habitat richness: Dense rainforests and riverine ecosystems support large mammals.
  • Associated fauna: Tigers, wild buffalo, hoolock gibbon, golden langur.
  • Landscape role: Connects Nagaland forests with Assam elephant habitats.

Singphan Elephant Reserve

Singphan Elephant Reserve was declared in 2018 and is the smallest elephant reserve in India.

  • Location: Situated in Mon district along the Nagaland-Assam border.
  • Area size: Covers approximately 23.57 square kilometers.
  • Declaration year: Notified as Elephant Reserve in 2018.
  • Landscape function: Facilitates seasonal elephant movement between states.
  • Forest types: Tropical wet evergreen, moist deciduous, bamboo forests.
  • Management authority: Administered by Nagaland Forest Department.
  • Conservation focus: Habitat protection, corridor maintenance, conflict mitigation.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Nagaland

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Nagaland protect smaller yet ecologically significant habitats across districts. These sanctuaries conserve birds, primates, ungulates, and forest ecosystems while supporting local biodiversity hotspots. Many sanctuaries lie within the Eastern Himalayas biodiversity region and hold historical, cultural, and ecological value. Established between 1980 and 2009, they collectively safeguard critical species, support forest regeneration, and contribute to ecological balance in a largely rural, tribal-dominated state landscape.

Fakim Wildlife Sanctuary

Fakim Wildlife Sanctuary is a small but ecologically important protected area in eastern Nagaland.

  • Location: Situated in Kiphire district near the India-Myanmar border.
  • Year established: Notified as a wildlife sanctuary in 1980.
  • Area extent: Covers about 6.42 square kilometers.
  • Bird significance: Part of Eastern Himalayas Endemic Bird Area.
  • Key mammals: Clouded leopard and barking deer recorded.
  • Conservation value: Important site for avifaunal diversity.

Singphan Wildlife Sanctuary

Singphan Wildlife Sanctuary supports elephant corridors and rich forest biodiversity.

  • Location: Located in Mon district bordering Assam forests.
  • Year notified: Declared a wildlife sanctuary in 2009.
  • Area size: Encompasses approximately 23.57 square kilometers.
  • Vegetation types: Evergreen, moist deciduous, bamboo-dominated forests.
  • Plant diversity: Over 180 plant species documented.
  • Key fauna: Asian elephant, hoolock gibbon, jackal.
  • Conservation role: Integral to elephant movement landscape.

Puliebadze Wildlife Sanctuary

Puliebadze Wildlife Sanctuary combines ecological and historical importance near Kohima.

  • Location: Situated in Kohima district of Nagaland.
  • Year established: Notified as a wildlife sanctuary in 1980.
  • Area coverage: Spreads across 9.23 square kilometers.
  • Elevation feature: Named after Mount Puliebadze at 2,296 meters height.
  • Bird diversity: Known habitat for pheasants including Blyth’s tragopan.
  • Historical relevance: Area witnessed World War II battles at Kohima.

Rangapahar Wildlife Sanctuary

Rangapahar Wildlife Sanctuary protects lowland forest ecosystems near Dimapur.

  • Location: Situated in Dimapur district of Nagaland.
  • Year notified: Declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1986.
  • Area extent: Covers around 4.7 square kilometers.
  • Key mammals: Indian giant squirrel, sambar deer, barking deer.
  • Ecotourism context: Located near Dzukou Valley and Japfu Peak.
  • Cultural sites: Proximity to Kachari ruins and regional caves.
Also Check
National Parks in Uttar Pradesh National Parks in Bihar
National Parks in Assam National Parks in Uttarakhand
National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Nagaland FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Nagaland?

Ans: Nagaland has only one National Park, Intangki National Park, notified in 1993.

Q2: Which is the largest Protected Area in Nagaland?

Ans: Intangki National Park is the largest protected area, covering about 202 square kilometers.

Q3: Are there Elephant Reserves in Nagaland?

Ans: Yes, Nagaland has two elephant reserves: Intangki Elephant Reserve and Singphan Elephant Reserve.

Q4: Which Wildlife Sanctuary is important for bird conservation in Nagaland?

Ans: Fakim Wildlife Sanctuary is significant as it falls under the Eastern Himalayas Endemic Bird Area.

Q5: Which is the smallest Elephant Reserve in India located in Nagaland?

Ans: Singphan Elephant Reserve is the smallest elephant reserve in India, declared in 2018.

National Parks in Goa, Map, Sanctuaries, Reserves, Ramsar Sites

December 27, 2025
National Parks in Goa

National Parks in Goa are specially protected natural areas set aside to conserve the state’s rich biodiversity and ecological systems. National Parks in India are defined under the Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972 and are IUCN Category II protected areas, meaning they are large regions maintained in their natural condition to safeguard wildlife, plants, and landscapes. No human activity such as grazing or forestry is allowed unless sanctioned for conservation purposes. These areas preserve biodiversity, protect endangered species, maintain climate stability, support river systems, and safeguard cultural and natural heritage for future generations.

Protected Areas in Goa

Goa, though India’s smallest state, has a dense network of protected forests within the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot.

  1. National Parks: One notified park conserving core Western Ghats ecosystems.
  2. Wildlife Sanctuaries: Multiple sanctuaries protecting forests, rivers, wetlands, and fauna.
  3. Bird Sanctuaries: Mangrove and wetland habitats supporting resident and migratory birds.
  4. Ramsar Wetlands: Internationally recognized freshwater ecosystems of ecological importance.

National Parks in Goa

Goa has a single notified National Park, embedded within a larger sanctuary landscape of the Western Ghats. This park forms a crucial ecological corridor linking forests of Goa, Karnataka, and Maharashtra. It supports evergreen, semi evergreen, and moist deciduous forests, perennial rivers, waterfalls, and diverse wildlife. The park also protects cultural heritage sites, ancient temples, and traditional forest dependent communities, making it ecologically, hydrologically, and culturally significant.

Bhagwan Mahaveer (Mollem) National Park

Bhagwan Mahaveer National Park is Goa’s only National Park and its largest protected forest landscape.

  • Location: Dharbandora taluk, eastern Goa, along Karnataka border.
  • Area: Core national park covers 107 square kilometres.
  • Total Landscape: Combined sanctuary and park span about 240 square kilometres.
  • Connectivity: National Highway 4A and Mormugao-Londa railway pass through landscape.
  • History: Declared wildlife sanctuary in 1969, national park notified in 1978.
  • Forest Types: Tropical evergreen, semi evergreen, and moist deciduous forests dominate.
  • Floral Diversity: Records 722 flowering plant species across 122 families.
  • Endemism: Hosts 128 endemic plant species of Western Ghats and peninsular India.
  • Rare Flora: Includes park restricted species like Glyphochloa veldkampii.
  • Mammals: Leopard, Bengal tiger, gaur, sambar, wild dog, pangolin present.
  • Avifauna: Greater Indian hornbill and Goa state bird thrive here.
  • Reptiles: Known for king cobra and diverse venomous snake species.
  • Water Resources: Multiple perennial streams ensure year round water availability.
  • Waterfalls: Dudhsagar Falls stands 310 metres tall, India’s fifth highest.
  • Cultural Sites: Tambdi Surla Temple dates back to Kadamba period.
  • Communities: Traditional Dhangar buffalo herders depend on forest grasslands.
  • Threats: Mining, transport corridors, and infrastructure expansion pressure ecosystems.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Goa

[my_image src="https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/National-Parks-in-Goa-Map.webp" size="full" align="none" width="auto" height="420px" alt="National Parks in Goa Map" title="National Parks in Goa Map"]

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Goa protect diverse ecosystems ranging from mangroves and wetlands to dense evergreen forests and river valleys. Together, they form a continuous ecological corridor across the Western Ghats, supporting endangered mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and insects. These sanctuaries regulate tourism, allow community presence, protect river origins, conserve sacred groves, and act as climate buffers. They are crucial for maintaining Goa’s water security, biodiversity, and ecological resilience. There are 6 sanctuaries in Goa as described below.

Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary

Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary surrounds the national park and forms Goa’s largest protected forest area.

  • Area: Covers approximately 240 square kilometres including park landscape.
  • Vegetation: Dominated by evergreen, semi evergreen, and moist deciduous forests.
  • Mammals: Supports leopard, tiger, gaur, slender loris, Malabar giant squirrel.
  • Bird Diversity: Habitat for hornbills, drongos, flycatchers, and endemic birds.
  • Butterflies: Hosts southern birdwing, blue Mormon, and Malabar tree nymph.
  • Reptiles: Famous for king cobra and Indian rock python presence.
  • Hydrology: Mandovi River originates nearby, sustaining Goa’s freshwater needs.

Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary

Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary is Goa’s smallest sanctuary but a major education and rescue centre.

  • Location: Northeastern Goa across Sattari, Ponda, and Sanguem talukas.
  • Area: Spreads over about 7.98 square kilometres.
  • Unique Feature: Houses Goa’s only zoological park.
  • Rehabilitation Role: Shelters rescued leopards, bears, snakes, and conflict animals.
  • Birdlife: Records over 275 bird species including Malabar trogon.
  • Butterflies: Documents 91 butterfly species across five major families.
  • Amphibians: Habitat for critically endangered Amboli bush frog.

Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary

Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary is known for tall forests and wildlife viewing infrastructure.

  • Location: Canacona taluka, South Goa district.
  • Established: Notified as sanctuary in 1968.
  • Forest Structure: Trees reach heights of nearly 30 metres.
  • Watchtower: Elevated 25 metres above waterhole for animal sightings.
  • Fauna: Flying squirrel, pangolin, slender loris, mouse deer recorded.
  • Bird Species: Malabar trogon, woodpeckers, velvet fronted nuthatch present.
  • Tribal Presence: Velip and Kunbil communities inhabit surrounding regions.

Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary

Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary protects mangrove ecosystems vital for coastal biodiversity.

  • Location: Chorão Island along Mandovi River estuary.
  • Area: Covers about 178 hectares of mangrove forest.
  • Habitat Type: Estuarine mangroves dominated by Rhizophora and Avicennia.
  • Bird Species: Striated heron, bitterns, avocets, sandpipers recorded.
  • Aquatic Life: Supports mudskippers, fiddler crabs, crustacean specialists.
  • Access: Reached by ferry from Ribander to Chorão.

Madei Wildlife Sanctuary

Madei Wildlife Sanctuary forms the ecological backbone of northern Goa.

  • Area: Spans about 208.5 square kilometres.
  • River System: Madei River flows through, later called Mandovi.
  • Biodiversity Status: Recognized as International Bird Area.
  • Mammals: Tiger, leopard, sloth bear, gaur, dhole recorded.
  • Bird Richness: Hosts over 255 bird species.
  • Amphibians: Endemic bush frogs and caecilians documented.
  • Threats: Mining, dams, and river diversion projects impact habitat.

Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary

Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary safeguards southern Goa’s forest and river origins.

  • Location: South eastern Goa in Sanguem taluka.
  • Area: Covers approximately 211 square kilometres.
  • River Origin: Zuari River tributaries originate within sanctuary.
  • Forest Types: Moist deciduous mixed with evergreen patches.
  • Mammals: Leopard, gaur, four horned antelope thrive here.
  • Birdlife: Hornbills, wood pigeons, laughingthrush regularly sighted.
  • Ancient Ecosystems: Protects rare Myristica swamp forests.

Tiger Reserve in Goa (Proposed)

The Madei landscape is proposed as Goa’s first tiger reserve due to confirmed tiger presence and habitat continuity with Karnataka and Maharashtra reserves. Camera traps and pugmarks have recorded tigers repeatedly since 2009. The area lies within an identified tiger conservation unit of the Western Ghats. Declaring a tiger reserve would strengthen habitat protection, regulate mining and infrastructure, ensure corridor connectivity, and secure long term conservation of apex predators and associated biodiversity.

Ramsar Site in Goa (Nanda Lake)

Nanda Lake is Goa’s first internationally recognized wetland under Ramsar Convention.

  1. Designation Year: Declared Ramsar site in 2022.
  2. Habitat Type: Intermittent freshwater marsh linked to Zuari tributary.
  3. Birdlife: Supports ibis, jacana, kingfisher, egret, whistling duck.
  4. Community Value: Helps flood control, fishing, irrigation, and water storage.
  5. Threats: Invasive species, waste dumping, and overexploitation risks present.
Also Check
National Parks in Uttar Pradesh National Parks in Bihar
National Parks in Assam National Parks in Uttarakhand
National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Goa FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Goa?

Ans: Goa has only one National Park, the Bhagwan Mahaveer (Mollem) National Park.

Q2: Where is Bhagwan Mahaveer National Park located?

Ans: It is located in eastern Goa, in Dharbandora taluk, along the Karnataka border.

Q3: Why is Bhagwan Mahaveer National Park important?

Ans: It protects Western Ghats forests, rare species, river origins, waterfalls, and cultural heritage sites.

Q4: What wildlife is found in Goa’s National Park?

Ans: Species include Bengal tiger, leopard, gaur, Malabar giant squirrel, hornbills, and king cobra.

Q5: Is tourism allowed in National Parks in Goa?

Ans: Yes, but only regulated eco tourism is allowed under strict conservation guidelines.

National Parks in Gujarat, Map, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Ramsar Sites

December 27, 2025
National Parks in Gujarat

National Parks in Gujarat are legally protected areas dedicated to conserving wild flora, fauna, and natural landscapes with minimal human interference. In National Parks in India, such regions are notified under Section 35 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, providing them the highest level of protection compared to other categories like wildlife sanctuaries; activities such as grazing or resource extraction are strictly prohibited to maintain ecological integrity. National parks typically cover large ecosystems where biodiversity is preserved for scientific research, education, and controlled eco-tourism, helping sustain natural processes and endangered species habitats.

Protected Areas in Gujarat

Gujarat has an extensive protected area network safeguarding terrestrial, grassland, wetland, desert, and marine ecosystems across diverse climatic zones.

  1. Total protected areas: Gujarat has 27 protected wildlife areas managed by the Forest Department.
  2. National Parks count: The state hosts four officially notified National Parks.
  3. Wildlife Sanctuaries count: Gujarat has 23 notified Wildlife Sanctuaries.
  4. Ecosystem diversity: Protected areas cover forests, grasslands, deserts, wetlands, and marine habitats.
  5. Flagship species focus: Conservation emphasizes lions, wild asses, bustards, marine fauna, and migratory birds.

National Parks in Gujarat

[my_image src="https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/National-Parks-in-Gujarat-Map-1.webp" size="full" align="none" width="auto" height="407px" alt="National Parks in Gujarat Map" title="National Parks in Gujarat Map"]

Gujarat has four National Parks that represent distinct ecological landscapes, ranging from dry deciduous forests and tropical grasslands to coastal and marine ecosystems. These parks are vital for conserving globally significant species such as the Asiatic lion, blackbuck antelope, coral reef organisms, and marine mammals. Each park is notified with strict protection status, limiting human interference. Together, they strengthen Gujarat’s position as one of India’s most biodiversity-rich states, despite its largely arid and semi-arid geography.

Gir National Park

Gir National Park is globally renowned as the only natural habitat of the Asiatic lion, making it one of India’s most important conservation landscapes.

  • Location: Situated in Kathiawar Peninsula between Girnar Hills and Arabian Sea.
  • Notification status: Declared sanctuary in 1965 and National Park in 1975.
  • Vegetation type: Dominated by dry deciduous forests with teak and acacia.
  • Key water source: Kamleshwar Dam on Hiran River sustains wildlife year-round.
  • Flagship species: Asiatic lion, listed as Endangered on IUCN Red List.
  • Other mammals: Leopard, sambar, chital, chausingha, chinkara, and blackbuck.
  • Reptile diversity: Mugger crocodile thrives in rivers and reservoirs.
  • Conservation challenges: Floods, genetic bottleneck, poaching, and human-lion conflict.

Velavadar National Park

Velavadar National Park protects one of India’s finest tropical grassland ecosystems and supports large populations of endangered grassland fauna.

  • Location: Situated in Bhal region of Saurashtra near Gulf of Khambhat.
  • Habitat type: Semi-arid savanna grassland with open plains.
  • Flagship species: Blackbuck antelope, a symbol of grassland conservation.
  • Mammal diversity: Hyenas, jungle cats, and foxes inhabit grassland edges.
  • Bird significance: Lesser florican, a critically endangered bustard species.
  • Ecological role: Represents remaining natural grassland ecosystems of western India.

Marine National Park

Marine National Park conserves India’s earliest marine protected ecosystem, safeguarding coral reefs and coastal biodiversity.

  • Location: Located in Gulf of Kachchh between Okha and Jodiya coastlines.
  • Unique status: India’s first Marine Wildlife Sanctuary and Marine National Park.
  • Geographic feature: Comprises 42 tropical islands along Jamnagar coast.
  • Coral diversity: Hard and soft coral reefs around Pirotan and Narara islands.
  • Marine fauna: Green turtles, olive ridleys, dugongs, dolphins, and reef fishes.
  • Conservation threats: Industrial pollution, coral extraction, and mechanized fishing.

Vansda National Park

Vansda National Park preserves moist deciduous forests of southern Gujarat’s tribal belt within the Western Ghats foothills.

  • Location: Situated in Navsari district along Ambika River banks.
  • Ecological zone: Part of the Dangs forest landscape of Western Ghats.
  • Vegetation type: Moist and dry deciduous forests with bamboo and teak.
  • Mammal species: Leopard, rhesus macaque, civet, and chausingha.
  • Unique fauna: Rare Indian giant squirrel found in dense canopy forests.
  • Cultural link: Inhabited by Bhil, Warli, Gamit, and Kunbi tribal communities.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Gujarat

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Gujarat protect specific species and habitats while allowing limited human activity. These sanctuaries conserve deserts, grasslands, forests, wetlands, and coastal ecosystems. Gujarat’s sanctuaries support endangered species like the Great Indian Bustard, sloth bear, Indian wild ass, and migratory birds along the Central Asian Flyway. Many sanctuaries also serve as ecological corridors connecting major forest landscapes and ensuring genetic exchange among wildlife populations.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Gujarat List

  1. Balaram Ambaji Sanctuary: Dry deciduous forests protecting sloth bear and leopard near Aravalli ranges.
  2. Barda Sanctuary: Floristically rich Saurashtra forest proposed as second home for lions.
  3. Gaga Sanctuary: Coastal grassland conserving critically endangered Great Indian Bustard.
  4. Girnar Sanctuary: Hill ecosystem forming lion corridor between Gir forests.
  5. Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary: Aravalli foothill sanctuary protecting sloth bear populations.
  6. Kutch Bustard Sanctuary: Desert grassland safeguarding Great Indian Bustard breeding areas.
  7. Kutch Desert Sanctuary: Vast saline wetland supporting flamingo breeding colonies.
  8. Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary: Largest wetland sanctuary hosting over 250 bird species.
  9. Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary: Arid ecosystem protecting chinkara and desert biodiversity.
  10. Purna Sanctuary: Western Ghats forest protecting riverine and hill ecosystems.
  11. Shoolpaneshwar Sanctuary: Satpura forests supporting riverine biodiversity near Narmada.
  12. Thol Lake Sanctuary: Man-made wetland hosting migratory waterbirds near Ahmedabad.
  13. Wild Ass Sanctuary: Little Rann ecosystem protecting world’s last Indian wild ass population.
  14. Khijadiya Sanctuary: Freshwater and saline wetland supporting migratory waterbirds.
  15. Mitiyala Sanctuary: Grassland corridor connecting Gir lion landscapes.
  16. Porbandar Bird Sanctuary: Urban wetland protecting nesting and migratory birds.
  17. Ratanmahal Sanctuary: Sloth bear habitat along Gujarat-Madhya Pradesh border.
  18. Marine Sanctuary: Coastal waters protecting coral reefs and marine species.
  19. Hingolgadh Sanctuary: Dry forest supporting grassland and thorn scrub fauna.
  20. Jambughoda Sanctuary: Forested hills protecting leopards and ungulates.
  21. Rampara Sanctuary: Small dry forest preserving local biodiversity.
  22. Nalsarovar Satellite Wetlands: Peripheral marshes supporting migratory birds.
  23. Wadhvana Sanctuary Zone: Wetland area supporting wintering waterbirds.

Ramsar Site in Gujarat

Gujarat hosts internationally recognized Ramsar wetlands critical for migratory birds, water security, and wetland biodiversity.

  1. Khijadiya Wetland: Coastal freshwater and saline marsh ecosystem near Jamnagar.
  2. Nalsarovar Wetland: Largest natural freshwater lake in Gujarat’s semi-arid zone.
  3. Thol Lake Wetland: Man-made reservoir supporting migratory and resident waterbirds.
  4. Wadhvana Wetland: Irrigation reservoir supporting wintering migratory birds.

Khijadiya

Khijadiya Wetland is a unique coastal Ramsar site supporting freshwater lakes, salt marshes, mangroves, and migratory birds.

  • Location: Situated near Jamnagar along Gulf of Kachchh coast.
  • Ecosystem type: Combination of freshwater lakes and saline marshlands.
  • Bird diversity: Over 300 migratory and resident bird species recorded.
  • Flyway importance: Lies on Central Asian Flyway migration route.
  • Threatened species: Pallas’s fish eagle and Indian skimmer recorded.

Nalsarovar

Nalsarovar is Gujarat’s largest freshwater Ramsar wetland and a major wintering ground for migratory birds.

  • Location: Situated 64 kilometers west of Ahmedabad near Sanand.
  • Wetland size: Covers over 120 square kilometers including marshes.
  • Avifauna richness: Supports more than 250 wetland bird species.
  • Mammal presence: Provides habitat to blackbuck and Indian wild ass.
  • International status: Declared Ramsar site in 2012.

Thol Lake

Thol Lake is a man-made Ramsar wetland that supports high waterbird diversity near Ahmedabad.

  • Location: Situated in Mehsana district near Thol village.
  • Origin: Built as irrigation tank during Gaekwad rule in 1912.
  • Bird diversity: Hosts around 150 bird species annually.
  • Key species: Flamingos and sarus cranes breed and winter here.
  • Ramsar status: Designated as Ramsar site in 2021.

Wadhvana Wetland

Wadhvana Wetland is an internationally important Ramsar site supporting migratory waterbirds along Central Asian Flyway.

  • Location: Situated near Dabhoi in Vadodara district.
  • Formation: Created by irrigation dam constructed in 1910.
  • Bird importance: Supports endangered pelicans and fish eagles.
  • Rare species: Red-crested pochard regularly recorded in winter.
  • Ramsar status: Declared Ramsar wetland in 2021.
Also Check
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National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Gujarat FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Gujarat?

Ans: Gujarat has four National Parks: Gir, Velavadar (Blackbuck), Marine (Gulf of Kachchh), and Vansda National Park.

Q2: Which National Park in Gujarat is famous for Asiatic lions?

Ans: Gir National Park is the only place in the world where Asiatic lions live in the wild.

Q3: Which National Park in Gujarat protects marine biodiversity?

Ans: Marine National Park in the Gulf of Kachchh protects coral reefs, mangroves, sea turtles, and marine mammals.

Q4: Which National Park in Gujarat is known for grassland ecosystems?

Ans: Velavadar National Park is known for its tropical grasslands and large blackbuck population.

Q5: Which National Park in Gujarat is located in the Western Ghats region?

Ans: Vansda National Park is located in southern Gujarat within the Western Ghats foothills.

National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh, Sanctuaries, Tiger Reserves

December 27, 2025
National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh

The National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh are legally recognised regions that are created to conserve ecosystems, wildlife, and natural habitats. They restrict human activities like hunting, logging, and land conversion. In India, these areas include National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Tiger Reserves, Elephant Reserves, Biosphere Reserves, and Community Reserves. They aim to protect biodiversity, maintain ecological balance, conserve endangered species, and preserve genetic diversity for future generations, while also supporting scientific research, environmental education, and climate resilience.

Protected Areas in Arunachal Pradesh

Protected areas are officially notified zones created to conserve wildlife, forests, and fragile ecosystems through legal protection and regulated human use. The Protected Areas include:

  1. National Parks: Fully protected ecosystems with strict restrictions on human activities.
  2. Wildlife Sanctuaries: Areas allowing limited human use while conserving wildlife habitats.
  3. Tiger Reserves: Landscapes managed specifically for long term tiger conservation.
  4. Biosphere Reserves: Large regions balancing conservation, livelihoods, and sustainable development.

National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh

Arunachal Pradesh hosts two National Parks in India within the Eastern Himalayan global biodiversity hotspot. These parks protect vast altitudinal ranges, tropical to alpine forests, and highly diverse flora and fauna. The state has nearly 79.63% forest and tree cover, making it India’s second highest in forest cover percentage. National Parks form the core of its Protected Area Network, safeguarding rare species, endemic plants, and critical river systems, while contributing to biodiversity conservation, climate stability, and ecological research across northeastern India.

Namdapha National Park

Namdapha National Park is India’s largest eastern Himalayan protected area, located near the India Myanmar border in Changlang district.

  1. Location: Situated between Mishmi Hills and Patkai range along Noa Dihing river.
  2. Area: Covers about 1,985.24 square kilometres of dense forest landscape.
  3. Biodiversity: Part of Eastern Himalayan global biodiversity hotspot with exceptional species richness.
  4. Big Cats: Only park globally hosting tiger, leopard, snow leopard, clouded leopard.
  5. Flora: Contains over 150 timber species including rare Pinus merkusii.
  6. Endemism: Home to critically endangered Namdapha flying squirrel.
  7. Birds: Supports over 450 bird species including white winged wood duck.

Mouling National Park

Mouling National Park lies in Upper Siang district and protects diverse altitudinal forest ecosystems along the Siang river basin.

  1. Establishment: Declared National Park in 1986 to conserve fragile mountain ecosystems.
  2. Area: Covers about 483 square kilometres of forested terrain.
  3. Vegetation: Ranges from tropical evergreen to alpine conifer forests.
  4. Fauna: Supports takin, red panda, tiger, serow, and barking deer.
  5. Rivers: Drained by Siyom, Siring, Subong rivers feeding the Siang.

Tiger Reserves in Arunachal Pradesh

Arunachal Pradesh has three notified Tiger Reserves forming crucial corridors in the Eastern Himalaya. These reserves support tigers, elephants, and diverse prey species while conserving forests, rivers, and tribal landscapes. Together, they cover extensive forest tracts and strengthen India’s tiger conservation network by protecting breeding habitats, ensuring genetic connectivity, and supporting community based conservation in ecologically sensitive border regions.

  1. Namdapha: Largest tiger reserve with exceptional altitudinal and habitat diversity.
  2. Pakke: Foothill reserve linking Assam and Arunachal forest landscapes.
  3. Kamlang: Eastern reserve connecting Namdapha and Lohit river forests.

Namdapha Tiger Reserve

Namdapha Tiger Reserve overlaps fully with Namdapha National Park in Changlang district.

  1. Area: Spans approximately 1,985.24 square kilometres of protected forest.
  2. Significance: Supports four big cat species and intact rainforest habitats.
  3. Fauna: Includes tiger, elephant, gaur, red panda, Asiatic black bear.

Pakke Tiger Reserve

Pakke Tiger Reserve lies in the foothills of the Eastern Himalaya along Kameng basin.

  1. Area: Covers about 861.95 square kilometres of forest landscape.
  2. Connectivity: Links Nameri National Park, Eaglenest, and Sessa Orchid Sanctuary.
  3. Conservation: Known for Hornbill Nest Adoption Programme success.

Kamlang Tiger Reserve

Kamlang Tiger Reserve is located between Lohit River and Namdapha landscape.

  1. Area: Encompasses around 783 square kilometres of protected forests.
  2. Habitat: Ranges from wet evergreen forests to alpine vegetation.
  3. Species: Hosts tiger, clouded leopard, snow leopard, Asian elephant.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Arunachal Pradesh

Arunachal Pradesh has 13 Wildlife Sanctuaries forming the backbone of its Protected Area Network. Together, they cover nearly 9,779 square kilometres, around 11.90% of the state’s geographical area, far above the national average. These sanctuaries conserve tropical rainforests, alpine meadows, riverine habitats, and orchid rich landscapes. They support about 20% of India’s fauna and nearly 25% of its floral diversity, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, butterflies, orchids, rhododendrons, bamboo, and medicinal plants.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Arunachal Pradesh List

The major wildlife sanctuaries protect diverse habitats, species, and ecological corridors across the state.

  1. Pakke Wildlife Sanctuary: Foothill forests supporting tigers, hornbills, elephants, and rich bird diversity.
  2. Kamlang Wildlife Sanctuary: Eastern forests with alpine to evergreen vegetation and rare big cats.
  3. Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary: Montane forests famous for exceptional bird diversity and altitudinal range.
  4. Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary: Forested lake ecosystem supporting mammals, birds, and freshwater biodiversity.
  5. Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary: Largest sanctuary conserving high altitude landscapes and takin populations.
  6. Daying Ering Memorial Sanctuary: River island habitat supporting migratory birds and aquatic species.
  7. Kane Wildlife Sanctuary: Small sanctuary protecting local forest biodiversity and community landscapes.
  8. Yordi Rabe Supse Sanctuary: Forest corridor important for mammals and avifauna movement.
  9. Itanagar Wildlife Sanctuary: Urban fringe forest protecting wildlife near state capital.
  10. Tale Wildlife Sanctuary: High altitude forests known for orchids, birds, and endemic species.
  11. Sessa Orchid Wildlife Sanctuary: Specialized habitat conserving rich orchid diversity.
  12. Ringba Roba Wildlife Sanctuary: Small forest patch preserving local flora and fauna.
  13. Kamala Wildlife Sanctuary: Riverine forest ecosystem supporting birds, reptiles, and mammals.
Also Check
National Parks in Uttar Pradesh National Parks in Bihar
National Parks in Assam National Parks in Uttarakhand
National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Arunachal Pradesh?

Ans: Arunachal Pradesh has two National Parks- Namdapha National Park and Mouling National Park.

Q2: Which is the largest National Park in Arunachal Pradesh?

Ans: Namdapha National Park is the largest, covering about 1,985 square kilometres.

Q3: Why is Namdapha National Park globally important?

Ans: It is the only park in the world hosting tiger, leopard, snow leopard, and clouded leopard together.

Q4: Where is Mouling National Park located?

Ans: Mouling National Park is located in Upper Siang district along the Siang river basin.

Q5: Why are National Parks important in Arunachal Pradesh?

Ans: They conserve Eastern Himalayan biodiversity, protect endangered species, and preserve vital forest ecosystems.

National Parks in Manipur, Map, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Ramsar Site

December 27, 2025
National Parks in Manipur

National Parks in Manipur are legally defined geographical spaces created to conserve nature, ecosystems, wildlife, and associated cultural values over the long term. As per the IUCN definition, these areas are managed through effective legal means to protect ecological processes, species diversity, and habitats. National Parks in India specifically focus on preserving large natural ecosystems with minimal human interference, while also supporting scientific research, environmental education, recreation, and cultural values. In India, protected areas form the backbone of biodiversity conservation and ensure survival of endangered and endemic species.

Protected Areas in Manipur

Manipur has an extensive protected area network supporting biodiversity conservation across hills, wetlands, and forests.

  • Biodiversity hotspot location: Lies at the junction of Himalayan and Indo-Myanmar global biodiversity hotspots.
  • High forest cover: About 77.20% of the state’s geographical area is under forests.
  • Protected Area Network: Around 3.7% of the state area legally notified for wildlife protection, including National Parks, Sanctuaries, Community Reserves, Ramsar Convention, etc.
  • Ecosystem diversity: Includes wetlands, floating meadows, evergreen forests, and montane ecosystems.
  • Species richness: Supports thousands of plant species and hundreds of animal and bird species.

National Parks in Manipur

Manipur has two notified National Parks that play a critical role in conserving rare ecosystems and endemic species. These parks represent unique habitats, ranging from floating wetland ecosystems to high-altitude Himalayan landscapes. They protect flagship species like the Sangai deer and the Shirui Lily, both globally rare and culturally significant. National Parks in Manipur also support endangered mammals, migratory birds, orchids, medicinal plants, and traditional ecological knowledge of indigenous communities. Their legal protection ensures in-situ conservation, ecological stability, and long-term biodiversity security in the state.

[my_image src="https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/National-Parks-in-Manipur-map.webp" size="full" align="none" width="auto" height="588px" alt="National Parks in Manipur Map" title="National Parks in Manipur map"]

Keibul Lamjao National Park

Keibul Lamjao National Park is globally unique as the only floating national park in the world, located on Loktak Lake.

  • Unique ecosystem: World’s only floating park formed by phumdi vegetation mats.
  • Flagship species: Sole natural habitat of Sangai, the endangered brow-antlered deer.
  • Conservation history: Notified in 1977 after Sangai rediscovery and population collapse.
  • Sangai population growth: Increased from 14 in 1975 to about 260 in 2016.
  • Ramsar linkage: Forms an integral ecological part of Loktak Lake Ramsar site.
  • Habitat diversity: Combines wetland, aquatic vegetation, and semi-evergreen forest ecosystems.
  • Other fauna: Supports hog deer, Asian golden cat, civets, otters, and wetland birds.

Shirui National Park

Shirui National Park protects high-altitude Himalayan biodiversity and the rare Shirui Lily.

  • Location: Situated in Ukhrul district within the Shirui Kashong range.
  • Establishment year: Declared National Park in 1982 for floral conservation.
  • Endemic flower: Natural habitat of Shirui Lily, Manipur’s state flower.
  • Altitudinal range: Located around 2,835 meters in Eastern Himalayan ecosystem.
  • Cultural value: Closely linked with Tangkhul Naga traditions and Shirui Lily Festival.
  • Faunal diversity: Supports clouded leopard, deer, wild boar, and rare pheasants.
  • Floral richness: Dominated by oak, rhododendron, magnolia, and conifer species.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Manipur

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Manipur protect diverse habitats such as riverine forests, hill ranges, wetlands, and international border landscapes. These sanctuaries conserve endangered mammals, primates, birds, reptiles, and aquatic species. They also play a vital role in maintaining ecological connectivity between forest patches and supporting migratory bird routes like the East Asian flyway. Many sanctuaries are located in forest-rich hill districts where communities depend on forest resources, making conservation efforts closely linked with livelihoods and sustainable resource management.

Yangoupokpi Lokchao Wildlife Sanctuary

Yangoupokpi Lokchao Wildlife Sanctuary lies along the Indo-Myanmar border with rich forest biodiversity.

  • Strategic location: Situated in Tengnoupal district near international border forests.
  • Ecological connectivity: Forms a corridor with Myanmar forests and Keibul Lamjao region.
  • Forest type: Dominated by tropical moist deciduous and semi-evergreen forests.
  • Key fauna: Habitat for hoolock gibbon, deer, elephants, and carnivores.
  • Bird diversity: Supports resident and migratory birds from regional flyways.

Jiri-Makru Wildlife Sanctuary

Jiri-Makru Wildlife Sanctuary protects riverine and hill ecosystems in western Manipur.

  • Geographic setting: Located between Jiri and Makru rivers near Assam border.
  • Primate conservation: Important habitat for hoolock gibbon and capped langur.
  • Forest structure: Characterized by dense tropical evergreen and moist deciduous forests.
  • Faunal richness: Supports leopards, deer, wild boar, and small carnivores.
  • Hydrological role: Forests help regulate Barak river tributary catchments.

Kailam Wildlife Sanctuary

Kailam Wildlife Sanctuary is known for hornbill diversity and intact hill forests.

  • District location: Situated in Churachandpur district of southern Manipur.
  • Avian importance: Home to Great Indian Hornbill and other hornbill species.
  • Mammalian fauna: Supports hoolock gibbon, barking deer, and clouded leopard.
  • Forest composition: Dense evergreen and semi-evergreen hill forests dominate landscape.
  • Conservation value: Protects high biodiversity in community-influenced forest areas.

Bunning Wildlife Sanctuary

Bunning Wildlife Sanctuary conserves forest ecosystems of the Barail hill range.

  • Location: Situated in Tamenglong district within Barail Range.
  • Forest type: Tropical evergreen and moist deciduous forests predominate.
  • Faunal diversity: Supports birds, small mammals, and forest-dependent species.
  • Ecological role: Maintains forest continuity across western Manipur hills.
  • Conservation significance: Protects lesser-known but ecologically vital habitats.

Zeilad Wildlife Sanctuary

Zeilad Wildlife Sanctuary is notable for its lake systems and forest biodiversity.

  • Geographic feature: Comprises a group of natural lakes within forested hills.
  • District location: Located in Tamenglong district of Manipur.
  • Wildlife similarity: Faunal composition similar to Kailam Wildlife Sanctuary.
  • Aquatic habitats: Supports wetland birds, amphibians, and aquatic organisms.
  • Ecological importance: Lakes enhance habitat diversity and water availability.

Khongjeingamba Wildlife Sanctuary

Khongjeingamba Wildlife Sanctuary protects lowland forest ecosystems near Loktak region.

  1. Location: Situated in Bishnupur district of Manipur.
  2. Habitat type: Includes forested hills and valley-edge ecosystems.
  3. Key species: Supports hog deer and small carnivores.
  4. Conservation role: Acts as buffer to Loktak Lake ecosystems.
  5. Biodiversity value: Important for maintaining regional wildlife movement.

Thinungei Bird Sanctuary

Thinungei Bird Sanctuary is Manipur’s first notified bird sanctuary.

  • District location: Located in Bishnupur district near Loktak wetlands.
  • Habitat type: Floodplain wetland ecosystem with seasonal water spread.
  • Avifaunal importance: Supports resident and migratory water birds.
  • Conservation status: Declared specifically for bird protection.
  • Ecological role: Enhances wetland bird conservation in Loktak basin.

Ramsar Site in Manipur (Loktak Lake)

Loktak Lake is a globally significant wetland supporting floating ecosystems and biodiversity.

  • Largest freshwater lake: Biggest natural freshwater lake in northeast India.
  • Floating meadows: Characterized by phumdi mats supporting Keibul Lamjao Park.
  • Ramsar recognition: Designated for international wetland importance.
  • Montreux Record: Listed in 1993 due to ecological threats and degradation.
  • Biodiversity support: Habitat for Sangai deer, fish species, and migratory birds.
Also Check
National Parks in Uttar Pradesh National Parks in Bihar
National Parks in Assam National Parks in Uttarakhand
National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Manipur FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Manipur?

Ans: Manipur has two National Parks: Keibul Lamjao National Park and Shirui National Park.

Q2: Why is Keibul Lamjao National Park unique?

Ans: It is the world’s only floating National Park, located on Loktak Lake.

Q3: Which endangered animal is found only in Manipur?

Ans: The Sangai or brow-antlered deer is found only in Keibul Lamjao National Park.

Q4: What is Shirui National Park famous for?

Ans: It is famous for the rare Shirui Lily, Manipur’s state flower.

Q5: Which Ramsar site is located in Manipur?

Ans: Loktak Lake is the only Ramsar site in Manipur.

National Parks in Madhya Pradesh, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Ramsar Sites

December 27, 2025
National Parks in Madhya Pradesh

National Parks in Madhya Pradesh are established to conserve natural ecosystems, wildlife species, and ecological processes over long periods. According to the IUCN, these areas are clearly defined geographical spaces managed through legal means to protect biodiversity, ecosystem services, and cultural values. National Parks in India focus on strict protection with minimal human interference, while other protected areas like wildlife sanctuaries allow regulated activities such as tourism, research, and habitat management to ensure sustainable conservation outcomes.

Protected Areas in Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh has one of India’s largest protected area networks supporting forests, rivers, wildlife corridors, and endangered species.

  • National Parks: Strictly protected ecosystems conserving flagship species and habitats.
  • Wildlife Sanctuaries: Managed areas allowing controlled human activities and conservation interventions.
  • Tiger Reserves: Landscapes protected under Project Tiger for long-term tiger survival.
  • Biosphere Reserves: Large ecological zones integrating conservation with community livelihoods.
  • Ramsar Sites: Internationally important wetlands conserving waterbirds and freshwater ecosystems.

National Parks in Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh hosts 11 National Parks, making it a biodiversity stronghold in central India. These parks span the Vindhya, Satpura, and Maikal ranges and protect forests, grasslands, wetlands, and fossil beds. They support Bengal tigers, leopards, barasingha, gharials, rare birds, and prehistoric fossils. The parks play a vital role in wildlife conservation, ecological connectivity, climate regulation, and eco-tourism, contributing significantly to India’s tiger population and protected area-based livelihoods.

Bandhavgarh National Park

Bandhavgarh National Park, located in the Vindhya Range of Umaria district, is globally known for the highest recorded density of Bengal tigers and strong historical significance.

  • Location: Vindhya Range, Umaria district, eastern Madhya Pradesh.
  • Declaration: National Park in 1968, Tiger Reserve in 1993.
  • Historical Value: Ancient Bandhavgarh Fort linked to Ramayana-era traditions.
  • Hydrology: Over 20 perennial streams feeding the Son River system.
  • Vegetation: Moist and mixed deciduous forests dominated by sal and bamboo.
  • Major Fauna: Bengal tiger, leopard, elephant, sambar, nilgai, striped hyena.
  • Avifauna: Indian grey hornbill, lesser adjutant, Bonelli’s eagle.
  • Conservation Note: Indian bison reintroduced from Kanha successfully.

Dinosaur (Ashmadha) Fossils National Park

This park preserves globally significant dinosaur nesting sites and fossilised remains dating back millions of years.

  • Location: Dhar district, Narmada Valley region.
  • Geological Age: Fossils dating nearly 60 million years old.
  • Key Discoveries: Dinosaur eggs, skeletal remains, fossilised trees.
  • Ecosystem Type: Southern tropical dry deciduous forest zone.
  • Scientific Value: One of India’s richest Mesozoic fossil repositories.

Durgavati National Park

Durgavati National Park forms a critical future conservation landscape linking major tiger habitats in central India.

  • Location: Spread across Sagar, Damoh, and Narsinghpur districts.
  • Landscape Role: Proposed corridor between Panna and central tiger habitats.
  • River Basins: Parts fall under Narmada and Yamuna basins.
  • Vegetation: Dry deciduous forests dominated by teak and mixed species.
  • Fauna: Tiger, leopard, wolf, chinkara, blackbuck, sloth bear.
  • Cultural Site: Historic Singorgarh Fort within park landscape.

Indira Priyadarshini Pench National Park

This park represents the heart of the Pench Tiger landscape spanning Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.

  • Location: Seoni and Chhindwara districts along Satpura foothills.
  • River System: Pench River divides the park into eastern and western blocks.
  • Vegetation: Moist and dry deciduous forests dominated by teak.
  • Fauna: Bengal tiger, leopard, chital, sambar, four-horned antelope.
  • Bird Importance: Recognised Important Bird Area of India.
  • Cultural Link: Inspired Rudyard Kipling’s “The Jungle Book”.

Kanha National Park

Kanha National Park is the largest national park in central India and a global conservation success story.

  • Location: Maikal Range across Mandla and Balaghat districts.
  • Area: Approximately 940 square kilometres of core protected habitat.
  • Vegetation: Evergreen sal forests, bamboo groves, and grasslands.
  • Iconic Species: Hard-ground barasingha, state animal of Madhya Pradesh.
  • Fauna: Tiger, gaur, dhole, sambar, chousingha.
  • Conservation First: Introduced India’s first tiger reserve mascot.

Madhav National Park

Madhav National Park protects dry deciduous forests and important tiger corridors in northern Madhya Pradesh.

  • Location: Shivpuri district within upper Vindhyan hills.
  • Establishment: Declared National Park in 1959.
  • Water Bodies: Sakhya Sagar and Madhav Sagar reservoirs.
  • Vegetation: Dry deciduous forests and open grasslands.
  • Fauna: Chinkara, nilgai, sambar, four-horned antelope.
  • Corridor Role: Part of Ranthambhore-Kuno-Madhav tiger corridor.

Mandla Plant Fossil National Park

This park conserves ancient plant fossils offering insights into prehistoric vegetation patterns.

  1. Location: Mandla district, Narmada Valley.
  2. Fossil Age: Plant fossils dating between 40–150 million years.
  3. Scientific Importance: Evidence of Gondwana-era flora.
  4. Nearby Site: Proximity to Ghughua Fossil National Park.
  5. Conservation Focus: Geological and palaeobotanical heritage protection.

Panna National Park

Panna National Park is a major tiger conservation turnaround story in India.

  • Location: Vindhya Range across Panna and Chhatarpur districts.
  • River System: Ken River flows through park forming deep gorges.
  • Vegetation: Fragmented deciduous forests.
  • Fauna: Tiger, leopard, chital, chinkara, sambar.
  • Conservation Milestone: Tiger population revived from zero post-2012.
  • Recognition: UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and MAB site.

Sanjay National Park

Sanjay National Park forms part of a crucial trans-state tiger corridor landscape.

  • Location: Border region of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.
  • Landscape Link: Corridor between Bandhavgarh and Palamau reserves.
  • Rivers: Banas, Gopad, Mawai, and Mahan rivers.
  • Vegetation: Dry deciduous sal and bamboo forests.
  • Fauna: Tiger, leopard, sambar, nilgai, monitor lizard.

Satpura National Park

Satpura National Park is known for rugged terrain and diverse wildlife experiences.

  • Location: Narmadapuram district in Satpura Range.
  • Topography: Sandstone peaks, ravines, and plateaus.
  • Highest Point: Dhoopgarh peak at 1,350 metres.
  • Vegetation: Sal, teak, mahua, tendu forests.
  • Fauna: Tiger, leopard, chital, blackbuck, muntjac.

Van Vihar National Park

Van Vihar is a unique urban national park combining conservation and education.

  • Location: Bhopal city, Madhya Pradesh.
  • Management: Operated as a zoological park with natural enclosures.
  • Purpose: Wildlife conservation within urban ecosystem.
  • Captive Fauna: Tiger, Asiatic lion, gharial, blackbuck.
  • Public Role: Environmental awareness and biodiversity education.

Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh is India’s leading tiger state, hosting the highest tiger population nationally. Tiger reserves here protect large forest landscapes under Project Tiger, ensuring habitat connectivity, prey availability, and genetic diversity. These reserves integrate core zones with buffer areas to balance conservation and livelihoods. MP’s tiger reserves play a critical role in national tiger recovery, landscape-level planning, and eco-tourism-driven conservation funding.

Tiger Reserves in Madhya Pradesh List

Madhya Pradesh has nine officially notified tiger reserves forming India’s core tiger conservation network.

  • Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve: Highest tiger density globally recorded.
  • Kanha Tiger Reserve: Largest tiger reserve in central India.
  • Pench Tiger Reserve: Inter-state tiger landscape with Maharashtra.
  • Panna Tiger Reserve: Successful tiger reintroduction model.
  • Satpura Tiger Reserve: Rugged terrain supporting viable tiger population.
  • Sanjay-Dubri Tiger Reserve: Corridor-linked reserve between MP and Chhattisgarh.
  • Madhav Tiger Reserve: Landscape-level tiger conservation zone.
  • Ratapani Tiger Reserve: Proposed reserve with NTCA approval.
  • Durgavati Tiger Reserve: Newly notified reserve supporting future tiger dispersal.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Madhya Pradesh

Wildlife sanctuaries in Madhya Pradesh form the backbone of species-specific and habitat-based conservation. These sanctuaries protect grasslands, wetlands, riverine systems, forests, and migratory routes. They allow regulated human activity while focusing on endangered species recovery, ecological restoration, and scientific monitoring. Sanctuaries significantly support tigers, bustards, gharials, migratory birds, and fragile river ecosystems across the state.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Madhya Pradesh List

These sanctuaries represent ecological diversity and targeted species conservation across Madhya Pradesh.

  • Bagdara Wildlife Sanctuary: Dry deciduous forests near Son River basin supporting large mammals.
  • Bori Wildlife Sanctuary: Oldest reserve forming Pachmarhi Biosphere core zone.
  • Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary: Chambal riverine sanctuary protecting mugger crocodiles.
  • Ghatigaon Wildlife Sanctuary: Critical grassland habitat for Great Indian Bustard.
  • Karera Wildlife Sanctuary: Bustard conservation landscape with blackbuck populations.
  • Ken Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary: Captive breeding and release of gharials.
  • Kheoni Wildlife Sanctuary: Corridor-linked sanctuary with tiger movement evidence.
  • Narsinghgarh Wildlife Sanctuary: Malwa plateau forests rich in bird diversity.
  • National Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary: Tri-state gharial and river dolphin sanctuary.
  • Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary: Largest sanctuary spanning Yamuna and Narmada basins.
  • Orchha Wildlife Sanctuary: River island sanctuary along Betwa River.
  • Pachmarhi Wildlife Sanctuary: High-altitude forest sanctuary within biosphere reserve.
  • Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary: Cheetah reintroduction and future Asiatic lion site.
  • Panpatha Wildlife Sanctuary: Buffer to Bandhavgarh supporting dispersing tigers.
  • Phen Wildlife Sanctuary: Buffer zone of Kanha tiger landscape.
  • Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary: Proposed tiger reserve with cultural heritage sites.
  • Sailana Wildlife Sanctuary: Lesser florican habitat with grassland ecosystems.
  • Sardarpur Wildlife Sanctuary: Lesser florican conservation based on Salim Ali’s recommendations.
  • Singhori Wildlife Sanctuary: Contiguous forest linking Ratapani and Satpura landscapes.
  • Son Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary: Riverine sanctuary protecting gharials and marsh crocodiles.
  • Ralamandal Wildlife Sanctuary: Urban fringe sanctuary near Indore.
  • Veerangna Durgavati Wildlife Sanctuary: Vindhyan sanctuary with mixed fauna.
  • Panna Gangau Wildlife Sanctuary: Part of integrated Panna tiger landscape.
  • Pench Sanctuary Wildlife Sanctuary: Buffer supporting Pench tiger population.
  • Sanjay Dubri Wildlife Sanctuary: Corridor sanctuary enabling inter-state tiger movement.

Ramsar Sites in Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh hosts internationally recognised wetlands conserving freshwater biodiversity.

  • Bhoj Wetland: Twin lakes supporting migratory waterbirds since 2002 Ramsar listing.
  • Sakhya Sagar: Artificial lake with mugger crocodile populations.
  • Sirpur Lake: Urban wetland recognised as Important Bird Area.
  • Yashwant Sagar: Sarus crane stronghold in Indore district.

Tawa Reservoir: Large freshwater reservoir supporting aquatic biodiversity.

Also Check
National Parks in Uttar Pradesh National Parks in Bihar
National Parks in Assam National Parks in Uttarakhand
National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Madhya Pradesh FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Madhya Pradesh?

Ans: Madhya Pradesh has 11 National Parks, protecting forests, grasslands, wetlands, fossils, and endangered wildlife.

Q2: Why is Madhya Pradesh called the Tiger State of India?

Ans: It has the highest tiger population in the country and the largest number of tiger reserves.

Q3: What is the main difference between a National Park and a Wildlife Sanctuary?

Ans: National Parks have stricter protection, while Wildlife Sanctuaries allow limited human activities under regulation.

Q4: Which National Park in Madhya Pradesh is famous for barasingha conservation?

Ans: Kanha National Park is globally known for saving the hard-ground barasingha from extinction.

Q5: How do Ramsar sites help conservation in Madhya Pradesh?

Ans: They protect important wetlands, migratory birds, freshwater biodiversity, and support local water ecosystems.

National Parks in Chhattisgarh, Map, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Ramsar Sites

December 27, 2025
National Parks in Chhattisgarh

A National Park in Chhattisgarh is a protected natural area where forests, wildlife, rivers, and landscapes are conserved by law to prevent damage and ensure long term ecological balance within the State. Other protected areas include Wildlife Sanctuaries, Tiger Reserves, and Biosphere Reserves, which allow varying degrees of human activity. Together, these areas safeguard forests, rivers, flora-fauna, and endangered species while supporting scientific research, climate resilience, and sustainable livelihoods for forest-dependent communities.

Protected Areas in Chhattisgarh

Chhattisgarh has an extensive protected area network conserving Central India’s forests, rivers, wildlife corridors, and endangered species.

  1. National Parks: Legally protected core conservation zones with strict ecological safeguards.
  2. Tiger Reserves: Landscapes managed for tiger conservation and prey population recovery.
  3. Wildlife Sanctuaries: Areas allowing limited human use while protecting wildlife habitats.
  4. Biosphere Reserves: Large ecological regions balancing conservation, research, and livelihoods.
  5. Ramsar Wetlands: Internationally recognized wetlands important for biodiversity and water security.

National Parks in Chhattisgarh

[my_image src="https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/National-Parks-in-Chhattisgarh-Map.webp" size="full" align="none" width="auto" height="464px" alt="National Parks in Chhattisgarh Map" title="National Parks in Chhattisgarh Map"]

Chhattisgarh has three National Parks in India that represent diverse forest types, river systems, and wildlife assemblages of Central India. These parks protect dry and moist deciduous forests dominated by sal, teak, and bamboo. They are ecologically significant for conserving endangered species like wild water buffalo and tigers while maintaining wildlife corridors connecting Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Odisha, and Maharashtra. Rivers flowing through these parks support regional hydrology and biodiversity. Together, these national parks form the ecological backbone of Chhattisgarh’s conservation landscape.

Sanjay (Guru Ghasidas) National Park

Sanjay National Park, officially known as Guru Ghasidas National Park, lies across Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh within the Narmada Valley ecosystem.

  1. Location: Situated near Ambikapur, Manendragarh, and Chirimiri in northern Chhattisgarh.
  2. Establishment: Notified as a national park in 1981 for large-scale forest conservation.
  3. Landscape: Part of the Narmada Valley with undulating terrain and dry deciduous forests.
  4. Vegetation: Dominated by sal and bamboo forests supporting diverse herbivore populations.
  5. Fauna: Home to tigers, leopards, sambar, chital, nilgai, chinkara, wild boar, monitor lizards.
  6. Rivers: Drained by Banas, Gopad, Mawai, Mahan, Kodmar, and Umrari rivers.
  7. Historical Significance: Last known Indian habitat of the Asiatic cheetah.
  8. Connectivity: Forms a vital corridor linking Bandhavgarh and Palamau Tiger Reserves.

Indravati National Park

Indravati National Park is located in southern Chhattisgarh and is one of the most biodiversity-rich forest landscapes in India.

  1. Location: Situated in Bijapur district, bordering Odisha and Telangana forest regions.
  2. River Boundary: Named after the Indravati River forming its northern boundary.
  3. Vegetation: Tropical moist and dry deciduous forests with bamboo, sal, and teak.
  4. Flagship Species: Supports one of India’s last wild water buffalo populations.
  5. Mammals: Tigers, gaur, blackbuck, chausingha, sambar, chital, Indian muntjac.
  6. Birdlife: Habitat of Bastar hill myna, the state bird of Chhattisgarh.
  7. Reptiles: Presence of freshwater crocodiles in riverine ecosystems.

Kanger Valley National Park

Kanger Valley National Park, also called Kanger Ghati National Park, represents unique limestone landscapes and dense forests.

  1. Location: Located in the Bastar region near Jagdalpur town.
  2. River System: Named after the Kanger River flowing through the park.
  3. Geology: Known for limestone caves such as Kotumsar Caves.
  4. Extent: Stretches from Tirathgarh Waterfalls to the Kolab River near Odisha border.
  5. Vegetation: Rich sal, teak, and bamboo forests.
  6. Mammals: Tigers, leopards, sloth bears, mouse deer, sambar, barking deer.
  7. Birdlife: Hill myna, spotted owlet, and steppe eagles recorded.
  8. Reptiles: Freshwater crocodiles inhabit perennial river stretches.

Tiger Reserves in Chhattisgarh

Chhattisgarh has four notified tiger reserves forming a critical part of the Central Indian tiger landscape, ensuring habitat connectivity and genetic flow. There are total 4 Tiger Reserves in Chhattisgarh as of 2025:

  • Achanakmar Tiger Reserve
  • Indravati Tiger Reserve
  • Udanti-Sitanadi Tiger Reserve
  • Sanjay-Dubri Tiger Reserve

Indravati Tiger Reserve

Indravati Tiger Reserve protects dense forests and riverine habitats crucial for endangered wildlife.

  1. Location: Situated in Bijapur district of southern Chhattisgarh.
  2. River System: Indravati River defines its northern ecological boundary.
  3. Vegetation: Tropical moist and dry deciduous forests.
  4. Key Species: Tigers, wild water buffalo, gaur, chital, sambar.
  5. Avifauna: Bastar hill myna widely recorded across forest tracts.

Udanti-Sitanadi Tiger Reserve

Udanti-Sitanadi Tiger Reserve represents a unique merged conservation landscape in central Chhattisgarh.

  1. Formation: Created during 2008-09 by combining Udanti and Sitanadi sanctuaries.
  2. Location: Lies in Gariaband district of Chhattisgarh.
  3. River Systems: Sitanadi and Udanti rivers feed forest ecosystems.
  4. Vegetation: Tropical dry deciduous mixed forests dominated by sal.
  5. Wildlife: Tigers, wild water buffalo, chital, sambar, chausingha.

Sanjay-Dubri Tiger Reserve Tiger Reserve

Sanjay-Dubri Tiger Reserve forms a transboundary conservation corridor in Central India.

  1. Composition: Includes Sanjay National Park and Dubri Wildlife Sanctuary.
  2. Location: Spreads across Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh.
  3. Connectivity: Links Bandhavgarh and Palamau tiger landscapes.
  4. Vegetation: Dry deciduous forests with sal and bamboo dominance.
  5. Fauna: Tigers, leopards, nilgai, sambar, chinkara.

Achanakmar Tiger Reserve

Achanakmar Tiger Reserve is a biologically rich forested plateau supporting multiple river systems. 

  1. Location: Lies across Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh.
  2. Biosphere Status: Part of Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve.
  3. Topography: Bauxite-rich soils of the Amarkantak plateau.
  4. Hydrology: Maniyari River flows centrally, sustaining forest life.
  5. Rivers Origin: Source of Narmada, Son, and Johilla rivers.
  6. Vegetation: Dry deciduous forests with sal and bamboo.
  7. Fauna: Tigers, leopards, gaur, chital, blackbuck, chinkara.
  8. Connectivity: Linked to Kanha Tiger Reserve via Kanha-Achanakmar Corridor.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Chhattisgarh

Chhattisgarh hosts a wide network of wildlife sanctuaries conserving forests, grasslands, riverine ecosystems, and wildlife corridors. These sanctuaries play a vital role in protecting endangered species, supporting elephant and tiger movements, and preserving ecological connectivity across Central India. Many sanctuaries safeguard important rivers, originate tributaries, and maintain forest-based livelihoods. They complement national parks and tiger reserves by acting as buffer zones and stepping-stone habitats crucial for long-term biodiversity conservation.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Chhattisgarh List

Chhattisgarh’s major wildlife sanctuaries protect varied landscapes from hills to river valleys.

  • Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary: Part of biosphere reserve with sal forests and tiger movement corridors.
  • Badalkhol Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in Ramgarh Hills, acting as tiger corridor to Palamau.
  • Barnawapara Wildlife Sanctuary: Bounded by Mahanadi and Jonk rivers with dry deciduous forests.
  • Bhairamgarh Wildlife Sanctuary: Separated from Indravati National Park by the Indravati River.
  • Bhoramdev Wildlife Sanctuary: Maikal Hills corridor between Kanha and Achanakmar reserves.
  • Gomardha Wildlife Sanctuary: Located near Sarangarh, conserving regional forest biodiversity.
  • Pamed Wildlife Sanctuary: Established to protect wild buffalo in Dantewada district.
  • Semarsot Wildlife Sanctuary: Ramgarh Hills sanctuary sharing border with Bihar.
  • Sitanadi Wildlife Sanctuary: Named after Sitanadi River, supporting tiger habitats.
  • Tamor Pingla Wildlife Sanctuary: Part of Surguja-Jashpur elephant reserve landscape.
  • Udanti Wildlife Sanctuary: Critical habitat for endangered wild water buffalo.

Ramsar Site in Chhattisgarh

Kopra Reservoir is Chhattisgarh’s first Ramsar-recognized wetland, highlighting its international ecological importance.

  • Location: Situated in Baloda Bazar-Bhatapara and Bilaspur region.
  • Wetland Type: Freshwater reservoir developed from irrigation infrastructure.
  • Bird Diversity: Recorded 161 bird species including 58 migratory species.
  • Threatened Birds: Egyptian vulture endangered; woolly-necked stork vulnerable.
  • Vegetation: Aquatic plants like Ipomea and Cyperaceae support food chains.
  • Ecological Role: Enhances water security, biodiversity protection, and climate resilience.
Also Check
National Parks in Uttar Pradesh National Parks in Bihar
National Parks in Assam National Parks in Uttarakhand
National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Chhattisgarh FAQs

Q1: How many national parks are there in Chhattisgarh?

Ans: Chhattisgarh has three national parks: Guru Ghasidas (Sanjay), Indravati, and Kanger Valley National Park.

Q2: Which is the largest national park in Chhattisgarh?

Ans: Guru Ghasidas National Park, earlier known as Sanjay National Park, is the largest national park in the state.

Q3: Which national park in Chhattisgarh is famous for wild water buffalo?

Ans: Indravati National Park is well known for protecting one of the last remaining populations of wild water buffalo in India.

Q4: Which national park of Chhattisgarh has limestone caves?

Ans: Kanger Valley National Park is famous for its limestone caves such as the Kotumsar Caves.

Q5: Which rivers flow through national parks in Chhattisgarh?

Ans: Major rivers include the Indravati River, Kanger River, and tributaries like Banas, Gopad, and Mawai flowing through different parks.

National Parks in Rajasthan, Map, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Tiger Reserves

December 27, 2025
Default Image

National Parks in Rajasthan are legally defined regions created to conserve ecosystems, wildlife species, and natural processes over the long term. According to the IUCN, protected areas are managed geographical spaces dedicated to biodiversity conservation with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. National Parks in India specifically focus on preserving large-scale ecological processes, native flora and fauna, and natural landscapes while supporting education, research, recreation, and eco-tourism in an environmentally responsible manner.

Protected Areas in Rajasthan

Rajasthan has an extensive protected area network conserving desert, Aravalli, wetland, and plateau ecosystems. These areas include: National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Tiger Reserves, Ramsar Sites, etc.

  • Forest Area Coverage: Rajasthan has 32,639 sq km forest area, about 9.54% of its geography.
  • Protected Area Network: Includes tiger reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and Ramsar wetlands.
  • Ecological Importance: Protects desert fauna, Aravalli biodiversity, wetlands, and riverine ecosystems.
  • Conservation Challenge: Low per capita forest cover of only 0.02 hectares highlights ecological stress.

National Parks in Rajasthan

Rajasthan has three officially notified National Parks covering about 510.31 sq km. These parks conserve diverse ecosystems ranging from wetlands and dry deciduous forests to rocky plateaus. They play a crucial role in protecting flagship species like Bengal tiger, migratory birds, and grassland fauna. Despite low overall forest cover in the state, these National Parks act as biodiversity hotspots, support eco-tourism, and contribute significantly to wildlife research, habitat restoration, and long-term ecological stability in arid and semi-arid landscapes.

[my_image src="https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/National-Parks-in-Rajasthan-map-2.webp" size="full" align="none" width="auto" height="490px" alt="National Parks in Rajasthan map" title="National Parks in Rajasthan map (2)"]

Keoladeo Ghana National Park

Keoladeo Ghana National Park in Bharatpur is a globally significant wetland ecosystem and UNESCO World Heritage Site.

  • Location and Area: Situated in Bharatpur district, spread over 28.73 sq km.
  • Wetland Nature: Artificial freshwater marshes flooded during monsoon support aquatic biodiversity.
  • Bird Diversity: Hosts thousands of migratory birds including Siberian crane and sarus crane.
  • Vegetation Type: Tropical dry deciduous forest, grasslands, and marsh vegetation.
  • Conservation Status: Declared Ramsar Site and placed on Montreux Record due to ecological stress.

Mukundra Hills National Park

Mukundra Hills National Park is a critical dry deciduous forest and grassland ecosystem in southeastern Rajasthan.

  • Location and Area: Located in Kota and Chittorgarh districts covering 199.55 sq km.
  • Earlier Status: Formerly part of Darrah Wildlife Sanctuary complex.
  • Habitat Type: Dry deciduous forests and open grasslands of Kathiawar-Gir ecoregion.
  • Major Fauna: Bengal tiger, leopard, sloth bear, chital, sambar, and Indian wolf.
  • Ecological Role: Important corridor linking tiger landscapes of southeastern Rajasthan.

Desert National Park

Desert National Park represents one of the finest examples of Thar Desert ecology in India.

  • Location and Area: Spread across Jaisalmer and Barmer districts, covering 3,162 sq km.
  • Landscape Type: Sand dunes, rocky terrain, thorn scrub, and grassland patches.
  • Flora Composition: Dominated by sewan grass and hardy desert shrubs like aak.
  • Flagship Species: Critically endangered Great Indian Bustard and desert fox.
  • Conservation Value: One of the largest arid zone protected areas in the country.

Ranthambhore National Park

Ranthambhore National Park is among India’s most renowned tiger habitats located in eastern Rajasthan.

  • Location and Area: Situated in Sawai Madhopur district, covering 282.03 sq km.
  • River Boundaries: Bounded by Banas River in north and Chambal River in south.
  • Vegetation Type: Dry deciduous forest interspersed with grasslands and lakes.
  • Major Fauna: Bengal tiger, leopard, nilgai, sambar, and mugger crocodile.
  • Conservation Issues: Faces challenges of overcrowding, habitat fragmentation, and human conflict.

Sariska National Park

Sariska National Park lies in the Aravalli hills and forms a critical tiger landscape in Rajasthan.

  • Location and Area: Located in Alwar district with forested hills and valleys.
  • Ecoregion: Part of Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forest zone.
  • Vegetation: Arid forest, scrub-thorn woodland, and grassland ecosystems.
  • Wildlife Diversity: Bengal tiger, leopard, jackal, chital, sambar, and rhesus macaque.
  • Conservation History: Tiger population revived after reintroduction program in 2008.

Tiger Reserves in Rajasthan

Rajasthan has five notified tiger reserves covering about 5,980.88 sq km, strengthening landscape-level conservation.

  1. Ranthambore Tiger Reserve: Oldest reserve with high tiger density and tourism pressure.
  2. Sariska Tiger Reserve: Aravalli based reserve revived through tiger relocation program.
  3. Mukundara Hills Tiger Reserve: Newly established reserve supporting tiger dispersal corridors.
  4. Ramgarh Vishdhari Tiger Reserve: Acts as buffer and corridor between Ranthambore and Mukundara.
  5. Dholpur-Karauli Tiger Reserve: Riverine Chambal landscape enhancing eastern Rajasthan connectivity.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Rajasthan

Rajasthan has a vast number of wildlife sanctuaries covering about 9,145.13 sq km, conserving diverse habitats. The major Wildlife Sanctuaries in Rajasthan has been listed here:

  1. Sariska Sanctuary: Aravalli forests supporting large mammals and avifauna.
  2. Darrah Sanctuary: Rocky plateau and forest habitat near Kota.
  3. Van Vihar Sanctuary: Small forest patch in Dholpur district.
  4. Jaisamand Sanctuary: Surrounds Dhebar Lake, one of India’s largest artificial lakes.
  5. Mount Abu Sanctuary: Highest biodiversity zone of Aravallis with altitude variation.
  6. Kumbhalgarh Sanctuary: Extensive Aravalli forest supporting wolves and leopards.
  7. Tal Chhapar Sanctuary: Grassland sanctuary famous for blackbuck conservation.
  8. Sitamata Sanctuary: Southern Rajasthan forest once considered for Asiatic lion.
  9. National Chambal Sanctuary: Riverine habitat protecting gharial and dolphins.
  10. Nahargarh Sanctuary: Forest near Jaipur city acting as urban green buffer.
  11. Jamwa Ramgarh Sanctuary: Man-made lake ecosystem near Jaipur.
  12. Jawahar Sagar Sanctuary: Chambal river dam ecosystem with crocodilian fauna.
  13. Desert National Park Sanctuary: Arid grassland protecting desert species.
  14. Ramgarh Vishdhari Sanctuary: Recently upgraded and linked with tiger corridors.
  15. Bhensrodgarh Sanctuary: Chambal riverine forest near Rana Pratap Sagar Dam.
  16. Kailadevi Sanctuary: Extension of Ranthambore forest landscape.
  17. Shergarh Sanctuary: Eastern Rajasthan forest adjoining Mukundara Hills.
  18. Todgarh Raoli Sanctuary: Aravalli forest stretch across multiple districts.
  19. Phulwari Ki Nal Sanctuary: Southern Aravalli hills near Gujarat border.
  20. Sawai Madhopur Sanctuary: Peripheral forest of Ranthambore Tiger Reserve.
  21. Sawai Man Singh Sanctuary: Buffer zone supporting Ranthambore wildlife movement.
  22. Band Baretha Sanctuary: Surrounds Baretha Dam supporting wetland biodiversity.
  23. Sajjangarh Sanctuary: Small hill sanctuary near Udaipur city.
  24. Bassi Sanctuary: Forest west of Mukundara Tiger Reserve.
  25. Ramsagar Sanctuary: Wetland ecosystem in Dholpur district.
  26. Kesarbagh Sanctuary: Small protected forest patch in Dholpur region.

Ramsar Site in Rajasthan

Rajasthan has four Ramsar-designated wetlands of international importance supporting migratory birds.

  1. Khichan Wetland: Famous wintering site for thousands of Demoiselle cranes.
  2. Menar Wetland: Community-conserved bird village near Udaipur.
  3. Keoladeo Wetland: Artificial marsh complex supporting global waterbird populations.
  4. Sambhar Lake: India’s largest inland saltwater lake and flamingo habitat.
Also Check
National Parks in Uttar Pradesh National Parks in Bihar
National Parks in Assam National Parks in Uttarakhand
National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Rajasthan FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Rajasthan?

Ans: Rajasthan has five National Parks, including Ranthambhore, Keoladeo Ghana, Mukundra Hills National Park, etc.

Q2: Which National Park in Rajasthan is a UNESCO World Heritage Site?

Ans: Keoladeo Ghana National Park in Bharatpur is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and Ramsar Site.

Q3: Which National Park is famous for tigers in Rajasthan?

Ans: Ranthambhore National Park is most famous for its Bengal tiger population and tiger safaris.

Q4: Which National Park represents the desert ecosystem in Rajasthan?

Ans: Desert National Park represents Thar Desert ecology and protects the Great Indian Bustard.

Q5: How many Tiger Reserves are there in Rajasthan?

Ans: Rajasthan has five Tiger Reserves including Ranthambore, Sariska, Mukundra Hills, Ramgarh Vishdhari, and Dholpur Karauli.

National Parks in Karnataka, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Ramsar Sites

December 27, 2025
National Parks in Karnataka

Karnataka, located in southern India, is home to five prominent national parks: Bandipur, Nagarhole, Anshi, Bannerghatta, and Kudremukh. Each park features distinct ecosystems, from dense forests to rich wildlife habitats, playing a crucial role in biodiversity conservation and maintaining the ecological balance of the region. The detailed description of all the five National Parks in Karnataka along with wildlife sanctuaries and Ramsar sites is discussed below.

5 National Parks in Karnataka

Karnataka is home to five well-known national parks that showcase the state’s ecological diversity and natural heritage. From the dense forests of the Western Ghats to dry deciduous landscapes, these parks support a wide range of flora and fauna. They are crucial for protecting endangered species and promoting sustainable wildlife conservation. The details about 5 National Parks in Karnataka have been shared below.

[my_image src="https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/National-Parks-in-Karnataka-Map.webp" size="full" align="none" width="auto" height="399px" alt="National Parks in Karnataka" title="National Parks in Karnataka Map"]

1. Anshi National Park and Dandeli-Anshi (Kali) Tiger Reserve

Anshi National Park, located in the Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka, lies along the banks of the Kali River in the Western Ghats. It is part of the Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary and together they were declared a Project Tiger Tiger Reserve, now renamed as Kali Tiger Reserve.

  • Vegetation: Deciduous forest and montane rainforest.
  • Major Flora: Cinnamon, bamboo, eucalyptus.
  • Major Fauna: Bengal tiger (EN), elephants (EN), black panther (VU), wild boars, bonnet macaque, Malabar civet, Malabar giant squirrel.
  • Major Avifauna: Adjutant stork, great hornbill.

The reserve plays a significant role in preserving endangered species and supporting ecological connectivity in the Western Ghats.

2. Bandipur National Park and Tiger Reserve

Bandipur National Park is located in Chamarajnagar district of Karnataka and was established as a tiger reserve under Project Tiger in 1973. It forms part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, along with Nagarhole National Park, Mudumalai National Park (Tamil Nadu), and Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (Kerala).

  • Vegetation: Dry and moist deciduous forests with shrubs.
  • Major Flora: Teak, rosewood, sandalwood, clumping bamboo, Indian laurel, kadam tree.
  • Major Fauna: Tigers, Indian elephants, gaurs, sloth bears, chausinghas, dholes, chital, sambar, gray langurs.
  • Threats: Wildlife fatalities due to speeding vehicles, habitat fragmentation, deforestation, invasive species (Lantana, Parthenium), and disease transmission from cattle.

3. Bannerghatta National Park

Located near Bangalore, Bannerghatta National Park is an important part of an elephant wildlife corridor connecting Biligirirangana Hills and Sathyamangalam forests.

  • Vegetation: Moist deciduous forest and scrubland.
  • Major Flora: Sandalwood, bamboo, eucalyptus.
  • Major Fauna: Elephants, Bengal tiger, leopard, gaur, sloth bear, Indian gazelle, spotted deer, bonnet macaque.
  • Major Avifauna: Flamingo, pelican.
  • Threats: Illegal granite mining near critical elephant corridors.

4. Kudremukh National Park

Kudremukh National Park, in Chikkamagaluru district, derives its name from Kudremukh Peak (1,892 m), which resembles a horse’s face. The Tunga and Bhadra Rivers flow through the park.

  • Vegetation: Semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests, shola grasslands.
  • Major Fauna: Malabar civets, lion-tailed macaques (EN), Malabar giant squirrels, chevrotain, bonnet macaque.
  • Threats: Iron ore mining, tourism, and construction activities.

5. Nagarahole (Rajiv Gandhi) National Park and Tiger Reserve

Located in the foothills of the Western Ghats, Nagarahole is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. The Nagarahole River joins the Kabini River, which separates Nagarahole from Bandipur National Park.

  • Vegetation: Moist and dry deciduous forests, bamboo, swamp forests.
  • Major Flora: Teak, rosewood, sandalwood, silver oak.
  • Major Fauna: Bengal tiger, leopard, Indian elephant, gaur, chital, chausingha, marsh crocodile.
  • Special Notes: The park is home to the indigenous Jenu Kuruba tribe. Rare black panther sightings have been documented.
  • Threats: Tourism, forest fragmentation, poaching.

Also Read: National Parks in India

Wildlife Sanctuaries of Karnataka

Karnataka is home to numerous wildlife sanctuaries that protect a wide range of flora and fauna across diverse habitats, including forests, grasslands, and riverine ecosystems. These sanctuaries play a vital role in conserving endangered species and supporting ecological balance. They also serve as important sites for research, eco-tourism, and environmental education.

Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary

Located in Belgaum district, near Jamboti Village, it is contiguous with Madei, Bhagwan Mahaveer, Mollem National Park, and Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary.

  • Unique Feature: Barapede caves, breeding site of Wroughton’s free-tailed bat.

Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary

In Kodagu district, it is contiguous with Kerala’s Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary.

  • Major Fauna: Lion-tailed macaque (EN), Malabar giant squirrel, Nilgiri marten.

Bukkapatna Wildlife Sanctuary

Located in Sira Taluk, Tumakuru district.

  • Specialty: Second chinkara sanctuary in Karnataka, also houses four-horned and blackbuck antelopes.

Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary

Spans Mandya, Chamarajanagar, and Ramanagar districts.

  • Fauna: Tigers, elephants, Malabar giant squirrels, grizzled giant squirrels, mugger crocodiles.

Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary

Located in Ballari district, Asia’s first sloth bear sanctuary.

Gudekote Sloth Bear Wildlife Sanctuary

South of Daroji, protects sloth bears and includes prehistoric sites, rock paintings, and temples.

Other Sanctuaries

  • Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary: Largest bird sanctuary in Karnataka; migratory birds from Siberia and Latin America.
  • Ramadevara Betta Vulture Sanctuary: India’s first vulture sanctuary; houses critically endangered species.
  • Sharavathi Valley Wildlife Sanctuary: Encompasses Jog Falls and Linganamakki Reservoir.
  • Yadahalli Chinkara Sanctuary: Protects Indian gazelle; first chinkara sanctuary in Karnataka.
  • Adichunchanagiri Peacock Sanctuary: Focus on peacock conservation.
  • Melkote Temple Wildlife Sanctuary: Protects Grey Wolf habitat.

Ramsar Sites of Karnataka

Karnataka is home to four Ramsar Sites, wetlands of international importance, that play a crucial role in conserving the state’s aquatic ecosystems. These include Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary, Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve, Magadi Kere Conservation Reserve, and Aghanashini Estuary.

The Four Ramsar Sites of Karnataka:

  1. Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary: Situated near Srirangapatna on the Kaveri River, it is known as Karnataka’s ‘Pakshi Kashi’ due to its rich bird diversity and was the state’s first Ramsar site.
  2. Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve: A human-made irrigation tank in Vijayanagara district, it supports biodiversity including species like Painted Storks and Black-headed Ibises.
  3. Magadi Kere Conservation Reserve: Located near Gadag, this human-made wetland is an important wintering ground for migratory waterfowl such as the Bar-headed Goose.
  4. Aghanashini Estuary: Where the Aghanashini River meets the Arabian Sea, this estuarine system is rich in mangroves and supports a variety of fish and bird species.
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National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Karnataka FAQs

Q1: How many national parks are there in Karnataka?

Ans: Karnataka has five national parks: Bandipur, Nagarhole, Anshi, Bannerghatta, and Kudremukh.

Q2: Which is the largest national park in Karnataka?

Ans: Bandipur National Park is the largest, covering about 874 km², and is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.

Q3: Which national park is famous for tigers in Karnataka?

Ans: Both Bandipur and Nagarhole National Parks are renowned for their tiger populations and are designated Project Tiger reserves.

Q4: What is special about Anshi National Park?

Ans: Anshi National Park, part of the Kali Tiger Reserve, is known for its dense Western Ghats rainforest, endangered Bengal tigers, elephants, and rare black panthers.

Q5: Can visitors go on safaris in Karnataka’s national parks?

Ans: Yes, parks like Bandipur, Nagarhole, and Bannerghatta offer safari tours for wildlife observation, with guidelines to ensure minimal disturbance to animals.

National Parks in Tripura, Map, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Ramsar Site

December 27, 2025
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Tripura are legally notified regions created to conserve wildlife, forests, and natural ecosystems of high ecological value. Under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, National Parks allow almost no human activity, while Wildlife Sanctuaries permit limited regulated use. There are currently 107 National Parks in India covering 44,402.95 square kilometres and 574 Wildlife Sanctuaries covering 127,241.24 square kilometres, together forming the backbone of biodiversity conservation. These areas protect threatened species, maintain ecological balance, conserve river systems, and safeguard unique landscapes for future generations.

Protected Areas in Tripura

Tripura has a compact yet ecologically rich protected area network supporting Indo-Burmese biodiversity.

  • Legal Framework: Protected under Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 for biodiversity conservation.
  • Ecological Zone: Part of Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot with high species endemism.
  • Coverage Type: Includes National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Ramsar wetland site.
  • Habitat Diversity: Tropical semi-evergreen forests, bamboo brakes, wetlands, and riverine systems.
  • Conservation Focus: Protection of threatened mammals, primates, reptiles, and freshwater ecosystems.

National Parks in Tripura

Tripura has two National Parks, both embedded within larger Wildlife Sanctuaries, ensuring landscape-level conservation. These parks are unique because they were carved out of pre-existing sanctuaries to give stronger legal protection to ecologically sensitive core zones. The parks safeguard rare mammals like the Indian Gaur and Clouded Leopard, preserve tropical semi-evergreen forests, and protect river-fed ecosystems linked to the Gumti River system. Their strategic location between sanctuaries and wetlands ensures habitat connectivity, species movement, and long-term ecological stability within a small northeastern state with high forest dependence.

[my_image src="https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/National-Parks-in-Tripura-Map.webp" size="full" align="none" width="auto" height="679px" alt="National Parks in Tripura Map" title="National Parks in Tripura Map"]

Bison National Park

Bison National Park, also known as Rajbari National Park, lies within the Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary and focuses on megafauna conservation.

  • Location: Situated inside Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary in southern Tripura.
  • Primary Objective: Established to restore natural habitat of Indian Gaur (Vulnerable).
  • Vegetation Type: Tropical semi-evergreen forests mixed with savannah grasslands and bamboo.
  • Key Mammals: Indian Gaur, multiple deer species, and Golden Langur populations.
  • Ecological Link: Separated from Sipahijola Sanctuary by Gumti River natural boundary.
  • Landscape Role: Forms southern forest corridor connecting riverine and forest ecosystems.

Clouded Leopard National Park

Clouded Leopard National Park is carved from Sipahijola Wildlife Sanctuary and emphasizes carnivore conservation.

  • Administrative Location: Lies within Sipahijola Wildlife Sanctuary of Tripura.
  • Year of Establishment: Declared a National Park in 2007.
  • Flagship Species: Clouded Leopard listed as Vulnerable globally.
  • Water Source: Gumti River acts as primary perennial water system.
  • Habitat Features: Woodland ecosystem with artificial lake and zoological gardens.
  • Conservation Value: Protects forest predators and prey species simultaneously.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Tripura

There are 4 Wildlife Sanctuaries in Tripura as detailed below:

  1. Sepahijala Wildlife Sanctuary: Located south of Agartala, it is a forested area famous for Clouded Leopard conservation and houses Clouded Leopard National Park, botanical gardens, artificial lake, and zoological diversity supporting long-term environmental education and tourism.
  2. Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary: Established primarily to restore Indian Gaur habitat, it supports threatened primates like Hoolock Gibbon (Endangered), Golden Langur (Endangered), and Capped Langur (Vulnerable), making it Tripura’s most faunally diverse sanctuary.
  3. Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in southeastern Tripura, named after the Gumti River, and ecologically linked with Dumbur Lake or Gumti Reservoir, forming an important river-wetland-forest continuum supporting aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity.
  4. Rowa Wildlife Sanctuary: Situated in Panisagar subdivision of North Tripura district, it is one of the smallest sanctuaries in India, crucial for protecting lowland forest patches and acting as a biodiversity refuge amid expanding human settlements.

Ramsar Site in Tripura (Rudrasagar Lake)

Rudrasagar Lake is Tripura’s only Ramsar Site and a vital wetland ecosystem with cultural importance. The key features of the Rudrasagar Lake have been highlighted below:

  • Geographical Location: Located in Melaghar Block, Sonamura subdivision, Sipahijala district.
  • Historical Origin: Artificial lake built by Ahom King Lakshmi Singha honoring King Rudra Singha.
  • Alternative Name: Also known as Twijilikma and functions as sedimentation reservoir.
  • Hydrological System: Fed by three perennial streams draining into the Gomti River.
  • Biodiversity Importance: Ideal habitat for critically endangered Three-Striped Roof Turtle.
  • Cultural Value: Major tourist attraction during Vijaya Dashami festival season.
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National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Tripura FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Tripura?

Ans: Tripura has two National Parks: Bison National Park and Clouded Leopard National Park, both carved from existing wildlife sanctuaries.

Q2: Where is Bison National Park located?

Ans: Bison National Park is located within Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary in southern Tripura, primarily created to protect Indian Gaur populations.

Q3: Which species is Clouded Leopard National Park famous for?

Ans: Clouded Leopard National Park is famous for conserving the Vulnerable clouded leopard within the forested Sipahijola Wildlife Sanctuary landscape.

Q4: Which river connects the major protected areas of Tripura?

Ans: The Gumti River separates Sipahijola and Trishna sanctuaries and supplies water to national parks and Rudrasagar Lake.

Q5: What is the Ramsar Site of Tripura?

Ans: Rudrasagar Lake is Tripura’s only Ramsar Site, known for wetland biodiversity, cultural importance, and habitat of endangered turtles.

National Parks in Maharashtra, Map, Wildlife Sanctuaries

December 27, 2025
National Parks in Maharashtra

National Parks in Maharashtra are legally protected natural areas created to conserve entire ecosystems, ecological processes, and native species in their natural setting. As per the IUCN definition, protected areas are clearly defined geographical spaces managed through legal or effective means to ensure long-term conservation of biodiversity, ecosystem services, and cultural values. These areas restrict human activities like hunting, mining, and large-scale forestry, while allowing regulated research, education, and eco-tourism that supports conservation objectives and community awareness.

Protected Areas in Maharashtra

Maharashtra has a diverse protected area network covering Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau, and Vidarbha forests.

  • National Parks: Strictly protected ecosystems conserving flora, fauna, and natural processes.
  • Wildlife Sanctuaries: Managed habitats allowing limited human activity under zonal regulations.
  • Tiger Reserves: Landscapes notified under Project Tiger for species-focused conservation.

National Parks in Maharashtra

Maharashtra hosts some of the most ecologically important National Parks in India, spread across tropical dry deciduous forests, moist deciduous Western Ghats, grasslands, wetlands, and urban forests. These parks protect flagship species such as the Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, gaur, sloth bear, and several endemic birds and reptiles. Many national parks also form core areas of tiger reserves, ensuring genetic continuity and prey base stability while safeguarding watersheds, river catchments, and climate-regulating forest systems.

[my_image src="https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/National-Parks-in-Maharashtra-map.webp" size="full" align="none" width="auto" height="469px" alt="National Parks in Maharashtra Map" title="National Parks in Maharashtra map"]

Chandoli National Park

Chandoli National Park lies in the Sahyadri Range and forms the core of Sahyadri Tiger Reserve.

  • Location: Western Ghats landscape across Sangli, Kolhapur, and Satara districts.
  • Reserve Status: Core area of Sahyadri Tiger Reserve with Koyna Sanctuary.
  • Vegetation: Moist deciduous forests with high rainfall gradients.
  • Fauna: Tiger, leopard, gaur, sloth bear, giant squirrel present.
  • Hydrology: Part of Krishna river basin catchment.

Gugamal National Park (Melghat)

Gugamal National Park forms the ecological heart of Melghat Tiger Reserve in Satpura ranges.

  • Location: Amravati region with Gawilgarh Hills boundary.
  • River System: Catchment for Khandu, Sipna, Dolar rivers.
  • Vegetation: Dry deciduous teak-dominated forest.
  • Fauna: Tiger, leopard, gaur, sloth bear, nilgai recorded.
  • Conservation Role: One of seven protected units of Melghat landscape.

Nawegaon National Park

Nawegaon National Park is renowned for avian diversity and seasonal wetlands.

  • Bird Diversity: Hosts nearly 60% of Maharashtra’s recorded bird species.
  • Wetland: Nawegaon Lake attracts migratory wintering birds.
  • Vegetation: Moist and dry deciduous forest mosaic.
  • Fauna: Tiger, leopard, gaur, flying squirrel present.
  • Landscape Link: Part of Navegaon-Nagzira Tiger Reserve complex.

Pench (Jawaharlal Nehru) National Park

Jawaharlal Nehru Pench National Park forms Maharashtra’s portion of Pench Tiger Reserve.

  • Interstate Reserve: Shared landscape between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.
  • Forest Type: Tropical dry deciduous teak forests.
  • Flora: Teak, segun, tendu dominate canopy.
  • Fauna: Tiger, leopard, gaur, four-horned antelope.
  • Hydrology: Pench River sustains prey-rich grasslands.

Sanjay Gandhi (Borivali) National Park

Sanjay Gandhi National Park is a rare protected forest within a megacity.

  • Urban Location: Situated entirely within Mumbai metropolitan region.
  • Cultural Heritage: Houses 2,400-year-old Kanheri Buddhist caves.
  • Vegetation: Mixed deciduous forest with kadamba dominance.
  • Fauna: Leopard, chital, macaque, flying fox recorded.
  • Ecological Value: Critical green lung and groundwater recharge zone.

Tadoba National Park

Tadoba National Park is Maharashtra’s oldest and most prominent tiger habitat.

  • Core Area: Central zone of Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve.
  • Wetlands: Tadoba Lake and Erai Reservoir support biodiversity.
  • Vegetation: Dry deciduous teak and bamboo forests.
  • Fauna: Tiger, gaur, dhole, marsh crocodile present.
  • Threats: Human settlements and seasonal forest fires.

Tiger Reserve in Maharashtra

Tiger reserves in Maharashtra were established under Project Tiger to protect the rapidly declining Bengal tiger population. These reserves combine core, buffer, and corridor landscapes ensuring prey availability, genetic exchange, and reduced human disturbance. Maharashtra’s tiger reserves cover dry deciduous forests, river basins, and hill ranges, supporting one of India’s most stable tiger populations while also conserving associated species like leopard, sloth bear, wild dog, and ungulates.

Tiger Reserves in Maharashtra List

Maharashtra has six notified tiger reserves covering over ten thousand square kilometres.

  1. Melghat Tiger Reserve: India’s earliest tiger reserve with 2,768.52 square kilometres area.
  2. Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve: Largest reserve with 1,727.59 square kilometres landscape.
  3. Pench Tiger Reserve: Interstate reserve spanning 741.22 square kilometres.
  4. Sahyadri Tiger Reserve: Western Ghats reserve covering 1,165.57 square kilometres.
  5. Nawegaon-Nagzira Tiger Reserve: Central Indian corridor with 1,894.94 square kilometres.
  6. Bor Tiger Reserve: Vidarbha reserve with dry deciduous forests and Bor Dam basin.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Maharashtra

Wildlife sanctuaries in Maharashtra are designated to protect specific species, habitats, and ecological features through zonal management. Core zones remain disturbance-free, buffer zones allow limited forestry, and tourism zones support regulated visitation. These sanctuaries have significantly improved wildlife populations, protected river systems, grasslands, mangroves, and coastal ecosystems, and strengthened ecological connectivity between national parks and tiger reserves across the state.

List of Major Wildlife Sanctuaries in Maharashtra

These sanctuaries represent Maharashtra’s ecological diversity across forests, wetlands, grasslands, and marine systems. There are more than 50 Wildlife Sanctuaries in Maharashtra including:

  • Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary: Protects Malabar giant squirrel habitat surrounding Bhimashankar Jyotirlinga temple.
  • Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary: Semi-arid grassland conserving critically endangered Great Indian Bustard.
  • Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary: Maharashtra’s first sanctuary with gaur as flagship species.
  • Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary: Western Ghats bird area forming Sahyadri Tiger Reserve buffer.
  • Phansad Wildlife Sanctuary: Coastal Western Ghats forest preserving unique woodland ecosystems.
  • Malvan Marine Sanctuary: India’s first marine sanctuary with coral and Sindhudurg Fort.
  • Thane Creek Flamingo Sanctuary: Mangrove wetland supporting migratory flamingos and marine life.
  • Umred-Karhandla Sanctuary: Vital tiger corridor linking Tadoba and Nagzira reserves.
  • Ghodazari Wildlife Sanctuary: Forest corridor strengthening tiger movement in Vidarbha landscape.
  • Lonar Wildlife Sanctuary: Meteor-impact saline lake ecosystem with rare microbial biodiversity.

Ramsar Sites in Maharashtra

Maharashtra has three internationally recognized Ramsar wetlands of ecological importance.

  • Lonar Lake: Ancient meteorite crater lake with saline-alkaline water and unique microbes.
  • Nandur Madhameshwar: Godavari wetland supporting vultures, fish diversity, and migratory birds.

Thane Creek: Asia’s largest mangrove creek supporting flamingos and brackish ecosystems.

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National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Maharashtra FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Maharashtra?

Ans: Maharashtra has six national parks officially notified for wildlife and ecosystem conservation.

Q2: Which is the oldest National Park in Maharashtra?

Ans: Tadoba National Park is the oldest and most well-known national park in the state.

Q3: Which National Park is located inside Mumbai city?

Ans: Sanjay Gandhi (Borivali) National Park is located within Mumbai metropolitan limits.

Q4: Which National Parks are part of Tiger Reserves in Maharashtra?

Ans: Tadoba, Gugamal, Chandoli, Nawegaon, and Pench national parks form core areas of tiger reserves.

Q5: Why are National Parks important in Maharashtra?

Ans: They conserve biodiversity, protect tiger habitats, safeguard rivers, and maintain ecological balance.

National Parks in West Bengal, Sanctuaries, Reserves, Ramsar Sites

December 27, 2025
National Parks in West Bengal

National Parks in West Bengal are legally protected areas created to conserve ecosystems, wildlife species, and natural landscapes with minimal human interference. The Protected areas include National Parks in India, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Tiger Reserves, Biosphere Reserves, and Ramsar Sites. These categories differ in management intensity, allowed activities, and conservation objectives. In India, protected areas support biodiversity conservation, climate regulation, and ecological security. The Protected Areas in West Bengal conserve mangroves, Himalayan forests, floodplains, wetlands, and grasslands, safeguarding endangered species like the Royal Bengal Tiger, Indian rhinoceros, red panda, and several migratory birds.

Protected Areas in West Bengal

Protected areas cover around 4% of the total area of West Bengal. These areas are rich in Mangroves, Himalayan forests, Terai grasslands, etc. These areas support eastern India’s biodiversity security through the conservation of flagship species such as Bengal tiger, Indian rhinoceros, red panda, etc. The Protected Areas in West Bengal include:

  • National Parks
  • Wildlife Sanctuaries
  • Tiger Reserves.
  • Ramsar Sites, etc.

National Parks in West Bengal

West Bengal has six National Parks forming the backbone of its biodiversity conservation framework. These parks represent varied ecosystems, from tidal mangrove forests of the Sundarbans to alpine habitats of the Eastern Himalayas. They protect flagship species such as the Royal Bengal Tiger, Indian one-horned rhinoceros, red panda, Asian elephant, and clouded leopard. They are considered crucial for tiger conservation, wetland ecology, Himalayan biodiversity, and international designations like UNESCO World Heritage Sites and Biosphere Reserves.

Sunderban National Park

Sundarbans National Park forms part of the world’s largest mangrove delta, shaped by tidal rivers and islands, and supports globally unique estuarine biodiversity. 

  • Location: Southern West Bengal in Ganga delta, bordering Bangladesh mangroves.
  • Global Status: UNESCO World Heritage Site, Biosphere Reserve, Tiger Reserve, Ramsar Site.
  • Ecosystem type: Mangrove-dominated delta with constant tidal inundation and saline influence.
  • Vegetation: Dominated by Sundari mangrove trees with pneumatophores aiding respiration.
  • Flagship species: Royal Bengal Tiger adapted to swimming and estuarine hunting. 
  • Other Fauna: Saltwater crocodile, river terrapin, dolphins, olive ridley turtle.
  • Hydrology: Network of rivers (Ganga-Brahmaputra), creeks, and tidal channels shaping islands.
  • Ecological role: Acts as natural cyclone barrier and fish nursery for Bay of Bengal.

Gorumara National Park

Gorumara National Park lies in the Terai-Dooars region and is known for grasslands and rhinoceros conservation.

  • Geographic setting: Located in Eastern Himalayan foothills between Teesta and Jaldhaka rivers.
  • River system: Jaldhaka River (tributary of Brahmaputra) shapes floodplain grasslands and wildlife movement corridors.
  • Vegetation type: Sal forests, savannah grasslands, and moist deciduous formations
  • Flagship Species: Indian one-horned rhinoceros population.
  • Other fauna: Gaur, Asian elephant, sloth bear, sambar, hog deer.
  • Habitat: Riverine grasslands and moist deciduous forests.
  • Ecological Value: Supports Terai ecosystem continuity with Jaldapara and Chapramari.

Jaldapara National Park

Jaldapara National Park protects extensive grasslands supporting India’s second-largest rhinoceros population.

  • Location: Situated along Torsa River in Eastern Himalayan foothills.
  • Habitat type: Savannah grasslands with tall elephant grasses and seasonal wetlands.
  • Rhinoceros Population: Second-largest after Kaziranga National Park
  • Elephant Corridor: Chilapata Forest connects Buxa and Jaldapara.
  • Major fauna: Rhinoceros, Asian elephant, leopard, gaur, hog deer.
  • Ecological importance: Critical for grassland-dependent megafauna conservation.

Neora Valley National Park

Neora Valley National Park protects pristine Himalayan biodiversity in Kalimpong region, known for minimal human interference.

  • Location: Situated in Kalimpong district along Eastern Himalayan ranges.
  • Biodiversity status: One of the least disturbed forest tracts in West Bengal.
  • Vegetation: Himalayan broadleaf forests with bamboo and oak dominance.
  • Altitude: Ranges from subtropical to temperate forests.
  • Flagship species: Red panda, classified as endangered globally.
  • Mammalian diversity: Leopard, black bear, golden cat, Himalayan flying squirrel.
  • Floral richness: Rhododendron, ferns, sal, and diverse understory plants.

Singalila National Park

Singalila National Park protects high-altitude ecosystems along the Singalila Ridge.

  • Location: Spread across Darjeeling district along India-Nepal border.
  • Altitudinal range: Includes alpine meadows and temperate forest belts.
  • Vegetation types: Coniferous, broadleaf, and mixed Himalayan forests.
  • Unique Species: Pangolin and yellow-throated marten.
  • Iconic fauna: Red panda, clouded leopard, Himalayan black bear.
  • Floral diversity: Famous for seasonal rhododendron blooms.
  • Ecological role: Protects fragile montane ecosystems, migratory corridors and counter endemism.

Buxa National Park

Buxa National Park combines plains and hill ecosystems along the Indo-Bhutan border.

  • Location: Lies in Alipurduar region along Indo-Bhutan international boundary.
  • Habitat diversity: Evergreen, semi-evergreen, deciduous forests and grasslands.
  • Major mammals: Bengal tiger, Asian elephant, gaur, sambar.
  • Carnivore diversity: Leopard, clouded leopard, fishing cat present.
  • Avifauna richness: Hornbills, floricans, migratory falcons recorded.
  • Conservation threats: Flooding, habitat fragmentation, elephant poaching risks.

Tiger Reserves in West Bengal

West Bengal has two official Tiger Reserves under Project Tiger, vital for Bengal tiger survival. India has 58 tiger reserves managed by NTCA. The reserves in West Bengal are mangrove based Sundarbans and forested Buxa landscape. They focus on long term protection of Royal Bengal Tiger populations and maintaining predator-prey balance and ecosystem stability.

Sunderban Tiger Reserve

Sundarban Tiger Reserve protects the world’s only mangrove tiger population.

  • Area coverage: Total area about 2584.89 square kilometres including core and buffer.
  • Global uniqueness: Only mangrove forest with significant tiger population.
  • Tiger status: Minimum 79 tigers recorded through camera trapping.
  • Biodiversity richness: Dolphins, crocodiles, terrapins, marine turtles.

Buxa Tiger Reserve

Buxa Tiger Reserve conserves diverse forest ecosystems across plains and hills.

  • Area coverage: Total area 760.87 square kilometres including core and buffer.
  • Floral diversity: Over 350 tree species and rich orchid diversity.
  • Faunal range: Tigers, leopards, elephants, pangolins, diverse birds.
  • Conservation status: Low tiger density with intensive monitoring initiatives.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in West Bengal

West Bengal has sixteen Wildlife Sanctuaries that complement National Parks and Tiger Reserves. These sanctuaries protect riverine forests, wetlands, grasslands, mangroves, and urban biodiversity pockets. They support endangered species like fishing cat, Indian rhinoceros, elephants, migratory birds, and amphibians. Sanctuaries such as Sundarbans, Mahananda, Chapramari, and Senchal play a key role in landscape connectivity, ecological stability, and conservation education across the state’s diverse ecological zones.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in West Bengal List

Major Wildlife Sanctuaries of West Bengal represent diverse habitats and species protection priorities. There are 16 sanctuaries in West Bengal:

  1. Sundarbans Wildlife Sanctuary: Mangrove habitat protecting tigers, crocodiles, dolphins, and estuarine biodiversity.
  2. Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary: Himalayan foothill forests sheltering elephants, leopards, and rich birdlife.
  3. Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary: Grassland ecosystem supporting Indian rhinoceros and migratory ungulates.
  4. Buxa Wildlife Sanctuary: Forest corridors linking Bhutan landscapes and North Bengal biodiversity.
  5. Chapramari Wildlife Sanctuary: Contiguous with Gorumara, supporting elephants and grassland fauna.
  6. Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary: Highland forests near Darjeeling protecting montane flora and birds.
  7. Sajnekhali Wildlife Sanctuary: Northern Sundarbans zone supporting otters, reptiles, and birds.
  8. Haliday Island Wildlife Sanctuary: Island ecosystem within Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve.
  9. Lothian Island Wildlife Sanctuary: Coastal island protecting mangrove and estuarine species.
  10. Jorepokhri Salamander Sanctuary: Last refuge of Himalayan salamander in Darjeeling.
  11. Ballavpur Wildlife Sanctuary: Small forest patch conserving dry deciduous species.
  12. Bethuadahari Wildlife Sanctuary: Forest reserve supporting deer and small carnivores.
  13. Bibhutibhushan Wildlife Sanctuary: Wetland forest supporting avifauna and amphibians.
  14. Chintamani Kar Bird Sanctuary: Urban bird sanctuary preserving local and migratory species.
  15. Pakhi Bitan Bird Sanctuary: Riverine bird habitat near Teesta Barrage.
  16. Raiganj Bird Sanctuary: Important nesting ground for migratory birds in North Bengal.

Ramsar Sites in West Bengal

Ramsar Sites in West Bengal highlight internationally significant wetlands supporting biodiversity and livelihoods.

  • East Kolkata Wetlands: World’s largest sewage-fed aquaculture system maintaining urban ecological balance.
  • Sundarban Wetland: India’s largest Ramsar Site with extensive mangrove biodiversity and ecosystem services.
Also Check
National Parks in Uttar Pradesh National Parks in Bihar
National Parks in Assam National Parks in Uttarakhand
National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in West Bengal FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in West Bengal?

Ans: West Bengal has six national parks, including Sundarbans, Gorumara, Jaldapara, Neora Valley, Singalila, and Buxa National Park.

Q2: Which is the most famous National Parks in West Bengal?

Ans: Sundarbans National Park is the most famous, known globally for mangrove forests and Royal Bengal Tigers.

Q3: Which National Parks in West Bengal are famous for one-horned rhinoceros?

Ans: Jaldapara National Park is famous for having the largest population of Indian one-horned rhinoceros after Kaziranga.

Q4: Which National Parks in West Bengal are known for Red Pandas?

Ans: Singalila National Park and Neora Valley National Park are known habitats of the endangered red panda.

Q5: Are there Tiger Reserves within National Parks in West Bengal?

Ans: Yes, Sundarbans and Buxa are designated Tiger Reserves under Project Tiger while also having national park status.

National Parks in Meghalaya, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Protected Areas

December 27, 2025
National Parks in Meghalaya

National Parks are large natural or near-natural areas legally protected to conserve ecosystems, species, and ecological processes while allowing education, research, and recreation. According to the IUCN, a protected area is a clearly defined geographical space managed through legal or effective means to ensure long-term conservation of nature, ecosystem services, and cultural values. These areas prevent habitat loss, protect endangered wildlife, conserve rivers and forests, and support climate regulation, biodiversity security, and sustainable livelihoods for local communities over long periods.

Protected Areas in Meghalaya

Meghalaya has a well-defined protected area network covering 1,133.9 square kilometres, about 5.06% of the state’s area.

  • Total Coverage: Protected areas span forests, hills, river valleys, and high-altitude ecosystems.
  • Category Range: Network includes national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and a biosphere reserve.
  • Biodiversity Role: Areas support in-situ conservation of rare and endangered species.
  • Legal Protection: All sites are notified under wildlife conservation laws.
  • Ecological Value: These areas preserve habitats critical for mammals, birds, and plants.

Also Read: National Parks in India

National Parks in Meghalaya

Meghalaya has two National Parks that form the backbone of its wildlife conservation framework. These parks protect core forest ecosystems of the Garo Hills, safeguard river origins, and conserve rare flora and fauna. Together, they cover over 260 square kilometres and represent evergreen, semi-evergreen, and deciduous forest types. They also support endangered mammals like hoolock gibbons, elephants, and rare carnivores. Both parks play a crucial role in maintaining ecological stability, preserving genetic diversity, and supporting surrounding wildlife corridors.

[my_image src="https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/National-Parks-in-Meghalaya-map.webp" size="full" align="none" width="auto" height="487px" alt="National Parks in Meghalaya Map" title="National Parks in Meghalaya map"]

Balpakram National Park

Balpakram National Park lies in the South Garo Hills near the India–Bangladesh border and is known for its deep gorges and plateau landscapes.

  • Location: Situated south of Garo Hills close to the international border.
  • Area Size: Covers about 220 square kilometres of protected forest.
  • Habitat Type: Dominated by subtropical evergreen and grassland ecosystems.
  • Key Mammals: Supports tiger, elephant, red panda, and wild water buffalo.
  • Carnivore Diversity: Home to marbled cat and Asian golden cat populations.

Nokrek National Park

Nokrek National Park forms the ecological core of the Nokrek Biosphere Reserve in the Garo Hills.

  • Geographic Setting: Located on the Tura Mountain Range near Nokrek Peak.
  • Elevation: Nokrek Peak rises to 1,418 metres above sea level.
  • Area Coverage: National park spans about 47.48 square kilometres.
  • Vegetation Types: Contains evergreen, semi-evergreen, and deciduous forests.
  • Faunal Importance: Habitat for hoolock gibbon, red panda, and Asian elephant.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Meghalaya

Wildlife sanctuaries in Meghalaya complement national parks by protecting smaller but ecologically vital habitats. These sanctuaries conserve riverine forests, limestone landscapes, and species-specific habitats. They support diverse primates, birds, small carnivores, and rare plants. Meghalaya’s sanctuaries are crucial for conserving fragmented wildlife populations and maintaining ecological connectivity. Together, they protect species such as slow loris, macaques, clouded leopard, otter, and numerous bird species across different districts.

Siju Wildlife Sanctuary

Siju Wildlife Sanctuary lies along the Simsang River in South Garo Hills and is known for bird diversity.

  • Location: Situated on Simsang River banks in South Garo Hills district.
  • Area Size: Covers approximately 5.81 square kilometres.
  • Established Year: Notified as a sanctuary in 1979.
  • Habitat Focus: Protects riverine forests and wetland ecosystems.
  • Faunal Value: Important refuge for birds and small mammals.

Nongkhyllem Wildlife Sanctuary

Nongkhyllem Wildlife Sanctuary protects forest ecosystems in the Ri-Bhoi district near Assam border.

  • District Location: Located in Ri-Bhoi district of Meghalaya.
  • Area Extent: Encompasses about 29 square kilometres.
  • Notification Year: Declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1981.
  • Ecological Role: Conserves subtropical forests and wildlife corridors.
  • Fauna Presence: Supports deer, primates, and diverse bird species.

Baghmara Wildlife Sanctuary

Baghmara Wildlife Sanctuary is globally known for conserving unique carnivorous plants.

  • River Association: Located on banks of Someshwari River in Garo Hills.
  • Area Size: Extremely small sanctuary covering about 0.02 square kilometres.
  • Year Established: Declared protected in 1984.
  • Botanical Importance: Protects rare pitcher plant species.
  • Conservation Value: Focuses on plant-specific habitat preservation.

Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary

Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary safeguards forest biodiversity in the East Jaintia Hills region.

  • Regional Location: Situated in East Jaintia Hills district.
  • Area Coverage: Spreads across about 59.90 square kilometres.
  • Establishment Year: Notified as a sanctuary in 2014.
  • Habitat Type: Comprises dense forest and hilly terrain ecosystems.
  • Wildlife Role: Provides shelter to mammals, birds, and small carnivores.
Also Check
National Parks in Uttar Pradesh National Parks in Bihar
National Parks in Assam National Parks in Uttarakhand
National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Meghalaya FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Meghalaya?

Ans: Meghalaya has two National Parks: Balpakram National Park and Nokrek National Park.

Q2: What area of Meghalaya is under protected areas?

Ans: Protected areas cover about 5.06% of Meghalaya’s total geographical area.

Q3: Which National Park is part of a Biosphere Reserve in Meghalaya?

Ans: Nokrek National Park forms the core area of the Nokrek Biosphere Reserve.

Q4: Why is Balpakram National Park important for wildlife conservation?

Ans: It protects diverse habitats supporting rare species like tiger, elephant, and red panda.

Q5: Which sanctuary in Meghalaya is famous for pitcher plants?

Ans: Baghmara Wildlife Sanctuary is known for conserving rare pitcher plant species.

National Parks in Himachal Pradesh, Map, Wildlife Sanctuaries

December 27, 2025
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh

There are five National Parks in Himachal Pradesh that protect some of India’s most fragile Himalayan ecosystems. These parks span cold deserts, glacier-fed valleys, alpine meadows, and Shivalik foothills. Great Himalayan National Park is the only UNESCO World Heritage Site in the state. Pin Valley represents cold desert ecology, while Inderkilla and Khirganga strengthen forest connectivity in Kullu. Simbalbara safeguards Shivalik sal forests and acts as a wildlife corridor with Haryana.

Protected Areas in Himachal Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh has a vast protected area network conserving Himalayan biodiversity across altitudes, river basins, forests, glaciers, and cold deserts.

  1. National Parks: Five parks protecting alpine, subalpine, and Shivalik ecosystems.
  2. Wildlife Sanctuaries: Twenty-eight notified sanctuaries covering diverse mountain habitats.
  3. Ramsar Sites: Three internationally important wetlands supporting migratory birds.
  4. Ecosystem Coverage: Ranges from cold deserts to sal forests and alpine meadows.

National Parks in Himachal Pradesh

[my_image src="https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/National-Parks-in-Himachal-Pradesh-Map.webp" size="full" align="none" width="auto" height="472px" alt="National Parks in Himachal Pradesh Map." title="National Parks in Himachal Pradesh Map."]

National Parks in Himachal Pradesh and other protected areas are officially recognised  regions created to conserve wildlife, forests, rivers, and fragile ecosystems. They restrict human activities such as hunting, logging, mining, and construction. Protected areas include National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, and Ramsar Sites. These regions protect endangered species, regulate ecological balance, preserve genetic diversity, and safeguard watersheds that support rivers, agriculture, and climate stability across Himalayan landscapes and foothill regions.

Great Himalayan National Park (Kullu)

Great Himalayan National Park lies in the Kullu Valley formed by the Beas River and marks a biogeographic transition zone.

  1. Location: Situated at Indomalayan-Palearctic biogeographic junction.
  2. Establishment: Constituted in 1984 and notified as National Park in 1999.
  3. Global Status: Declared UNESCO World Heritage Site for biodiversity value.
  4. Topography: Features glaciers, peaks, meadows, and dense conifer forests.
  5. Vegetation: Ranges from temperate forests to subalpine ecosystems.
  6. Major Flora: Includes spruce forests, horse chestnut, and alpine grasslands.
  7. Major Fauna: Bharal, snow leopard, Himalayan brown bear, Himalayan tahr.
  8. Hydrology: Feeds Tirthan, Sainj, Jiwa Nal, and Parvati rivers.
  9. Connectivity: Linked with Pin Valley, Rupi Bhaba, and Kanawar sanctuaries.

Pin Valley National Park (Lahaul & Spiti)

Pin Valley National Park lies in the cold desert of Spiti and protects trans-Himalayan ecosystems.

  1. Location: Situated in Spiti Valley of Lahaul and Spiti district.
  2. Biosphere Context: Part of Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve.
  3. River System: Pin River joins Spiti River, a Sutlej tributary.
  4. Climate Zone: Characterized by extreme cold desert conditions.
  5. Vegetation: Dominated by alpine grasses and sparse shrubs.
  6. Wildlife: Supports snow leopard and Himalayan ibex populations.
  7. Cultural Landscape: Inhabited by Tibetan Buddhist communities.
  8. Heritage Sites: Houses monasteries like the historic Kungri Gompa.
  9. Boundaries: Adjacent to GHNP and Rupi Bhaba Wildlife Sanctuary.

Inderkilla National Park (Kullu)

Inderkilla National Park lies within the Kullu Valley and forms a forest continuity zone.

  1. Location: Situated in Kullu district along Beas River valley.
  2. River Support: Beas River provides essential water for wildlife.
  3. Ecosystem Type: Elevation supports temperate to alpine forests.
  4. Major Fauna: Includes black bear, common leopard, Himalayan ibex.
  5. Landscape Role: Acts as corridor with GHNP and Khirganga Park.
  6. Connectivity: Linked with Sainj and Tirthan Wildlife Sanctuaries.
  7. Conservation Value: Maintains genetic flow between protected forests.

Khirganga National Park (Kullu)

Khirganga National Park lies in Parvati Valley and protects high-altitude ecosystems.

  1. Location: Located in Parvati River basin of Kullu Valley.
  2. Tourism Context: Near Manikaran Sahib and trekking routes.
  3. Vegetation: Dominated by dry alpine scrub and grasslands.
  4. Wildlife: Supports snow leopard, ibex, bharal, brown fox.
  5. Park Linkage: Adjacent to GHNP and Inderkilla National Park.
  6. Geothermal Feature: Known for natural hot springs.

Simbalbara National Park (Sirmaur)

Simbalbara National Park lies in Shivalik foothills along Himachal-Haryana border.

  1. Location: Situated in Paonta Valley of Sirmaur district.
  2. Alternate Name: Also known as Colonel Sher Jung National Park.
  3. Size: Among India’s smallest national parks at around 28 square kilometres.
  4. Landscape: Located in Shivalik range influenced by Yamuna River.
  5. Vegetation: Dense sal forests with open grassy glades.
  6. Fauna: Leopard, sambhar, goral, chital, barking deer, nilgai.
  7. Corridor Role: Connected with Kalesar Wildlife Sanctuary, Haryana.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Himachal Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh has twenty-eight Wildlife Sanctuaries protecting river basins, alpine zones, glaciers, forests, and wetlands. These sanctuaries conserve endangered species like snow leopard, musk deer, Himalayan ibex, and migratory birds. Many lie along major rivers such as Beas, Sutlej, Ravi, Chenab, and Yamuna. Several sanctuaries also protect sacred landscapes, high-altitude lakes, wetlands, and cultural heritage sites across the Lesser, Greater, and Trans-Himalayan ranges.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Himachal Pradesh List

These sanctuaries conserve specific habitats, species, and river ecosystems across the state.

  1. Chandratal Wildlife Sanctuary: High-altitude lake ecosystem supporting snow leopard and ibex.
  2. Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary: Lesser Himalayan forest with oak, deodar, and Hanuman Tibba peak.
  3. Kais Wildlife Sanctuary: Declared to protect endangered musk deer population.
  4. Kalatop-Khajjiar Wildlife Sanctuary: Deodar forests near Ravi River with pheasants and serow.
  5. Kugti Wildlife Sanctuary: High-altitude sanctuary between Ravi and Chenab rivers.
  6. Lippa Asrang Wildlife Sanctuary: Kinnaur sanctuary known for snow leopard presence.
  7. Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary: Man-made wetland on Beas River supporting migratory birds.
  8. Rakchham Chitkul Wildlife Sanctuary: Sangla Valley sanctuary along Baspa River.
  9. Renuka Wildlife Sanctuary: Natural freshwater wetland near Yamuna tributary.
  10. Rupi Bhaba Wildlife Sanctuary: Sutlej riverine sanctuary linking Pin Valley and Govind Park.
  11. Churdhar Wildlife Sanctuary: Named after Churdhar Peak and sacred Shirgul shrine.
  12. Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary: Trans-Himalayan sanctuary along Spiti River.
  13. Manali Wildlife Sanctuary: Close to Manali town with riverine forests.
  14. Sech Tuan Nala Wildlife Sanctuary: Chamba district sanctuary conserving Himalayan fauna.
  15. Simbalbara Wildlife Sanctuary: It is recognised both as National Park as well as sanctuary.
  16. Shikari Devi Wildlife Sanctuary: Named after hilltop temple in Mandi district.
  17. Talra Wildlife Sanctuary: Protected forest landscape in Sirmaur district.
  18. Daranghati Wildlife Sanctuary: Upper Sutlej basin forest supporting diverse ungulates.
  19. Nargu Wildlife Sanctuary: Mandi district sanctuary with rich Himalayan biodiversity.
  20. Chail Wildlife Sanctuary: High-altitude forests near historic Chail town.
  21. Tundah Wildlife Sanctuary: Chamba region sanctuary protecting alpine meadows.
  22. Tirthan Wildlife Sanctuary: River-fed forest ecosystem linked with GHNP.
  23. Majathal Wildlife Sanctuary: Lesser Himalayan sanctuary with steep forested slopes.
  24. Gamgul Siyabehi Wildlife Sanctuary: Kangra region sanctuary with mixed forests.
  25. Gobind Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary: Sutlej reservoir ecosystem near Bhakra Dam.
  26. Shilli Wildlife Sanctuary: It is the smallest wildlife sanctuary in India.

Ramsar Site in Himachal Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh has three Ramsar-designated wetlands of international ecological importance. These Ramsar Sites conserve wetlands critical for migratory birds, freshwater ecology, river systems, and climate regulation across Himalayan landscapes.

  1. Chandra Taal: High-altitude lake near Kunzum Pass supporting snow leopard habitat.
  2. Pong Dam Lake: Beas River reservoir on migratory bird flyway.
  3. Renuka Lake: Natural freshwater wetland with karst formations and cultural significance.
Also Check
National Parks in Uttar Pradesh National Parks in Bihar
National Parks in Assam National Parks in Uttarakhand
National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

 

National Parks in Himachal Pradesh FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Himachal Pradesh?

Ans: Himachal Pradesh has five National Parks: Great Himalayan, Pin Valley, Inderkilla, Khirganga, and Simbalbara National Parks.

Q2: Which National Park in Himachal Pradesh is a UNESCO World Heritage Site?

Ans: Great Himalayan National Park in Kullu district is the only UNESCO World Heritage Site in Himachal Pradesh.

Q3: Which National Park represents the cold desert ecosystem of Himachal Pradesh?

Ans: Pin Valley National Park represents the cold desert ecosystem and is located in the Spiti Valley of Lahaul and Spiti district.

Q4: How many Wildlife Sanctuaries are there in Himachal Pradesh?

Ans: Himachal Pradesh has 28 Wildlife Sanctuaries protecting forests, rivers, alpine zones, and wildlife species.

Q5: How many Ramsar Sites are present in Himachal Pradesh?

Ans: Himachal Pradesh has three Ramsar Sites: Chandra Taal, Pong Dam Lake, and Renuka Lake.

National Parks in Bihar, Tiger Reserve, Wildlife Sanctuaries

December 27, 2025
National Parks in Bihar

National Parks and other protected areas are legally designated regions created to conserve wildlife, forests, wetlands, rivers and unique ecosystems. In India, these areas are notified under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972, to ensure long term protection of biodiversity. National Parks receive the highest level of protection with strict limits on human activity, while Wildlife Sanctuaries, Tiger Reserves and Ramsar wetlands allow regulated conservation based use. These protected areas help maintain ecological balance, protect endangered species, conserve genetic diversity and support climate resilience through forests and wetlands.

Protected Areas of Bihar

Bihar’s protected areas include national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, tiger reserves, bird sanctuaries and riverine conservation zones, covering forests, wetlands and rivers.

  • National Park: Valmiki National Park is the only national park in the state.
  • Tiger Reserves: Valmiki Tiger Reserve is currently  identified for tiger conservation with the proposal of a new Kaimur Reserve.
  • Wildlife Sanctuaries: Large forest and wetland sanctuaries across plains and plateaus.
  • Bird Sanctuaries: Oxbow lakes, dams and wetlands protecting migratory birds.
  • River Sanctuaries: Ganga stretch conserved for Gangetic dolphins and aquatic fauna.

National Parks in Bihar

Bihar has only one National Park- Valmiki National Park, located in the northernmost part of the state along the Indo Nepal border. Despite limited forest cover compared to central India, Bihar’s protected areas are ecologically significant due to their location in the Gangetic Plains, Himalayan foothills and Vindhyan landscapes. Valmiki National Park forms the core of Bihar’s tiger conservation efforts and connects with forest landscapes of Nepal. The state also supports wildlife through sanctuaries, tiger reserves, bird habitats and riverine protected zones.

[my_image src="https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/National-Parks-in-Bihar-Map.webp" size="full" align="none" width="auto" height="408px" alt="National Parks in Bihar" title="National Parks in Bihar Map"]

Valmiki National Park

Valmiki National Park is Bihar’s only National Park in India, located in West Champaran district along the Indo Nepal border.

  1. Geographical Location: Situated in Shivalik foothills, bordered by Nepal and Gandak River.
  2. Area Coverage: Forms core zone of Valmiki Tiger Reserve spread over nearly 900 sq km.
  3. River Systems: Harha and Masan rivers originate here, forming Burhi Gandak downstream.
  4. Vegetation Types: Moist deciduous forests, semi evergreen patches, grasslands and wetlands.
  5. Major Mammals: Bengal tiger, leopard, sloth bear, black bear, Indian gaur and rhinoceros.
  6. Deer Species: Spotted deer, sambar, barking deer and hog deer widely distributed.
  7. Tribal Presence: Tharu tribe is the dominant indigenous community around the park.
  8. Bird Diversity: Himalayan terai birds, migratory waterfowl and forest species recorded.

Tiger Reserves in Bihar

Bihar has important tiger landscapes supporting conservation of big cats and forest corridors. Currently Bihar has only one recognised Tiger Reserve at Valmiki National Park with confirmed Breeding of Tigers. Although the state is set to get the second Tiger reserve within the Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary which has received the permit from the Government and remains for the NTCA approval.

Valmiki Tiger Reserve

Valmiki Tiger Reserve is Bihar’s flagship conservation area and the 18th tiger reserve of India.

  1. Location: Situated in West Champaran along Nepal border in Shivalik foothills.
  2. Total Area: About 899 sq km including core and buffer zones.
  3. Core Habitat: Nearly 598 sq km notified as critical tiger habitat.
  4. Forest Types: Sal forests, mixed deciduous forests, swamps and grasslands.
  5. River Network: Gandak, Pandai, Manor, Harha and Masan rivers flow through reserve.
  6. Tiger Population: Tiger numbers increased from single digits to over 20 recently.
  7. Mammal Diversity: Over 50 mammal species recorded by Zoological Survey of India.
  8. Reptiles and Amphibians: Crocodiles, gharials, pythons, king cobra and hill turtles present.
  9. Bird Species: More than 240 bird species including vultures and Himalayan terai birds.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Bihar

Bihar has a diverse network of wildlife sanctuaries protecting forests, wetlands, rivers and bird habitats. These sanctuaries are spread across Gangetic plains, Chota Nagpur plateau edges and Vindhyan ranges. They support mammals, birds, reptiles and aquatic species, many of which are endangered. Wetland sanctuaries like Kanwar Jheel are internationally important, while river sanctuaries protect India’s national aquatic animal. Forest sanctuaries such as Bhimbandh and Kaimur maintain ecological stability and act as wildlife corridors in eastern India.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Bihar List

Bihar’s major sanctuaries conserve unique ecosystems ranging from forests to oxbow lakes and rivers. The list of major wildlife sanctuaries in Bihar has been given below:

  • Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary: Large forest sanctuary south of Ganges with geothermal hot springs.
  • Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary: Cross state sanctuary with sal forests and large carnivores.
  • Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary: Bihar’s largest sanctuary and important tiger corridor.
  • Kanwar Jheel Wildlife Sanctuary: Asia’s largest freshwater oxbow lake and Ramsar site.
  • Udaipur Wildlife Sanctuary: Wetland sanctuary on Gandaki floodplain supporting migratory birds.
  • Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary: 60 km Ganga stretch protecting endangered dolphins.
  • Pant Rajgir Wildlife Sanctuary: Hill forest sanctuary around ancient Rajgir landscape.
  • Nagi Nakti Bird Sanctuaries: Important bird area supporting thousands of migratory birds.

Ramsar Sites in Bihar

Bihar’s Ramsar wetlands are internationally important oxbow lakes and bird sanctuaries that support migratory birds, endangered species, flood regulation and local livelihoods across the Gangetic plains. There are total 6 Ramsar Sites in Bihar including recently recognised areas:

  1. Kanwar Taal (Begusarai): Asia’s largest freshwater oxbow lake supporting critically endangered vultures and waterbirds.
  2. Nagi Bird Sanctuary (Jamui): Man made wetland hosting large congregations of bar headed geese.
  3. Nakti Bird Sanctuary (Jamui): Dam reservoir evolved into a major habitat for migratory ducks.
  4. Gokul Jalashay (Bhagalpur): Oxbow lake along Ganga supporting birds and local fisheries.
  5. Udaipur Jheel (Bhagalpur): Wetland within wildlife sanctuary aiding groundwater recharge.

Gogabeel Lake (Katihar): Floodplain wetland important for local biodiversity and fisheries.

Also Check
National Parks in Uttar Pradesh National Parks in Bihar
National Parks in Assam National Parks in Uttarakhand
National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks of Bihar FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Bihar?

Ans: Bihar has only one National Park, Valmiki National Park, located in West Champaran district.

Q2: Why is Valmiki National Park important?

Ans: It is Bihar’s only National Park and a major habitat for Bengal tigers and rich forest biodiversity.

Q3: Is Valmiki National Park also a Tiger Reserve?

Ans: Yes, Valmiki National Park forms the core area of the Valmiki Tiger Reserve.

Q4: Where is Valmiki National Park situated?

Ans: It is located along the Indo Nepal border in the Shivalik foothills of northern Bihar.

Q5: What type of wildlife is found in Valmiki National Park?

Ans: The park hosts tigers, leopards, bears, deer species, reptiles and over 240 bird species.

National Parks in Telangana, Map, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Tiger Reserves

December 27, 2025
National Parks in Telangana

National Parks in Telangana are legally notified regions created to conserve wildlife, forests, and ecological systems under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Wildlife Sanctuaries permit limited human activity, while National Parks allow no human use except regulated conservation work. There are 574 Wildlife Sanctuaries covering 127,241.24 square kilometres and 107 National Parks in India spanning 44,402.95 square kilometres. These areas safeguard biodiversity, maintain ecological balance, protect endangered species, and preserve natural habitats critical for long-term environmental sustainability and climate resilience.

Protected Areas in Telangana

Telangana has a legally protected conservation network covering 7,260 square kilometres, forming 27% of the state’s forest area.

  • Ecological Coverage: Protected Areas preserve forests, rivers, reservoirs, and wildlife corridors.
  • Legal Framework: All areas are notified under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
  • Biodiversity Strength: The state hosts 2,939 plant species and 365 bird species.
  • Faunal Diversity: Telangana supports 103 mammal and 28 reptile species.
  • Conservation Network: Includes Wildlife Sanctuaries, National Parks, and Tiger Reserves.
  • Landscape Variety: Ranges from dry deciduous forests to riverine ecosystems.
  • Threat Mitigation: Protected Areas reduce habitat loss and species decline.
  • Community Interface: Tribal livelihoods coexist under regulated conservation norms.
  • Ecological Balance: These zones stabilize food chains and water systems.

National Parks in Telangana

Telangana has three National Parks notified in 1994, each serving as a strictly protected ecosystem with zero human interference except permitted conservation activities. These parks are located in and around Hyderabad and collectively cover approximately 19.615 square kilometres. Despite their small size, they act as critical green lungs, preserve native dry deciduous vegetation, and support herbivores, carnivores, reptiles, and birds. Their legal status ensures maximum habitat protection, scientific monitoring, and long-term ecological stability in rapidly urbanizing landscapes.

[my_image src="https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/national-parks-in-telangana-map.webp" size="full" align="none" width="auto" height="481px" alt="national parks in telangana map" title="national parks in telangana map"]

Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park

Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park is a dense forest island surrounded by Jubilee Hills and Banjara Hills in Hyderabad.

  • Urban Forest Core: Preserves native forest inside a highly urbanized city.
  • Year of Notification: Declared a National Park in 1994.
  • Area Coverage: Spreads across 1.425 square kilometres.
  • Ecological Role: Regulates city temperature and air quality.
  • Vegetation Type: Supports dry deciduous forest species.
  • Faunal Presence: Habitat for birds, reptiles, and small mammals.
  • Conservation Value: Acts as Hyderabad’s primary biodiversity refuge.

Mahaveer Harina Vanasthali National Park

Mahaveer Harina Vanasthali National Park is a protected deer habitat located on Hyderabad’s outskirts.

  • Deer Conservation: Primarily protects spotted deer populations.
  • Year of Establishment: Notified as National Park in 1994.
  • Area Extent: Covers approximately 14.59 square kilometres.
  • Naming Origin: Named after Jain saint Lord Mahavir.
  • Habitat Type: Dry deciduous forest and grassland mosaic.
  • Faunal Diversity: Supports deer, reptiles, and avian species.
  • Ecological Importance: Maintains prey base for regional predators.

Mrugavani National Park

Mrugavani National Park is a compact conservation zone safeguarding dry forest biodiversity near Hyderabad.

  • Geographic Location: Situated on the outskirts of Hyderabad city.
  • Year of Declaration: Established as National Park in 1994.
  • Area Size: Covers about 3.60 square kilometres.
  • Key Species: Home to spotted deer and wild boars.
  • Predator Presence: Supports fox populations.
  • Vegetation Profile: Dry deciduous forest dominated landscape.
  • Conservation Role: Preserves native fauna near urban settlements.

Tiger Reserves in Telangana

Telangana has two notified Tiger Reserves forming the backbone of large-scale wildlife conservation.

  1. Amrabad Tiger Reserve: India’s second-largest reserve spanning 2,166.37 square kilometres, hosting tiger, leopard, nilgai, sambar, star tortoise, mugger crocodile, and yellow-throated bulbul, while supporting Chenchu tribal livelihoods.
  2. Kawal Tiger Reserve: Covers 892.23 square kilometres with dry deciduous forests, bordered by Godavari River, and supports tiger, gaur, sloth bear, cheetal, chausingha, and barking deer amid conservation challenges.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Telangana

Wildlife Sanctuaries form the largest share of Telangana’s protected conservation framework. There are 9 Wildlife Sanctuaries in Telangana as discussed below:

  1. Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in Dandakaranya forests, traversed by Godavari River, and hosts Medaram Jatara with Koya tribal presence.
  2. Kinnersani Wildlife Sanctuary: Surrounds Kinnerasani Reservoir and connects ecologically with Eturnagaram Sanctuary.
  3. Lanja Madugu Siwaram Sanctuary: Situated on Godavari River bank, protecting marsh crocodile habitats.
  4. Manjeera Crocodile Sanctuary: Riverine ecosystem around Manjeera Reservoir supporting mugger crocodiles and freshwater turtles.
  5. Pranahita Wildlife Sanctuary: Located along Pranahita River, famous for blackbuck populations near Kaleswaram.
  6. Pakhal Wildlife Sanctuary: Built around historic Pakhal Lake near Warangal, conserving forest-lake ecosystems.
  7. Pocharam Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in Medak and Nizamabad districts around Pocharam Lake.
  8. Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary: Dry deciduous forest zone forming core of Kawal Tiger Reserve.
  9. Amrabad Wildlife Sanctuary: Former Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam segment now forming Telangana’s primary tiger landscape.
Also Check
National Parks in Uttar Pradesh National Parks in Bihar
National Parks in Assam National Parks in Uttarakhand
National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Telangana FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Telangana?

Ans: Telangana has three National Parks: Kasu Brahmananda Reddy, Mahaveer Harina Vanasthali, and Mrugavani National Parks.

Q2: How many Protected Areas exist in Telangana?

Ans: The state has 14 Protected Areas, including 9 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 2 Tiger Reserves, and 3 National Parks.

Q3: Which is the largest Tiger Reserve in Telangana?

Ans: Amrabad Tiger Reserve is the largest in Telangana and the second largest Tiger Reserve in India.

Q4: What is the total area covered by Protected Areas in Telangana?

Ans: Protected Areas in Telangana cover about 7,260 square kilometres, nearly 27% of the state’s forest area.

Q5: Which endangered species are found in Telangana’s Protected Areas?

Ans: Key endangered species include tiger, leopard, gaur, four-horned antelope, blackbuck, marsh crocodile, and yellow-throated bulbul.

National Parks in Mizoram, Map, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Tiger Reserve

December 27, 2025
National Parks in Mizoram

National Parks and other protected areas are legally defined natural regions created to conserve ecosystems, wildlife species, and ecological processes over long periods. According to the IUCN, these areas are clearly identified geographical spaces managed through legal means to protect biodiversity, ecosystem services, and cultural values. National Parks specifically focus on preserving large natural landscapes with minimal human interference while supporting education, research, recreation, and conservation-compatible tourism without harming wildlife or habitats.

Protected Areas in Mizoram

Mizoram has a well-defined protected area network conserving fragile Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot ecosystems across hills, forests, rivers, and wetlands.

  • Total Protected Area Coverage: 1,240.75 square kilometres forming 5.88% of state area.
  • Legal Framework: All areas notified under state forest and wildlife protection laws.
  • Ecological Significance: Part of Indo-Burma global biodiversity hotspot.
  • Habitat Diversity: Includes montane forests, river valleys, wetlands, and hill ecosystems.
  • Species Protection: Supports threatened mammals, birds, reptiles, and endemic flora.

Also Read: National Parks in India

National Parks in Mizoram

Mizoram has two notified National Parks covering ecologically sensitive hill ecosystems within the Patkai mountain range. These parks conserve high-altitude forests, river catchments, and rare wildlife species adapted to mountainous terrain. Located near international borders with Myanmar, both parks are vital for transboundary wildlife movement and biodiversity continuity. Together, they protect semi-evergreen and sub-montane forests supporting endangered mammals and birds while maintaining watershed stability for major rivers feeding the Barak and Kaladan basins.

[my_image src="https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/National-Parks-in-Mizoram-map.webp" size="full" align="none" width="auto" height="473px" alt="National Parks in Mizoram Map" title="National Parks in Mizoram map"]

Phawngpui Blue Mountain National Park

Phawngpui Blue Mountain National Park protects Mizoram’s highest peak and fragile high-altitude ecosystems along the India-Myanmar border.

  • Location and District: Situated in Lawngtlai district near Myanmar international boundary.
  • Altitude Significance: Covers Phawngpui peak rising to 2,157 metres above sea level.
  • Mountain Range: Part of Mizo Hills within the larger Patkai mountain system.
  • River System: Kolodyne River flows along eastern boundary forming international border.
  • Major Mammals: Supports slow loris, tiger, leopard, serow, and goral populations.
  • Key Avifauna: Habitat of Mrs. Hume’s pheasant, Mizoram’s state bird.

Murlen National Park

Murlen National Park conserves dense forest ecosystems of eastern Mizoram close to the Myanmar border.

  • Location and District: Located in Champhai district near Chin Hills of Myanmar.
  • Geographical Setting: Lies within Mizo Hills, part of the Patkai range.
  • Nearby Protected Areas: Situated south of Lengteng Wildlife Sanctuary.
  • River Systems: Influenced by Tiau, Tuivai, and Champhai river catchments.
  • Vegetation Type: Dominated by semi-evergreen and sub-montane forests.
  • Major Mammals: Tiger, leopard, Himalayan black bear, serow, hoolock gibbon present.
  • Important Birds: Mrs. Hume’s pheasant and hill myna frequently recorded.

Tiger Reserves in Mizoram

Mizoram has one officially designated Tiger Reserve forming the largest protected forest landscape in the state. Located in western Mizoram, the reserve plays a critical role in conserving apex predators and maintaining ecological balance across the Lushai Hills. Although tigers were not recorded during the 2018 census, recent sightings confirm habitat viability. The reserve also supports globally significant clouded leopard populations and functions as a crucial watershed for major river systems.

Dampa Tiger Reserve

Dampa Tiger Reserve is Mizoram’s largest protected area conserving predator-rich forest ecosystems of the Lushai Hills.

  • Location and District: Situated in Mamit district within Lushai Hills of Mizoram.
  • Area Coverage: Spans approximately 500 square kilometres of dense forest.
  • Tiger Status: No tiger in 2018 census, recent sightings confirm presence.
  • Clouded Leopard Importance: One of South and Southeast Asia’s highest populations.
  • Highest Peak: Chhawrpialtlang rises to 1,095 metres above sea level.
  • Other Peaks: Dampatlang at 869 metres and Pathlawilunglentlang at 780 metres.
  • River Drainage: Kaladan River drains west, Teirei River drains eastern slopes.
  • Major Mammals: Tiger, Indian leopard, clouded leopard recorded.
  • Key Birds: Great hornbill represents major avifaunal species.
  • Conservation Threats: Shifting cultivation, oil palm expansion, teak plantations.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Mizoram

Mizoram’s wildlife sanctuaries complement National Parks by protecting river valleys, forest corridors, wetlands, and border ecosystems critical for regional biodiversity conservation.

  • Khawnglung Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in Lunglei district within Lushai Hills protecting forested hill landscapes.
  • Lengteng Wildlife Sanctuary: Situated in Champhai district north of Murlen National Park conserving eastern hill forests.
  • Ngengpui Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in Lawngtlai district along Ngengpui River valley joining Kolodyne River.
  • Tawi Wildlife Sanctuary: Positioned in Serchhip district southwest of Murlen supporting mid-hill forest ecosystems.
  • Thorangtlang Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in Lunglei district near Indo-Bangladesh border conserving border forests.
  • Tokalo Wildlife Sanctuary: Situated in Saiha district south of Ngengpui protecting southern forest landscapes.
  • Pualreng Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in Kolasib district conserving northern forest ecosystems and corridors.

Ramsar Site in Mizoram (Pala Wetland)

Pala Wetland is Mizoram’s only Ramsar-recognised wetland supporting aquatic biodiversity within the Indo-Burma hotspot.

  • Local Names: Known as Pala Tipo, Pala Lake, and Palak Dil locally.
  • Sanctuary Linkage: Forms core ecological component of Palak Wildlife Sanctuary.
  • Biodiversity Hotspot: Located within Indo-Burma global biodiversity hotspot region.
  • Major Mammals: Supports sambar deer, barking deer, and endangered hoolock gibbon.
  • Ecological Role: Maintains wetland biodiversity, water regulation, and habitat stability.
Also Check
National Parks in Uttar Pradesh National Parks in Bihar
National Parks in Assam National Parks in Uttarakhand
National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Mizoram FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Mizoram?

Ans: Mizoram has two National Parks: Phawngpui Blue Mountain National Park and Murlen National Park.

Q2: Which is the highest National Park in Mizoram?

Ans: Phawngpui Blue Mountain National Park is the highest, located at 2,157 metres above sea level.

Q3: Does Mizoram have a Tiger Reserve?

Ans: Yes, Dampa Tiger Reserve is the only Tiger Reserve in Mizoram.

Q4: Which bird is the state bird found in Mizoram’s protected areas?

Ans: Mrs. Hume’s pheasant is the state bird and is found in Phawngpui and Murlen regions.

Q5: What is the Ramsar site of Mizoram?

Ans: Pala Wetland, also known as Palak Lake, is Mizoram’s only Ramsar-designated site.

National Parks in Jharkhand, Map, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Tiger Reserves

December 27, 2025
National Parks in Jharkhand

National Parks in Jharkhand are the areas that have been established to conserve wildlife, forests, rivers, and fragile ecosystems. National Parks in India receive the highest level of protection under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972, prohibiting grazing, forestry, and human exploitation. Wildlife Sanctuaries allow limited human activity under regulation, while Tiger Reserves focus on long-term tiger conservation using core and buffer zones. These protected areas help maintain biodiversity, safeguard endangered species, support ecological balance, and preserve genetic resources for future generations through scientific management and monitoring.

Protected Areas in Jharkhand

Jharkhand has diverse protected areas spread across plateau, hill, forest, and riverine landscapes.

  1. National Parks: Highest legal protection areas conserving entire ecosystems.
  2. Tiger Reserves: Landscapes focused on tiger survival and prey conservation.
  3. Wildlife Sanctuaries: Areas protecting specific fauna, flora, and habitats.
  4. Bird Sanctuaries: Wetlands conserving migratory and resident bird species.
  5. Ramsar Sites: Internationally important wetlands recognized for biodiversity value.

National Parks in Jharkhand

[my_image src="https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/National-Parks-in-Jharkhand-Map.webp" size="full" align="none" width="auto" height="375px" alt="National Parks in Jharkhand" title="National Parks in Jharkhand Map"]

Jharkhand has only one National Park, Betla National Park, making it extremely significant for biodiversity conservation in eastern India. Located on the Chota Nagpur Plateau, it forms the core of the Palamau Tiger Reserve and includes Mahuadanr Wolf Sanctuary. The park protects tropical deciduous forests dominated by sal and bamboo, river systems like the North Koel, and diverse wildlife including tigers, elephants, gaur, and wolves. Betla also holds historical importance, tribal heritage, and was among India’s earliest Project Tiger landscapes.

Betla National Park

Betla National Park is Jharkhand’s only National Park, notified in 1986 and spread over 231.67 square kilometres in Latehar and Palamu districts.

  1. Location: Situated on Chota Nagpur Plateau across Latehar and Palamu districts.
  2. River System: North Koel River flows through, forming seasonal waterfalls.
  3. Forest Type: Dominated by sal, bamboo, mahua, semal, and mixed deciduous vegetation.
  4. Faunal Diversity: Tigers, elephants, gaur, sloth bear, wolves, chital, sambhar present.
  5. Avifauna: Hornbills, black ibis, quails, Indian pitta frequently recorded.
  6. Conservation Status: Core area of Palamau Tiger Reserve under Project Tiger.
  7. Unique Feature: Includes Mahuadanr Wolf Sanctuary, India’s first wolf sanctuary.
  8. Cultural Aspect: Inhabited historically by Oraon and Munda tribal communities.

Tiger Reserve in Jharkhand

Jharkhand has one Tiger Reserve, Palamau Tiger Reserve, which is among the nine original tiger reserves notified in India under Project Tiger. Spread across Latehar and Garhwa districts, it covers 1,129.93 square kilometres with clearly demarcated core and buffer zones. The reserve has undulating terrain, valleys, hills, and dry deciduous forests dominated by sal. Despite challenges like difficult terrain and left-wing extremism, it supports tigers, elephants, leopards, wolves, and rich prey diversity, making it ecologically critical for eastern India.

Palamau Tiger Reserve

Palamau Tiger Reserve forms the backbone of tiger conservation in Jharkhand.

  1. Area Coverage: Core 414.08 square kilometres, buffer 715.85 square kilometres.
  2. Rivers: North Koel, Auranga, and Burha rivers drain the reserve.
  3. Forest Types: Dry and moist deciduous sal forests with bamboo brakes.
  4. Wildlife Richness: Tigers, elephants, leopards, wolves, wild dogs recorded.
  5. Biodiversity Data: 39 mammals, 170 birds, and 8 reptile species documented.
  6. Historical Importance: First tiger pugmark census conducted here in 1934.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Jharkhand

Jharkhand has a well-distributed network of Wildlife Sanctuaries conserving elephants, leopards, wolves, deer, birds, and dry deciduous forest ecosystems. These sanctuaries protect important corridors, hill ranges, river valleys, and plateau forests across the state. Many sanctuaries are contiguous, forming larger conservation landscapes along Bihar and Chhattisgarh borders. They support endangered species, migratory birds, and unique habitats while also acting as buffers for the Palamau Tiger Reserve and contributing to ecological connectivity across eastern India.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Jharkhand List

Jharkhand has eleven notified Wildlife Sanctuaries with distinct ecological roles.

  1. Palamu Wildlife Sanctuary: Large sanctuary supporting elephants, gaur, and sambhar within Project Tiger landscape.
  2. Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary: Dry deciduous forest north of Ranchi, notable for panther and wild vulture presence.
  3. Mahuadanr Wolf Sanctuary: India’s first wolf sanctuary and breeding ground for Indian grey wolf.
  4. Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary: Important elephant corridor in Dalma Hills linking forest patches.
  5. Topchanchi Wildlife Sanctuary: Small sanctuary near Parasnath Hills with dry sal forests.
  6. Lawalong Wildlife Sanctuary: River-bounded sanctuary connected to Gautam Budha and Koderma forests.
  7. Koderma Wildlife Sanctuary: Dry deciduous forest adjacent to Gautam Budha Sanctuary supporting leopards.
  8. Parasnath Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in Parasnath Hills, sacred to Jainism and rich in fauna.
  9. Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary: River-drained hilly forest connected to Saranda and Dalma landscapes.
  10. Gautam Budha Wildlife Sanctuary: Spread across Jharkhand and Bihar with mixed deciduous forests.
  11. Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary: Only bird sanctuary of Jharkhand supporting migratory waterfowl.

Ramsar Site in Jharkhand

Jharkhand has one Ramsar Site, Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary, recognized internationally for wetland biodiversity.

  1. Location: Situated in Sahibganj district along the Ganga River.
  2. Wetland Structure: Comprises Pataura Lake and Barhel Lake connected by channels.
  3. Biodiversity Value: Supports over 140 bird species including migratory waterfowl.
  4. Threatened Species: Habitat for band-tailed fish eagle, common pochard, lesser adjutant stork.
  5. Cultural Importance: Named after saint Uddhava and linked to the historic 1763 battle site.
Also Check
National Parks in Uttar Pradesh National Parks in Bihar
National Parks in Assam National Parks in Uttarakhand
National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Jharkhand FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Jharkhand?

Ans: Jharkhand has only one National Park, Betla National Park, notified in 1986 in the Palamu-Latehar region.

Q2: Which Tiger Reserve is located in Jharkhand?

Ans: Palamau Tiger Reserve is the only Tiger Reserve in Jharkhand and one of India’s original nine Project Tiger reserves.

Q3: Which Wildlife Sanctuary in Jharkhand is famous for wolves?

Ans: Mahuadanr Wolf Sanctuary is famous as India’s first sanctuary dedicated to the Indian grey wolf.

Q4: How many Wildlife Sanctuaries are there in Jharkhand?

Ans: Jharkhand has eleven notified Wildlife Sanctuaries protecting forests, wildlife corridors, and wetlands.

Q5: Which is the Ramsar Site in Jharkhand?

Ans: Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary in Sahibganj district is the only Ramsar Site in Jharkhand.

National Parks in Odisha, Map, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Tiger Reserves

December 27, 2025
National Parks in Odisha

National Parks in Odisha are large, legally protected natural areas created to conserve entire ecosystems, ecological processes, and native wildlife with minimal human interference. As per the IUCN definition, protected areas are clearly defined geographical spaces managed through legal means to ensure long-term conservation of nature, ecosystem services, and cultural values. The National Parks in India support biodiversity conservation, climate regulation, water security, scientific research, education, and sustainable eco-tourism while maintaining ecological balance across landscapes and biogeographic zones.

Protected Areas in Odisha

Odisha has a well-distributed protected area network covering coastal, plateau, mangrove, riverine, and Eastern Ghats ecosystems.

  • National Parks: Highest legal protection areas conserving entire ecosystems.
  • Wildlife Sanctuaries: Areas allowing limited regulated human activities.
  • Tiger Reserves: Landscapes prioritizing tiger and prey conservation.
  • Ramsar Sites: Wetlands of international importance under Ramsar Convention.
  • Biosphere Reserves: Large regions integrating conservation with livelihoods.

National Parks in Odisha

There are two officially notified National Parks in Odisha, namely- Bhitarkanika and Similipal. These represent coastal mangrove and plateau forest ecosystems respectively. These parks protect globally significant biodiversity including mangroves, estuarine crocodiles, melanistic tigers, elephants, orchids, and migratory birds. Similipal was declared Odisha’s second National Park in 2025, becoming India’s 107th National Park. Together, these parks secure key habitats, regulate hydrology, support climate resilience, and serve as biodiversity strongholds within the Eastern Ghats and coastal ecological systems.

[my_image src="https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/National-Parks-in-Odisha-map.webp" size="full" align="none" width="auto" height="535px" alt="National Parks in Odisha map" title="National Parks in Odisha map"]

Bhitarkanika National Park

Bhitarkanika National Park conserves India’s second-largest mangrove ecosystem within a complex estuarine river network. The key features of the Bhitarkanika National Park has been listed below:

  • Location: It is located within the Kendrapara district of Odisha.
  • Area: It is spread over 145 sq km covering a vast area.
  • Ecosystem Type: Mangrove forests influenced by Brahmani, Baitarani, and Dhamra rivers.
  • Crocodile Habitat: Largest breeding ground of saltwater crocodiles in India.
  • Turtle Nesting: Adjacent Gahirmatha beach hosts world’s largest Olive Ridley rookery.
  • Bird Diversity: Bagagahana heronry supports thousands of nesting waterbirds.
  • Hydrology: Interlinked creeks, canals, and tidal channels shape unique estuarine ecology.

Similipal National Park

Similipal National Park protects a large plateau forest ecosystem within the Eastern Ghats landscape. The major highlights of Similipal National Park has been given below:

  • Location: It is located in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha.
  • Area: It covers area of about 845.70 sq km
  • Tiger Uniqueness: World’s only natural habitat of wild melanistic tigers.
  • Species Richness: Home to 40 Bengal tigers and 25% of Odisha’s elephants.
  • Floral Diversity: Supports 104 orchid species including several endemics.
  • Geography: Surrounded by plateaus with Meghashini and Khairiburu highest peaks.
  • Waterfalls: Barehipani and Joranda rank among India’s tallest waterfalls.

Tiger Reserves in Odisha

Odisha has two notified tiger reserves and one approved reserve expanding tiger conservation landscapes. The list of existing and proposed Tiger Reserves in Odisha has been given below:

  1. Similipal Tiger Reserve: Largest reserve protecting melanistic tigers, elephants, and Eastern Ghats forests across Mayurbhanj district.
  2. Satkosia Tiger Reserve: Combines Satkosia Gorge and Baisipalli sanctuaries conserving riverine forests along Mahanadi gorge.
  3. Debrigarh Tiger Reserve (Proposed): NTCA-approved sanctuary near Hirakud reservoir, strengthening central Indian tiger corridor connectivity.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Odisha

Odisha hosts a diverse network of Wildlife Sanctuaries covering rivers, forests, hills, wetlands, and coastlines. There are total 19 Wildlife Sanctuaries in Odisha as listed below:

  1. Badrama Wildlife Sanctuary: Located near Hirakud reservoir, protecting moist deciduous forests and elephant habitats.
  2. Baisipalli Wildlife Sanctuary: Part of Satkosia landscape along Mahanadi gorge with rich riverine biodiversity.
  3. Balukhand Konark Wildlife Sanctuary: Coastal sanctuary protecting dunes, casuarina plantations, blackbucks, and spotted deer.
  4. Chandaka Dampara Wildlife Sanctuary: Elephant reserve near Bhubaneswar supporting migratory elephant corridors.
  5. Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary: Forested hills near Hirakud reservoir with leopard and bird diversity.
  6. Hadgarh Wildlife Sanctuary: Catchment of Salandi river supporting elephants and linking Similipal landscape.
  7. Kapilash Wildlife Sanctuary: Elephant corridor between Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers near Cuttack.
  8. Kothagarh Wildlife Sanctuary: Eastern Ghats forest connected with Karlapat and Satkosia landscapes.
  9. Lakhari Valley Wildlife Sanctuary: Eastern Ghats sanctuary drained by Rushikulya river system.
  10. Nandankanan Wildlife Sanctuary: Urban-proximate sanctuary known for captive breeding of lions and crocodiles.
  11. Satkosia Gorge Wildlife Sanctuary: River gorge ecosystem with moist deciduous and riverine forests.
  12. Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary: Proposed tiger reserve adjoining Udanti-Sitanadi landscape of Chhattisgarh.
  13. Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary: Eastern Ghats sanctuary in Kalahandi supporting leopards and deciduous forests.
  14. Khalasuni Wildlife Sanctuary: Adjacent to Badrama, protecting forested hills and wildlife corridors.
  15. Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary: Forested hills linked to Similipal through narrow ecological corridors.
  16. Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary: World’s largest Olive Ridley turtle nesting beach along Odisha coast.
  17. Chilika Nalabana Wildlife Sanctuary: Core bird habitat within Chilika lagoon hosting migratory waterfowl.
  18. Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary: Larger mangrove landscape surrounding Bhitarkanika National Park.
  19. Similipal Wildlife Sanctuary: Buffer zone around national park allowing regulated human activities.

Ramsar Site in Odisha

Odisha has six Ramsar wetlands recognized for global ecological importance.

  1. Chilika Lake: Asia’s largest brackish lagoon supporting Irrawaddy dolphins and migratory birds.
  2. Bhitarkanika Mangroves: Mangrove wetland protecting saltwater crocodiles and Olive Ridley turtles.
  3. Ansupa Lake: Odisha’s largest freshwater lake formed by Mahanadi oxbow system.
  4. Hirakud Reservoir: Major flood-regulating wetland supporting fish and waterbird diversity.
  5. Satkosia Gorge: Riverine wetland with endangered turtles and Eastern Ghats biodiversity.
  6. Tampara Lake: Coastal freshwater lagoon aiding flood control and fishery resources.
Also Check
National Parks in Uttar Pradesh National Parks in Bihar
National Parks in Assam National Parks in Uttarakhand
National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Odisha FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Odisha?

Ans: Odisha has two national parks: Bhitarkanika National Park and Similipal National Park.

Q2: Which National Park in Odisha is famous for melanistic tigers?

Ans: Similipal National Park is globally known for hosting the world’s only wild melanistic tigers.

Q3: Which ecosystem is protected by Bhitarkanika National Park?

Ans: Bhitarkanika protects India’s second-largest mangrove ecosystem with estuarine and tidal habitats.

Q4: How many Tiger Reserves are officially notified in Odisha?

Ans: Odisha has two notified tiger reserves: Similipal and Satkosia, with Debrigarh approved as the third.

Q5: Which Ramsar site in Odisha is the largest coastal lagoon in India?

Ans: Chilika Lake is India’s largest coastal lagoon and the first Ramsar site of the country.

National Parks in Assam, Tiger Reserves, Wildlife Sanctuaries

December 27, 2025
National Parks in Assam

National Parks in Assam and other protected areas are legally notified regions created to conserve wildlife, forests, wetlands, and natural ecosystems. They restrict human activities like hunting, logging, and settlement. The biodiversity is protected through National Parks in India, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Tiger Reserves, Biosphere Reserves, Ramsar wetlands, and Elephant Reserves, ensuring habitat security, ecological balance, climate regulation, and long-term survival of endangered flora and fauna.

Protected Areas in Assam

The Protected Areas in Assam safeguards ecosystems across forests, wetlands, and floodplains. These include:

  1. National Parks: 8 legally notified parks protect core ecosystems.
  2. Wildlife Sanctuaries: 20 sanctuaries including proposed areas.
  3. Tiger Reserves: 3 reserves under Project Tiger.
  4. Biosphere Reserves: Manas and Dibru-Saikhowa designated.
  5. World Heritage Sites: Kaziranga and Manas recognised globally.
  6. Ramsar Site: Deepor Beel listed for wetland conservation.
  7. Important Bird Areas: 46 Important Bird Areas identified.
  8. Elephant Reserves: 5 notified elephant landscapes.

National Parks in Assam

Assam is one of India’s richest biodiversity states, located in the Eastern Himalayas and Brahmaputra floodplains. It hosts grasslands, wetlands, tropical forests, and river ecosystems. Assam has eight National Parks, two Biosphere Reserves, three Tiger Reserves, one Ramsar Site, and forty six Important Bird Areas, making it a global conservation hotspot.

Kaziranga National Park

Kaziranga represents the Brahmaputra floodplain grassland ecosystem and supports the world’s largest population of one-horned rhinoceros.

  1. Location and Landscape: Situated across Nagaon, Golaghat, and Sonitpur districts along Brahmaputra floodplains.
  2. Global Significance: Holds over seventy percent of the world’s one-horned rhinoceros population.
  3. Tiger Prey Base: Highest prey biomass density supporting strong tiger populations in India.
  4. Big Five Census: Recorded rhino 1855, wild buffalo 1431, elephant 1246, tiger 85.
  5. Unique Mammals: Eastern swamp deer survives only here within India.
  6. Bird Diversity: Home to 480 recorded bird species including 25 globally threatened.
  7. Aquatic Systems: Contains over 150 perennial water bodies supporting fish breeding.
  8. Floral Diversity: Supports more than 32 aquatic plant species.
  9. Reptile Presence: Hosts seven turtle and tortoise species.
  10. Tourism Value: Elephant and jeep safaris enable close wildlife observation.

Manas National Park

Manas lies in Himalayan foothills and showcases exceptional natural beauty with high biodiversity richness.

  1. Geographical Setting: Located in western Assam’s bhabar foothill zone along Bhutan border.
  2. Protected Status: Declared Tiger Reserve, National Park, Biosphere Reserve, World Heritage Site.
  3. Area Coverage: National Park covers 500 square kilometres.
  4. Species Protection: Hosts over twenty-two Schedule I endangered species.
  5. UNESCO Value: Recognised for outstanding natural beauty and ecological processes.
  6. Mammal Diversity: Nearly sixty mammal species recorded.
  7. Bird Richness: Over five hundred bird species documented.
  8. Floral Composition: Contains eighty-nine tree species and forty-nine shrubs.
  9. Butterfly Diversity: Supports more than two hundred butterfly species.
  10. Aquatic Fauna: Records seventy-nine fish species including rare turtles.

Dibru-Saikhowa National Park

Dibru-Saikhowa is a riverine biosphere reserve shaped by Brahmaputra dynamics.

  1. Area and Status: Covers 340 square kilometres as National Park and Biosphere Reserve.
  2. Unique Habitat: Formed after the 1950 Assam earthquake.
  3. Mammal Records: Thirty-six mammal species including feral horses.
  4. Aquatic Mammals: Supports Gangetic river dolphins.
  5. Bird Importance: Recognised Important Bird Area with 382 bird species.
  6. Migratory Birds: Major wintering site for long-distance migratory birds.
  7. Wetland Ecology: Extensive river islands and marsh ecosystems.
  8. Vegetation Feature: Noted for natural regeneration of Salix trees.
  9. Reptile Presence: Hosts turtles and diverse wetland reptiles.
  10. Conservation Role: Protects floodplain biodiversity under dynamic river systems.

Nameri National Park

Nameri protects riverine forests along Assam-Arunachal border.

  1. Location: Situated in Sonitpur district adjoining Arunachal Pradesh.
  2. Area: National Park covers 200 square kilometres.
  3. Tiger Reserve Core: Forms core zone of Nameri Tiger Reserve.
  4. River System: Jia Bhoroli river defines southwestern boundary.
  5. Mammal Diversity: Supports tiger, elephant, gaur, and dhole.
  6. Rare Species: Habitat for hispid hare and slow loris.
  7. Bird Significance: Known for white-winged wood duck.
  8. Raptors Presence: Records fish eagles and vultures.
  9. Reptile Diversity: Includes king cobra and softshell turtles.
  10. Eco-tourism: Popular for regulated river rafting activities.

Orang National Park

Orang represents floodplain grassland biodiversity on Brahmaputra’s northern bank.

  1. Historical Status: Oldest declared game reserve in Assam.
  2. Area: Covers 78.80 square kilometres.
  3. Breeding Ground: Important fish breeding habitat.
  4. Key Mammals: Supports rhinoceros and tiger populations.
  5. Elephant Groups: Known for male elephant bachelor herds.
  6. Bird Diversity: Records 222 bird species.
  7. Florican Habitat: Second-highest Bengal florican concentration.
  8. Reptiles: Hosts python and king cobra.
  9. Turtles: Supports seven turtle and tortoise species.
  10. Riverine Ecology: Maintains Brahmaputra floodplain ecosystem integrity.

Dehing Patkai National Park

Dehing Patkai protects Assam Valley tropical wet evergreen forests.

  1. Area: Covers 111.19 square kilometres.
  2. Location: Spread across Dibrugarh and Tinsukia districts.
  3. Forest Type: Known for dense wet evergreen forests.
  4. Elephant Reserve: Part of Dehing-Patkai Elephant Reserve.
  5. Rare Mammals: Habitat for Chinese pangolin and clouded leopard.
  6. Primate Diversity: Supports hoolock gibbon and macaques.
  7. Bird Species: Hosts hornbills and rare forest birds.
  8. Reptile Presence: Includes king cobra and monitor lizard.
  9. Historic Landmarks: Near Stillwell Road and Digboi refinery.
  10. Conservation Value: Protects eastern Himalayan forest biodiversity.

Raimona National Park

Raimona forms a transboundary forest landscape in Bodoland.

  1. Geographical Spread: Located along Indo-Bhutan international boundary.
  2. Connectivity: Links Bhutan and West Bengal protected areas.
  3. Vegetation: Moist deciduous and semi-evergreen forests dominate.
  4. Flagship Species: Asian elephant and Bengal tiger present.
  5. Golden Langur: Endemic endangered primate and Bodoland mascot.
  6. Avifauna: Supports white-bellied heron and Bengal florican.
  7. River Boundaries: Defined by Sankosh and Saralbhanga rivers.
  8. Landscape Role: Acts as ecological corridor.
  9. Forest Integrity: Maintains Himalayan foothill ecosystems.
  10. Biodiversity Value: Protects rare fauna across political borders.

Sikhna Jwhwlao National Park

Sikhna Jwhwlao strengthens Bodoland’s conservation network.

  1. Notification Year: Declared National Park in 2025.
  2. Area Coverage: Encompasses 316.29 square kilometres.
  3. Regional Importance: Third National Park in Bodoland.
  4. Biosphere Link: Part of Manas Biosphere Reserve.
  5. Ecological Corridor: Connects four protected forest landscapes.
  6. Butterfly Diversity: Records over 460 butterfly species.
  7. Flagship Mammals: Supports tiger, rhinoceros, elephant.
  8. Primate Species: Habitat for golden langur.
  9. Border Location: Lies along Indo-Bhutan boundary.
  10. Conservation Status: Enhances protected area coverage in Assam.

Tiger Reserves in Assam

Assam hosts three tiger reserves protecting grassland and forest tigers. Assam has three Tiger Reserves: Kaziranga, Manas and Nameri, protecting floodplain grasslands, riverine forests, and Himalayan foothills. These reserves conserve high tiger prey density, transboundary habitats, elephants, and rich biodiversity under Project Tiger, strengthening long-term wildlife protection.

  1. Manas Tiger Reserve
  2. Nameri Tiger Reserve
  3. Kaziranga Tiger Reserve

Manas Tiger Reserve

Manas Tiger Reserve protects transboundary tiger populations.

  1. Established: 1973; covering 2837.12 square kilometres.
  2. Landscape: Himalayan foothill forests and grasslands.
  3. Tiger Count: Thirty-one tigers recorded in 2016-17.
  4. Elephant Presence: Over one thousand elephants documented.

Nameri Tiger Reserve

Nameri secures riverine forest tigers.

  1. Declared: 2000; spanning 344 square kilometres.
  2. Core Area: National Park forms reserve core.
  3. Habitat Type: Riverine forests and grasslands.
  4. Species Protection: Supports tiger prey species.

Kaziranga Tiger Reserve

Kaziranga safeguards floodplain tigers.

  1. Notified: 2006; covering 858.98 square kilometres.
  2. High Prey Density: Supports India’s richest tiger prey base.
  3. Landscape: Grassland and wetland mosaic.
  4. Tiger Security: Ensures long-term tiger viability.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Assam

Wildlife Sanctuaries complement National Parks by protecting specific habitats and species. Assam’s sanctuaries cover grasslands, wetlands, hill forests, and floodplains. They conserve endangered mammals, migratory birds, orchids, primates, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes. Many sanctuaries act as ecological corridors supporting seasonal wildlife movement during floods, particularly between Kaziranga, Karbi Anglong, and riverine landscapes.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Assam List

The wildlife sanctuaries of Assam conserve diverse ecosystems and species. There are total 20 sanctuaries in Assam, as listed below:

  • Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary: Hot springs and orchids support elephant, tiger, and  hornbills.
  • Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary: Floodplain grasslands support rhinoceros and wild buffalo populations.
  • Bornadi Wildlife Sanctuary: Created for pygmy hog and hispid hare conservation.
  • Chakrasila Wildlife Sanctuary: Second natural habitat of golden langur.
  • Burachapori Wildlife Sanctuary: Grassland mosaic supports Bengal florican.
  • Panidehing Wildlife Sanctuary: Wetland attracts migratory waterfowl concentrations.
  • Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary: Protects India’s only ape species.
  • Pabitora Wildlife Sanctuary: World’s highest rhino density recorded.
  • Sonai Rupai Wildlife Sanctuary: Himalayan foothill forests with elephants.
  • Bherjan-Borajan-Padumoni Sanctuary: Primate-rich fragmented forest blocks.
  • East Karbi Anglong Sanctuary: Kaziranga landscape connectivity zone.
  • Nambor Wildlife Sanctuary: Orchid-rich tropical forests.
  • Marat Longri Sanctuary: Elephant reserve component.
  • Nambor-Doigrung Sanctuary: Hot springs and gaur habitat.
  • Amchang Wildlife Sanctuary: Urban fringe forest near Guwahati.
  • Dehing Patkai Sanctuary: Wet evergreen forest biodiversity.
  • Borail Wildlife Sanctuary: Moist evergreen hill forests.
  • Deepor Beel Sanctuary: Wetland bird habitat near Guwahati.
  • Bordoibam Bilmukh Sanctuary: Proposed bird breeding sanctuary.
  • North Karbi Anglong Sanctuary: Flood refuge for Kaziranga wildlife.

Ramsar Sites in Assam

Assam has one internationally recognised Ramsar wetland at Deepor Beel declared in 2002 and covering 4.1 square kilometres of area. Its features are:

  1. Wetland Type: Permanent freshwater lake of Brahmaputra paleo-channel.
  2. Bird Richness: Records over 219 bird species.
  3. Migratory Birds: Hosts Siberian crane and waterfowl.
  4. Fish Diversity: Over fifty commercially viable fish species.
  5. Floral Diversity: Supports giant water lily and hydrophytes.
  6. Conservation Value: Important Bird Area of global priority.
Also Check
National Parks in Uttar Pradesh National Parks in Bihar
National Parks in Assam National Parks in Uttarakhand
National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Assam FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Assam?

Ans: Assam has eight National Parks protecting floodplains, wetlands, grasslands, and forest ecosystems.

Q2: Which is the most famous National Park in Assam?

Ans: Kaziranga National Park is the most famous for one-horned rhinoceros and high tiger density.

Q3: Which National Parks in Assam are UNESCO World Heritage Sites?

Ans: Kaziranga National Park and Manas National Park are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Q4: Which National Park in Assam has the highest bird diversity?

Ans: Manas National Park records over 500 bird species, making it the richest in avifauna.

Q5: Which is the latest National Park in Assam?

Ans: Sikhna Jwhwlao National Park is the latest recognised National Park in Assam notified in 2025.

National Parks in Haryana, Map, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Ramsar Sites

December 27, 2025
National Parks in Haryana

There are two National Parks in Haryana covering a combined area of 4,824.84 hectares. These parks represent wetland and Shivalik forest ecosystems and hold high ecological significance. Sultanpur National Park is a globally important wetland for migratory birds, while Kalesar National Park preserves dense Sal forests and Himalayan foothill biodiversity. These parks are legally notified under Section 35 of the Wildlife Protection Act, ensuring strict protection of habitats, wildlife species, and ecological processes.

Protected Areas in Haryana

Haryana has a structured network of protected areas conserving forests, wetlands, wildlife corridors, and biodiversity-rich ecosystems across diverse geographical zones.

  1. National Parks: Highest protection status conserving ecosystems with strict restrictions.
  2. Wildlife Sanctuaries: Areas protecting wildlife with regulated human activities.
  3. Conservation Reserves: Buffer zones linking protected forests and wildlife corridors.
  4. Community Reserves: Community-managed areas conserving local biodiversity.
  5. Wetlands: Critical water ecosystems supporting migratory birds and aquatic life.
  6. Breeding Centres: Specialized facilities for endangered species conservation.

National Parks in Haryana

[my_image src="https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/National-Parks-in-Haryana-Map.webp" size="full" align="none" width="auto" height="391px" alt="National Parks in Haryana Map" title="National Parks in Haryana Map"]

National Parks in Haryana and other protected areas are legally notified regions created to conserve wildlife, forests, wetlands, and ecological systems. They restrict human activities like hunting, mining, and deforestation to protect biodiversity. In India, these areas are notified under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972. Protected areas include National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Conservation Reserves, and Community Reserves. They safeguard endangered species, regulate ecosystems, support climate balance, and preserve natural heritage for scientific research, education, and sustainable eco-tourism.

Sultanpur National Park

Sultanpur National Park, located in Gurugram district, is a globally significant wetland bird habitat spread over 142.52 hectares and declared a National Park in India in 1991.

  1. Location: Situated 15 kilometers from Gurugram on Gurugram-Farukhnagar road.
  2. Legal Status: Declared National Park on 5 July 1991 under Wildlife Act.
  3. Bird Diversity: Records around 250 bird species annually.
  4. Migratory Birds: Hosts birds from Europe, Siberia, and Central Asia.
  5. Wetland Area: Expanded to 1.42 square kilometers from original sanctuary.
  6. Global Recognition: Identified by IUCN in 1969 for wetland importance.
  7. Ramsar Status: Recognized as Ramsar wetland in August 2021.

Kalesar National Park

Kalesar National Park lies in Yamunanagar district within Shivalik foothills, covering 4,682.32 hectares and declared a National Park on 8 December 2003.

  1. Geographic Location: Situated between Yamuna River and Shivalik ranges.
  2. Forest Type: Dominated by Sal, Khair, and mixed deciduous forests.
  3. Faunal Diversity: Supports leopard, sambar, chital, goral, python, and king cobra.
  4. Connectivity: Shares ecological corridor with Rajaji National Park.
  5. Ecological Role: Prevents soil erosion and flash floods in plains.
  6. Mammal Records: Hosts around 20 to 22 leopards.
  7. Visitor Facility: Jeep safari permitted under forest department regulation.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Haryana

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Haryana form the backbone of the state’s biodiversity conservation framework. Spread across plains, wetlands, Shivalik foothills, and semi-arid regions, these sanctuaries protect birds, mammals, reptiles, and plant species. Haryana has officially notified wildlife sanctuaries covering a total area of 23,441.17 hectares. These sanctuaries support migratory birds, grassland species, wetland fauna, and forest-dwelling animals while maintaining ecological balance and providing habitats critical for endangered species survival.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Haryana List

Haryana has multiple wildlife sanctuaries protecting wetlands, forests, grasslands, and wildlife corridors critical for biodiversity conservation and ecological stability.

  1. Kalesar Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in Yamunanagar, covering 5,435.72 hectares, protecting Shivalik forests, medicinal plants, leopards, sambar, chital, goral, and serving as buffer for Kalesar National Park.
  2. Bir Shikargah Wildlife Sanctuary: Spread across 767.30 hectares in Panchkula, supporting wild boar, nilgai, langur, peafowl, and acting as an important forest refuge near urban areas.
  3. Chhilchhila Wildlife Sanctuary: A 28.92-hectare wetland near Kurukshetra, supporting waterbirds, peafowl, and migratory species, crucial for regional bird diversity and wetland conservation.
  4. Nahar Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in Rewari district with 211.35 hectares, protecting grassland fauna like nilgai, jackal, langur, and providing habitat connectivity in southern Haryana.
  5. Abubshahar Wildlife Sanctuary: Haryana’s largest sanctuary at 11,530.56 hectares in Sirsa, preserving semi-arid forests, desert wildlife, and acting as an ecological shield near Rajasthan border.
  6. Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary: Spread over 411.55 hectares in Jhajjar, Haryana’s largest wetland, supporting over 250 bird species and multiple globally threatened avian species.
  7. Khaparwas Wildlife Sanctuary: A 82.70-hectare wetland near Jhajjar, functioning as an important bird habitat and hydrological support system for surrounding agricultural areas.
  8. Khol Hi-Raitan Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in Panchkula with over 2,226 hectares, conserving Shivalik forests, wildlife corridors, and diverse avifauna near Morni hills.

Ramsar Site in Haryana

Haryana has two internationally recognized Ramsar wetlands supporting migratory birds, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable wetland ecosystems. Both sites were added under Ramsar Convention signed in 1971. They maintain water regulation, flood control, and bird migration routes. 

  1. Sultanpur National Park: Ramsar-listed in 2021, supporting over 220 bird species, including globally endangered migratory waterfowl during winter migration cycles.
  2. Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary: Ramsar-listed in 2021, Haryana’s largest wetland, hosting more than 250 bird species and over 10 globally threatened birds.
Also Check
National Parks in Uttar Pradesh National Parks in Bihar
National Parks in Assam National Parks in Uttarakhand
National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Haryana FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Haryana?

Ans: Haryana has two National Parks, Sultanpur National Park and Kalesar National Park.

Q2: Which is the largest National Park in Haryana?

Ans: Kalesar National Park is the largest National Park in Haryana, covering 4,682.32 hectares.

Q3: Which National Park in Haryana is famous for migratory birds?

Ans: Sultanpur National Park is famous for hosting around 250 resident and migratory bird species.

Q4: How many Ramsar sites are there in Haryana?

Ans: Haryana has two Ramsar sites, Sultanpur National Park and Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary.

Q5: Under which law are National Parks in Haryana protected?

Ans: National Parks in Haryana are protected under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.

National Parks in Uttarakhand, Tiger Reserves, Wildlife Sanctuaries

December 27, 2025
National Parks in Uttarakhand

National Parks are legally protected natural areas notified under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972, to conserve ecosystems, wildlife, and biodiversity without human exploitation. Other protected areas include Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, Tiger Reserves, Conservation Reserves, and Ramsar Wetlands, each serving specific conservation goals. The National Parks in India as well as other protected areas protect endangered species, maintain ecological balance, conserve water sources, preserve genetic diversity, and support climate stability. Human activities like hunting, mining, and deforestation are strictly regulated or prohibited within such notified regions.

Protected Areas in Uttarakhand

The Protected Areas in Uttarakhand conserve Himalayan biodiversity through legally notified parks, sanctuaries, reserves, and wetlands.

  1. National Parks: Six parks protecting alpine, forest, and river ecosystems.
  2. Wildlife Sanctuaries: Safeguard endangered mammals, birds, and flora.
  3. Tiger Reserves: Maintain breeding populations and dispersal corridors.
  4. Ramsar Wetlands: Protect migratory bird habitats and aquatic biodiversity.

National Parks in Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand hosts six notified National Parks located across the Himalayas and Terai regions, representing alpine, sub-alpine, temperate, and tropical ecosystems. These parks conserve glaciers, rivers, forests, grasslands, and high-altitude meadows. They protect globally important species such as Bengal tiger, snow leopard, Asian elephant, musk deer, and endemic alpine flora. Many parks are part of UNESCO-recognized landscapes and transboundary ecological corridors, playing a critical role in Himalayan biodiversity conservation.

Jim Corbett National Park

India’s first National Park, established in 1936, Jim Corbett National Park lies in Nainital district and forms the core of Corbett Tiger Reserve, protecting rich Terai ecosystems and high tiger densities.

  1. Establishment Purpose: Created to protect Bengal tigers under early wildlife conservation efforts.
  2. Rivers System: Ramganga, Sonanadi, and Kosi rivers sustain wetlands and grasslands.
  3. Vegetation Type: Moist deciduous forests, grasslands, chaurs, and riverine habitats.
  4. Key Fauna: Bengal tiger, Asian elephant, leopard, goral, sloth bear, gharial.
  5. Conservation Role: Part of WWF-supported Terai Arc Landscape ecological corridor.
  6. Special Success: Captive breeding revived gharial and mugger crocodile populations.

Nanda Devi National Park

Located in Chamoli district, Nanda Devi National Park surrounds the 7,816-meter Nanda Devi peak and forms the core of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve.

  1. Global Status: UNESCO World Heritage Site under Man and Biosphere Programme.
  2. Landscape Feature: Glacial basin encircled by high Himalayan peaks.
  3. Flora Diversity: Fir, birch, juniper, rhododendron dominate alpine forests.
  4. Key Fauna: Musk deer, Himalayan tahr, serow, black bear.
  5. Ecological Value: Preserves fragile alpine ecosystems with minimal human access.

Rajaji National Park

Rajaji National Park spans Haridwar, Dehradun, and Pauri Garhwal districts, covering Shivalik hills and Indo-Gangetic plains with diverse forest types.

  1. Formation Year: Created in 1983 by merging three wildlife sanctuaries.
  2. River System: Ganga and Song rivers traverse the park.
  3. Habitat Range: Semi-evergreen, deciduous forests, grasslands, and riverine belts.
  4. Key Species: Asian elephant, Bengal tiger, sloth bear, porcupine.
  5. Human Interface: Seasonal habitat of nomadic Van Gujjar community.

Gangotri National Park

Gangotri National Park lies in Uttarkashi district, covering the upper catchment of the Bhagirathi River and India-China international boundary.

  1. Glacial Source: Gaumukh glacier marks origin of the River Ganga.
  2. Mountain Peaks: Chaukhamba I-III, Satopanth, Kedarnath dominate terrain.
  3. Vegetation Zones: Conifer forests, alpine meadows, and glacial zones.
  4. Key Fauna: Snow leopard, brown bear, blue sheep, Himalayan tahr.
  5. Ecological Link: Forms continuity with Govind National Park and Kedarnath Sanctuary.

Govind National Park

Govind Pashu Vihar National Park is located in Uttarkashi district and named after freedom fighter Govind Ballabh Pant.

  1. Conservation Focus: Managed under India’s Snow Leopard Project.
  2. Forest Types: Broadleaf forests, conifers, alpine meadows, shrubs.
  3. Floral Richness: Oak, maple, walnut, rhododendron, cedar species.
  4. Major Fauna: Snow leopard, musk deer, Himalayan tahr, bearded vulture.
  5. Altitude Range: Supports diverse species across steep elevational gradients.

Valley of Flowers National Park

Valley of Flowers National Park is a high-altitude alpine valley in Chamoli district, globally famous for endemic flowering plants.

  1. UNESCO Status: Declared World Heritage Site in 2005.
  2. Ecological Zone: Transition region between Zanskar and Greater Himalayas.
  3. Floral Diversity: Orchids, poppies, marigolds, daisies, rhododendrons.
  4. Faunal Presence: Snow leopard, brown bear, musk deer, red fox.
  5. Biosphere Role: Forms core of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve.

Tiger Reserves in Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand has two designated Tiger Reserves supporting India’s highest-quality tiger habitats. These reserves play a significant role in protecting high-density tiger habitats, maintaining Terai-Shivalik wildlife corridors, and supporting elephant movement, biodiversity conservation, and long-term ecological stability. The two tiger reserves are:

  1. Corbett Tiger Reserve: India’s oldest and most tiger-dense reserve.
  2. Rajaji Tiger Reserve: Northwestern limit of tiger and elephant distribution.

Corbett Tiger Reserve

It is located in Himalayan foothills and spans Terai and Shivalik regions across three districts. Jim Corbett National Park is the core of the Corbett Tiger Reserve with the launch of Project Tiger in 1973.

  1. Total Area: 1,288.31 square kilometers including core and buffer.
  2. Tiger Status: Highest tiger density nationally with rising population trend.
  3. Habitat Type: Sal forests, chaurs, grasslands, riverine belts.
  4. Monitoring Tools: M-STrIPES, camera traps, electronic surveillance systems.

Rajaji Tiger Reserve

It was declared India’s 48th Tiger Reserve in 2015, Rajaji Tiger Reserve lies along Shivalik foothills.

  1. Forest Types: Sal-dominated deciduous, grasslands, pine forests.
  2. Faunal Diversity: Over 50 mammal species including elephants and tigers.
  3. River Network: Ganga and Song rivers enhance habitat productivity.
  4. Conservation Issue: Infrastructure pressures in buffer zones monitored legally.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Uttarakhand

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Uttarakhand protect species-rich habitats across Kumaon, Garhwal, Terai, and Shivalik landscapes. These sanctuaries conserve musk deer, elephants, snow leopards, migratory birds, and endemic flora. They safeguard river catchments, alpine meadows, temperate forests, and wildlife corridors connecting India and Nepal. Many sanctuaries support threatened species listed as Endangered, Vulnerable, or Critically Endangered, playing a vital role in national biodiversity conservation strategies.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Uttarakhand List

Uttarakhand hosts several ecologically important wildlife sanctuaries spread across diverse Himalayan landscapes. There are 6 officially recognised Wildlife Sanctuaries in Uttarakhand as mentioned below:

  1. Askot Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in Pithoragarh district, this sanctuary conserves endangered musk deer within western Kumaon Himalayas, features alpine forests, river valleys, rich birdlife, and is notified as an Eco-Sensitive Zone for ecological protection.
  2. Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary: Spread across Rudraprayag and Chamoli districts, it protects musk deer habitats from Gaurikund to Kedarnath, covering Mandakini river catchment, alpine meadows, glaciers, and high Himalayan peaks like Chaukhamba and Kedarnath.
  3. Nandhaur Wildlife Sanctuary: Situated in Terai Arc Landscape, it forms part of Shivalik Elephant Reserve, linking Corbett and Nepal forests, supporting elephants, tigers, leopards, and serving as a crucial transboundary wildlife corridor.
  4. Sonanadi Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in Nainital district, this sanctuary acts as buffer to Jim Corbett Tiger Reserve, supporting tiger dispersal, riverine forests, grasslands, and maintaining habitat continuity within the Terai ecosystem.
  5. Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in Kumaon region, this sanctuary protects oak-rhododendron forests, Himalayan bird species, and historic landscapes, once serving as summer capital of Chand rulers, offering panoramic views of Himalayan peaks.
  6. Mussoorie Wildlife Sanctuary: Also known as Benog Wildlife Sanctuary, it lies near Mussoorie town, forms part of Rajaji landscape, supports diverse birds, mammals, and riverine ecology of Aglar river, a Yamuna tributary.
  7. Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary: It is located in Uttarkashi protects alpine forests and meadows, supports snow leopard conservation under national projects, and preserves rich Himalayan flora, raptors, and high-altitude wildlife habitats.

Ramsar Sites in Uttarakhand

As of now, Uttarakhand has only one Ramsar Site. Asan Conservation Reserve is Uttarakhand’s first Ramsar site, formed by Asan Barrage in Dehradun district. The key features of this region are:

  1. Wetland Type: Reservoir at Asan-Yamuna river confluence.
  2. Bird Diversity: Supports over 330 bird species annually.
  3. Threatened Avifauna: Hosts critically endangered vultures and Baer’s pochard.
  4. Flyway Importance: Strategic wintering site under Central Asian Flyway.
  5. Ecological Role: Fish spawning, migration, feeding ground supporting wetland biodiversity.
Also Check
National Parks in Uttar Pradesh National Parks in Bihar
National Parks in Assam National Parks in Uttarakhand
National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Uttarakhand FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Uttarakhand?

Ans: Uttarakhand has six national parks protecting Himalayan, Terai, alpine, forest, and river ecosystems.

Q2: Which is the oldest National Park in Uttarakhand?

Ans: Jim Corbett National Park is the oldest, established in 1936 as India’s first national park.

Q3: Which National Parks in Uttarakhand are UNESCO World Heritage Sites?

Ans: Nanda Devi National Park and Valley of Flowers National Park are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Q4: Which National Parks in Uttarakhand is the source of the River Ganga?

Ans: Gangotri National Park contains the Gaumukh Glacier, the origin of the River Ganga.

Q5: Which major animals are protected in Uttarakhand’s National Parks?

Ans: Key species include Bengal tiger, snow leopard, Asian elephant, musk deer, and Himalayan black bear.

National Parks in Kerala, Map, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Ramsar Sites

December 27, 2025
National Parks in Kerala

National Parks in Kerala are officially designated regions created to conserve ecosystems, wildlife, and ecological processes over the long term. In Kerala, these areas safeguard Western Ghats biodiversity, river catchments, endemic species, and tribal habitats. Protected areas are managed through legal frameworks to restrict destructive activities, maintain ecological balance, support scientific research, enable regulated tourism, and preserve ecosystem services such as water security, climate regulation, and soil conservation for present and future generations.

Protected Areas in Kerala

Kerala’s protected area network evolved to conserve shrinking forests, biodiversity hotspots, endemic species, and ecological connectivity across the Western Ghats.

  1. Wildlife Sanctuaries: Managed habitats protecting species through zonation and controlled human activity.
  2. National Parks: Strictly protected ecosystems preserving natural ecological processes.
  3. Tiger Reserves: Landscapes secured for tiger conservation under Project Tiger.
  4. Community Reserves: Biodiversity conserved through people’s participation and shared governance.
  5. Biosphere Reserves: Large ecological landscapes integrating conservation with sustainable use.
  6. Elephant Reserves: Migratory corridors and habitats managed under Project Elephant.

National Parks in Kerala

[my_image src="https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/National-Parks-in-Kerala-Map.webp" size="full" align="none" width="auto" height="422px" alt="National Parks in Kerala map" title="National Parks in Kerala Map"]

Kerala has five National Parks, all located within the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot. These parks protect high-altitude grasslands, tropical evergreen forests, shola ecosystems, and critical river origins. Kerala has 6 National Parks in India that play a crucial role in conserving endangered species like the Nilgiri tahr and lion-tailed macaque, maintaining river systems such as Periyar and Bharathapuzha, and preserving ecological contiguity across mountain landscapes. Activities inside parks are strictly regulated, allowing only research, monitoring, and limited ecotourism.

Silent Valley National Park

Silent Valley National Park preserves one of India’s last undisturbed tropical rainforests within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.

  1. Location: Located in Nilgiri Hills across Malappuram and Nilgiris districts.
  2. Rivers Origin: Source region for Bhavani, Kunthipuzha, and Kadalundi rivers.
  3. Vegetation: Tropical moist evergreen rainforest and shola forest ecosystems.
  4. Flagship Species: Largest global population of endangered lion-tailed macaque.
  5. Avifauna: Habitat for Nilgiri wood-pigeon and Malabar grey hornbill.
  6. Indigenous Communities: Home to Irulas, Kurumbas, Mudugas, and Kattunaikkars.
  7. Conservation Significance: Landmark people-led movement halted destructive hydel project.

Eravikulam National Park

Eravikulam National Park protects montane grasslands and shola forests in the southern Western Ghats.

  1. Location: Situated in Kannan Devan Hills of Idukki district.
  2. Anamudi Peak: Encloses highest peak in peninsular India at 2695 metres.
  3. Vegetation: Dominated by rolling grasslands interspersed with shola forests.
  4. Unique Flora: Famous for Neelakurinji flowering once every twelve years.
  5. Fauna: Stronghold of endangered Nilgiri tahr and Nilgiri langur.
  6. Hydrological Role: Catchment for east- and west-flowing rivers including Periyar.

Anamudi Shola National Park

Anamudi Shola National Park conserves high-altitude shola forests surrounding Anamudi massif.

  1. Location: Located along Western Ghats within Munnar Wildlife Division.
  2. Surrounding Areas: Bounded by Eravikulam, Pampadum Shola, and Mathikettan Shola parks.
  3. Vegetation: Tropical evergreen, montane shola, moist deciduous forests.
  4. Unique Ecology: Dense stunted trees with abundant lichens and mosses.
  5. Fauna: Habitat for Nilgiri tahr, lion-tailed macaque, Nilgiri marten.
  6. Threats: Tourism pressure, invasive species, and plantation expansion.

Pampadum Shola National Park

Pampadum Shola National Park protects eastern shola forests of the southern Western Ghats.

  1. Location: Part of Palani Hills spanning Kerala-Tamil Nadu border.
  2. River System: Tributaries of Pambar River originate within park landscape.
  3. Hydrological Link: Pambar flows into Amaravati River joining Cauvery basin.
  4. Vegetation: Shola forests with montane grassland interfaces.
  5. Ecological Role: Maintains eastern Western Ghats watershed integrity.

Mathikettan Shola National Park

Mathikettan Shola National Park preserves remnants of Cardamom Hill Reserve forests.

  1. Location: Situated in Idukki district along southern Western Ghats.
  2. Ecological Importance: Last surviving natural forest of Cardamom Hills.
  3. Connectivity: Lies between Eravikulam and Pampadum Shola parks.
  4. Inter-State Boundary: Shares border with Tamil Nadu forest landscapes.
  5. Conservation Concern: Region affected by developmental pressures nearby.

Periyar National Park

Periyar National Park forms the ecological core of the Periyar Tiger Reserve landscape.

  1. Location: Spread across Idukki and Pathanamthitta districts.
  2. Periyar Lake: Surrounds reservoir formed by Mullaperiyar Dam in 1895.
  3. River Systems: Watershed for Periyar and Pamba rivers.
  4. Vegetation: Evergreen, semi-evergreen, moist deciduous forests and wetlands.
  5. Fauna: Supports Nilgiri tahr, lion-tailed macaque, Nilgiri marten.
  6. Avifauna: Habitat for Malabar grey hornbill and Nilgiri flycatcher.
  7. Tribal Presence: Home to Mannans and Palians communities.

Tiger Reserve in Kerala

Kerala has two Tiger Reserves, established under Project Tiger to protect dwindling tiger populations and prey bases. These reserves ensure habitat connectivity, regulate tourism, manage buffer zones, and support coexistence with indigenous communities. The Wildlife Protection Act amendments strengthened reserve governance through NTCA oversight. Kerala’s tiger reserves also function as elephant habitats, watershed protectors, and biodiversity reservoirs within the Western Ghats landscape.

Periyar Tiger Reserve

Periyar Tiger Reserve is Kerala’s oldest and largest tiger conservation landscape.

  1. Core Area: Covers 881 square kilometres including Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary.
  2. Buffer Zone: Includes tourism zones, pilgrimage areas, and human settlements.
  3. Notification: Declared tiger reserve in 2007 under Project Tiger.
  4. Ecological Role: Major elephant reserve and river watershed.

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve protects the Anamalai-Nelliampathy forest continuum.

  1. Core Area: Spans 390.89 square kilometres across Palakkad and Thrissur.
  2. UNESCO Status: Part of Western Ghats World Heritage Site.
  3. Indigenous Tribes: Home to Kadar, Malasar, Muduvar, Mala Malasar.
  4. Vegetation: Evergreen, moist deciduous forests and sholas.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Kerala

Wildlife sanctuaries in Kerala are legally protected habitats divided into core, buffer, and tourism zones. These sanctuaries conserve species, forests, wetlands, and river basins while allowing regulated human activities. Kerala has 18 wildlife sanctuaries, covering over 2156 square kilometres, forming corridors for elephants and tigers, supporting endemic flora, and maintaining ecological stability across the Western Ghats and coastal ecosystems.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Kerala List

There are 18 Wildlife Sanctuaries in Kerala as listed below:

  1. Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary: Largest sanctuary protecting elephant, tiger, lake ecosystems.
  2. Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary: River basin sanctuary within Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve.
  3. Peechi-Vazhani Sanctuary: Second oldest sanctuary safeguarding Palappilli forests.
  4. Parambikulam Sanctuary: Precursor to tiger reserve within Anamalai landscape.
  5. Wayanad Sanctuary: Critical elephant corridor linking Bandipur and Nagarhole.
  6. Idukki Sanctuary: Encloses major dams within Periyar river system.
  7. Peppara Sanctuary: Catchment of Karamana River and Peppara Dam.
  8. Thattekad Bird Sanctuary: Kerala’s first bird sanctuary along Periyar River.
  9. Shendurney Sanctuary: Reservoir-based sanctuary under Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve.
  10. Chinnar Sanctuary: Dry thorn forest habitat with rare albino gaur.
  11. Chimmony Sanctuary: Watershed forests surrounding Chimmony Dam.
  12. Aralam Sanctuary: Only Dipterocarpus evergreen forest sanctuary in Kerala.
  13. Mangalavanam Sanctuary: Urban mangrove ecosystem, green lung of Kochi.
  14. Kurinjimala Sanctuary: Core habitat of Neelakurinji flowering shrub.
  15. Choolannur Peafowl Sanctuary: Kerala’s only dedicated peafowl sanctuary.
  16. Malabar Sanctuary: Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve forest and elephant reserve.
  17. Kottiyoor Sanctuary: Bavali River forests linking Karnataka sanctuaries.
  18. Karimpuzha Sanctuary: Large protected forest notified in 2019.

Ramsar Sites in Kerala

Kerala has globally important wetlands recognised under the Ramsar Convention for biodiversity, hydrology, and livelihoods.

  1. Ashtamudi Wetland: Second-largest estuarine ecosystem, National Waterway-3 route.
  2. Sasthamkotta Lake: Kerala’s largest freshwater lake with exceptional water purity.
  3. Vembanad-Kol Wetland: India’s longest lake and second-largest Ramsar site.
Also Check
National Parks in Uttar Pradesh National Parks in Bihar
National Parks in Assam National Parks in Uttarakhand
National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Kerala FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Kerala?

Ans: Kerala has five National Parks, all located in the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot.

Q2: Which is the most famous National Park in Kerala?

Ans: Silent Valley National Park is the most famous due to its pristine rainforest ecosystem and conservation history.

Q3: Which National Park in Kerala has the highest peak?

Ans: Eravikulam National Park contains Anamudi Peak, the highest point in peninsular India.

Q4: How many Tiger Reserves are present in Kerala?

Ans: Kerala has two Tiger Reserves: Periyar Tiger Reserve and Parambikulam Tiger Reserve.

Q5: Why are National Parks important for Kerala?

Ans: They protect rivers, endemic species, forest ecosystems, and maintain ecological balance in the Western Ghats.

National Parks in Tamil Nadu, Map, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Ramsar Sites

December 27, 2025
National Parks in Tamil Nadu Map

National Parks in Tamil Nadu are legally notified areas under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, created to conserve ecosystems, species, and landscapes of high ecological value. No human activity is allowed except those permitted by the Chief Wildlife Warden. Wildlife Sanctuaries allow limited human activities under regulation, while Biosphere Reserves focus on conservation, research, and sustainable use. There are a total 107 National Parks in India covering 44,402.95 km² and 574 Wildlife Sanctuaries covering 127,241.24 km², ensuring long term protection of biodiversity.

Protected Areas in Tamil Nadu

Protected areas conserve forests, wildlife, wetlands, and coastal ecosystems across varied landscapes of Tamil Nadu.

  • National Parks: Five parks covering 307.84 km² protect flagship ecosystems.
  • Wildlife Sanctuaries: Thirty four sanctuaries conserve terrestrial and wetland biodiversity.
  • Biosphere Reserves: Three reserves promote conservation, research, and sustainable livelihoods.
  • Tiger Reserves: Five reserves strengthen tiger conservation under Project Tiger.
  • Elephant Reserves: Five landscapes ensure long term elephant movement corridors.

National Parks in Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu has five National Parks covering 307.84 km², representing urban forests, marine ecosystems, montane grasslands, and tropical deciduous forests. These parks safeguard endemic species like Nilgiri tahr and marine species like dugong. Established between 1976 and 1990, they form the core conservation network of the state. Strict protection, minimal human interference, and scientific management make these parks critical for biodiversity conservation and ecological stability in southern India.

[my_image src="https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/National-Parks-in-Tamil-Nadu-map.webp" size="full" align="none" width="auto" height="477px" alt="National Parks in Tamil Nadu Map" title="National Parks in Tamil Nadu map"]

Guindy National Park

Guindy National Park is one of India’s smallest and rare urban National Parks, located in Chennai city.

  • Location: Situated around Raj Bhavan within Chennai metropolitan area.
  • Area: Covers 2.82 km², established in 1976.
  • Vegetation: Tropical dry evergreen, scrub, and thorn forests.
  • Flagship Species: Blackbuck represents grassland conservation.
  • Fauna: Supports chital, jackal, snakes, reptiles, and birds.
  • Importance: Demonstrates biodiversity conservation within dense urban landscape.

Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park

Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park protects India’s richest marine biodiversity zone.

  • Location: Ramanathapuram coast along southeast Tamil Nadu.
  • Area: Covers 6.23 km², notified in 1980.
  • Islands: Comprises 21 coral islands with surrounding reefs.
  • Ecosystems: Coral reefs, seagrass meadows, mangroves, salt marshes.
  • Flagship Species: Dugong, a vulnerable marine mammal.
  • Threats: Coral mining, illegal fishing, mechanized trawling, tourism pressure.

Indira Gandhi (Annamalai) National Park

Indira Gandhi National Park lies in the Anaimalai Hills of Western Ghats.

  • Location: Coimbatore and Tiruppur districts.
  • Area: Covers 117.1 km², established in 1989.
  • Vegetation: Wet evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests, shola grasslands.
  • Fauna: Tiger, elephant, leopard, Nilgiri tahr, lion tailed macaque.
  • Status: Forms core of Anamalai Tiger Reserve.
  • Threats: Plantation expansion and tourism pressure.

Mudumalai National Park

Mudumalai National Park is a key conservation unit in Nilgiri landscape.

  • Location: Nilgiri district bordering Karnataka and Kerala.
  • Area: Covers 103.24 km², declared in 1990.
  • Vegetation: Tropical moist deciduous, dry deciduous, thorn forests.
  • Fauna: Tiger, elephant, leopard, sloth bear, giant squirrel.
  • Birds: Hosts critically endangered Indian vultures.
  • Threats: Tourism pressure and invasive lantana species.

Mukurthi National Park

Mukurthi National Park conserves montane ecosystems of Nilgiris.

  • Location: Nilgiri district within Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.
  • Area: Covers 78.46 km², established in 1982.
  • Vegetation: Montane grasslands with shola forest patches.
  • Keystone Species: Nilgiri tahr, an endangered mountain ungulate.
  • Fauna: Tiger, elephant, Nilgiri marten, Nilgiri langur.
  • Threats: Invasive wattle and eucalyptus plantations.

Tiger Reserves in Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu has five Tiger Reserves strengthening southern tiger landscapes.

  1. Anamalai Tiger Reserve: Western Ghats landscape supporting tiger elephant coexistence.
  2. Kalakad Mundanthurai: Part of Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve with high endemism.
  3. Mudumalai Tiger Reserve: Crucial Nilgiri corridor linking Bandipur and Wayanad.
  4. Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve: Eastern Ghats corridor connecting Western and Eastern Ghats.
  5. Srivilliputhur Megamalai Tiger Reserve (SMTR): It is the recently added reserve, incorporating the Grizzled Giant Squirrel Sanctuary.

Elephant Reserves in Tamil Nadu

There are five Elephant Reserves in Tamil Nadu to ensure genetic connectivity and long term elephant survival.

  1. Agasthyamalai Elephant Reserve: Southern Western Ghats corridor supporting migratory herds.
  2. Anamalai Elephant Reserve: Links Kerala forests with Tamil Nadu landscapes.
  3. Coimbatore Elephant Reserve: Protects fragmented elephant habitats around urban edges.
  4. Nilgiris Elephant Reserve: India’s largest elephant landscape with transboundary corridors.
  5. Srivilliputhur Elephant Reserve: Secures elephant movement near southern Western Ghats.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu has thirty four Wildlife Sanctuaries (including Bird Sanctuaries) conserving diverse habitats.

  1. Cauvery North Sanctuary: Riverine forests linking Karnataka wildlife corridors.
  2. Cauvery South Sanctuary: Supports grizzled squirrel and river dependent species.
  3. Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary: Wetland supporting pelicans and storks.
  4. Gangaikondan Sanctuary: Major spotted deer habitat outside Western Ghats.
  5. Indira Gandhi Sanctuary: Large Western Ghats forest protecting elephants and tigers.
  6. Kadavur Slender Loris Sanctuary: India’s first sanctuary for slender loris.
  7. Kalakad Sanctuary: Forms core of Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve.
  8. Kanyakumari Sanctuary: Southernmost forest supporting tiger movement.
  9. Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary: Breeding ground for painted storks.
  10. Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary: Riverine wetland along Kollidam River.
  11. Karikili Bird Sanctuary: Wetland near Palar Cheyyar river confluence.
  12. Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary: Large brackish wetland supporting migratory birds.
  13. Kodaikanal Sanctuary: Palani Hills forest protecting montane biodiversity.
  14. Koonthankulam Kadankulam Sanctuary: Community managed wetland bird habitat.
  15. Meghamalai Sanctuary: Buffer forest for Periyar Tiger Reserve.
  16. Melaselvanur Keelaselvanur Sanctuary: Seasonal wetland supporting waterbirds.
  17. Mudumalai Sanctuary: Oldest sanctuary forming Nilgiri landscape core.
  18. Mundanthurai Sanctuary: River catchment forest sustaining perennial streams.
  19. Nanjarayan Tank Sanctuary: Urban wetland supporting migratory birds.
  20. Nellai Sanctuary: Dry deciduous forest conserving southern fauna.
  21. Oussudu Lake Sanctuary: Transboundary wetland shared with Puducherry.
  22. Point Calimere Sanctuary: Dry evergreen forest conserving blackbuck.
  23. Point Calimere Block A and B: Extended coastal wetland habitat.
  24. Pulicat Lake Sanctuary: Largest brackish lagoon supporting flamingos.
  25. Sakkarakottai Sanctuary: Small irrigation tank supporting waterbirds.
  26. Sathyamangalam Sanctuary: Eastern Ghats forest and wildlife corridor.
  27. Srivilliputhur Sanctuary: Protects grizzled giant squirrel habitat.
  28. Therthangal Sanctuary: Seasonal wetland in Ramanathapuram district.
  29. Udayamarthandapuram Sanctuary: Floodwater storage wetland supporting birds.
  30. Vaduvoor Sanctuary: Large irrigation tank attracting migratory birds.
  31. Vallanadu Blackbuck Sanctuary: Grassland conserving blackbuck populations.
  32. Vedanthangal Sanctuary: Oldest bird sanctuary protected by communities.
  33. Vellode Sanctuary: Wetland supporting threatened river terns.
  34. Vettangudi Sanctuary: Small wetland critical for nesting waterbirds.

Ramsar Sites in Tamil Nadu

Ramsar Sites are internationally recognized wetlands under the Ramsar Convention for ecological importance. There are 20 officially designated Ramsar Sites in Tamil Nadu as discussed below:

  1. Point Calimere: Dry evergreen forest and migratory bird hotspot.
  2. Gulf of Mannar: South Asia’s first marine biosphere reserve.
  3. Vembannur Wetland: Ancient irrigation tank supporting threatened birds.
  4. Vellode Sanctuary: Important habitat for river terns and storks.
  5. Udhayamarthandapuram: Monsoon floodwater wetland sustaining birds.
  6. Vedanthangal: Community protected wetland improving agriculture productivity.
  7. Koonthankulam: Human made wetland managed by local villagers.
  8. Karikili: Inland wetland paired with Vedanthangal IBA.
  9. Pallikaranai Marsh: Chennai’s last natural coastal freshwater marsh.
  10. Pichavaram Mangrove: Mangrove forest buffering cyclones and tides.
  11. Kanjirankulam: Breeding site for painted storks and darters.
  12. Chitrangudi: Pelican and stork nesting wetland.
  13. Suchindram Theroor: Southern flyway wetland for migratory birds.
  14. Vaduvur: Large irrigation tank sheltering winter migrants.
  15. Karaivetti: River fed wetland supporting large bird congregations.
  16. Longwood Shola: Montane forest wetland conserving endemic flora.
  17. Kazhuveli: Brackish lagoon supporting coastal biodiversity.
  18. Nanjarayan: Urban wetland conserving migratory waterbirds.
  19. Sakkarakottai: Small tank supporting seasonal bird populations.
  20. Therthangal: Minor wetland contributing to regional waterbird networks.
Also Check
National Parks in Uttar Pradesh National Parks in Bihar
National Parks in Assam National Parks in Uttarakhand
National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Tamil Nadu FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Tamil Nadu?

Ans: Tamil Nadu has five National Parks covering about 307.84 square kilometres.

Q2: Which is the smallest National Park in Tamil Nadu?

Ans: Guindy National Park is the smallest, spread over just 2.82 square kilometres.

Q3: Which National Park protects marine biodiversity in Tamil Nadu?

Ans: Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park protects coral reefs, seagrass, and marine species.

Q4: Which National Park is important for Nilgiri tahr conservation?

Ans: Mukurthi National Park was created mainly to protect the endangered Nilgiri tahr.

Q5: Are human activities allowed inside National Parks?

Ans: No regular human activities are allowed, except those permitted by the Chief Wildlife Warden under WPA 1972.

National Parks in Andhra Pradesh, Sanctuaries, Tiger Reserves

December 27, 2025
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh

National Parks in Andhra Pradesh are the regions established to conserve wildlife, forests, landscapes and ecological systems. In India, they are governed under the Wild Life Protection Act 1972. These areas restrict human activities to protect endangered species, fragile habitats, and biodiversity hotspots. National Parks in India offer the highest protection level, while sanctuaries allow limited human use. Protected areas also support climate regulation, water security, ecological balance, scientific research, and long-term conservation of flora and fauna.

Protected Areas in Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh hosts diverse protected ecosystems across Eastern Ghats, coastal wetlands, riverine forests, and dry deciduous landscapes.

  • National Parks: Strictly protected ecosystems conserving core biodiversity and endangered species.
  • Tiger Reserves: Large landscapes managed under Project Tiger for Bengal tiger conservation.
  • Wildlife Sanctuaries: Protected habitats allowing regulated human activities for conservation.
  • Ramsar Sites: Internationally important wetlands conserving migratory birds and freshwater ecosystems.

National Parks in Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh has three National Parks representing hill forests, river valleys, and dry deciduous ecosystems. These parks are located in Eastern Ghats and central plains, protecting rare flora, large mammals, reptiles, birds, and endemic species. They play a critical role in conserving fragile hill ecosystems, wildlife corridors, riverine biodiversity, and endemic plant species. The National Parks include Papikonda National Park, Sri Venkateswara National Park, and Rajiv Gandhi National Park, each unique in geography, biodiversity, and ecological importance.

Papikonda National Park

Papikonda National Park lies in the northern Eastern Ghats along the Godavari River, covering rugged hills, valleys, and rich forest ecosystems with high biodiversity significance.

  1. Location and Area: Situated in East and West Godavari districts, covering 1,012.86 square kilometres.
  2. Elevation Gradient: Altitude ranges from 20 to 850 metres, creating diverse micro-habitats.
  3. River System: Godavari River bisects the park, acting as a major biogeographic divider.
  4. Climate Conditions: Annual rainfall averages 1,168 mm with temperatures rising to 47°C in summer.
  5. Forest Types: Southern tropical moist deciduous, semi-evergreen, and dry deciduous forests dominate.
  6. Floral Diversity: Home to 31 red-listed plant species and 96 wild crop relatives.
  7. Unique Fauna: Hosts the rare dwarf goat breed locally known as “kanchu mekha”.
  8. Mammals: Supports tiger, leopard, hyena, gaur, sambar, chital, barking deer, and chowsingha.
  9. Avifauna: Records 92 bird species including peacock and red jungle fowl.
  10. Reptiles: Includes king cobra, Indian python, freshwater crocodile, and golden gecko.

Rajiv Gandhi National Park

Rajiv Gandhi National Park, also called Rameswaram National Park, is a small urban-proximate protected forest located in Kadapa district.

  1. Geographic Location: Located within Proddatur town amidst Veligonda and Yerramala hill extensions.
  2. Area Coverage: Spreads across only 2.3 square kilometres, making it Andhra Pradesh’s smallest park.
  3. Forest Type: Dominated by tropical dry deciduous vegetation with sandy soils.
  4. Plant Diversity: Contains over 25 plant species including Dalbergia sissoo and Gymnema sylvestre.
  5. Invertebrates: Rich insect life including scorpions, spiders, butterflies, and grasshoppers.
  6. Amphibians: Supports bullfrogs and common Indian toads.
  7. Reptiles: Includes Russell’s viper, earth boa, and common skink.
  8. Birds: Over 50 species like peacocks, parakeets, and little egrets.
  9. Mammals: Hosts spotted deer, common mongoose, and black-naped hare.

Sri Venkateswara National Park

Sri Venkateswara National Park protects ancient Eastern Ghats hill ecosystems and is Andhra Pradesh’s first declared National Park.

  1. Location: Spread across Seshachalam and Tirumala hills in Kadapa and Chittoor districts.
  2. Area Extent: Covers 353.62 square kilometres carved from a larger wildlife sanctuary.
  3. Declaration Status: Notified as National Park in 1989 after sanctuary declaration in 1985.
  4. Geological Importance: Features Nagari Quartzite and ancient Cuddapah rock formations.
  5. Rainfall Pattern: Receives average rainfall of 1,190 mm annually.
  6. Forest Types: Includes dry deciduous, moist deciduous, and red sanders-bearing forests.
  7. Endemic Flora: Supports red sanders, sandalwood, Cycas beddomei, and Terminalia pallida.
  8. Mammals: Inhabited by tiger, leopard, wolf, sloth bear, chinkara, and four-horned antelope.
  9. Rare Species: Golden gecko rediscovered here after nearly 100 years.
  10. Avifauna: Over 150 bird species recorded across valleys and hill ranges.

Tiger Reserves in Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh has one notified Tiger Reserve conserving large forest landscapes of Eastern Ghats under Project Tiger. Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve is the only tiger reserve in the state. It is dominated by dry deciduous forests, deep valleys, gorges, and plateaus and Krishna River flows through the reserve supporting aquatic biodiversity. It plays a major role in protecting Bengal tigers and prey species.

Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve

This tiger reserve is among India’s largest, spread across Eastern Ghats hill ranges of Nallamalais.

  1. Total Area: Covers 5,937 square kilometres including core and buffer zones.
  2. Core Habitat: Critical tiger habitat spans 3,721 square kilometres.
  3. Biodiversity Richness: Hosts over 80 mammals, 303 birds, and 54 reptiles.
  4. Tiger Population: Estimated between 53 and 67 tigers during 2010 assessment.
  5. Flora Diversity: Records 1,581 plant taxa including several endemic medicinal species.
  6. Conservation Measures: Uses camera traps, M-STrIPES patrolling, and tribal participation.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Andhra Pradesh

Wildlife sanctuaries in Andhra Pradesh protect diverse ecosystems including mangroves, lakes, forests, grasslands, and river deltas. These sanctuaries conserve migratory birds, endangered mammals, reptiles, and plant species while allowing regulated human use. Spread across coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, and Eastern Ghats, they play a vital role in wetland conservation, coastal protection, forest regeneration, and biodiversity preservation under national conservation laws.

List of Major Wildlife Sanctuaries in Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh hosts multiple wildlife sanctuaries covering wetlands, mangroves, dry forests, and hill ecosystems.

  • Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary: Mangrove ecosystem in East Godavari protecting estuarine birds and crocodiles.
  • Gundla Brahmeswaram Sanctuary: Largest sanctuary conserving Eastern Ghats dry deciduous forests.
  • Kambalakonda Sanctuary: Urban forest near Visakhapatnam protecting hill ecosystems and wildlife.
  • Koundinya Sanctuary: Only Asian elephant habitat in Andhra Pradesh located in Chittoor.
  • Kolleru Sanctuary: Freshwater wetland supporting millions of resident and migratory birds.
  • Krishna Sanctuary: Deltaic wetland conserving mangroves and riverine biodiversity.
  • Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Sanctuary: Part of tiger reserve protecting large mammals.
  • Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary: Critical pelican breeding ground near Tirupati.
  • Pulicat Lake Sanctuary: Coastal lagoon supporting migratory waterbirds.
  • Rollapadu Sanctuary: Grassland habitat conserving blackbuck populations.
  • Sri Lankamalleswara Sanctuary: Hill forest supporting endemic plant species.
  • Sri Penusila Narasimha Sanctuary: Large forest area preserving Eastern Ghats biodiversity.
  • Sri Venkateswara Sanctuary: Buffer ecosystem supporting National Park wildlife.

Ramsar Site in Andhra Pradesh

Kolleru Lake is a globally significant freshwater wetland located between Krishna and Godavari deltas. It is the only Ramsar Site present in Andhra Pradesh. 

  1. Ramsar Status: Designated Ramsar Site in 2002 for international wetland importance.
  2. Lake Area: Covers 245 square kilometres with Ramsar wetland area of 302 square kilometres.
  3. Bird Habitat: Supports nearly 20 million migratory and resident birds seasonally.
  4. Migratory Species: Hosts Siberian cranes, painted storks, pelicans, flamingos, and ibises.
  5. Hydrology: Fed by Budameru and Tammileru streams and irrigation canals.
  6. Conservation Issues: Impacted by aquaculture encroachment and pollution.
  7. Restoration Efforts: Addressed through Operation Kolleru and Operation Kolleru-2.0 initiatives.
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National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Andhra Pradesh FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Andhra Pradesh?

Ans: Andhra Pradesh has three National Parks: Papikonda National Park, Sri Venkateswara National Park, and Rajiv Gandhi National Park.

Q2: Which is the largest National Park in Andhra Pradesh?

Ans: Papikonda National Park is the largest, covering 1,012.86 square kilometres across the Eastern Ghats along the Godavari River.

Q3: Which was the first National Park of Andhra Pradesh?

Ans: Sri Venkateswara National Park was the first National Park of Andhra Pradesh, officially notified in 1989.

Q4: Which National Parks in Andhra Pradesh are located in an urban area?

Ans: Rajiv Gandhi National Park is located within Proddatur town in Kadapa district and is the smallest National Park in the state.

Q5: Why are National Parks important in Andhra Pradesh?

Ans: National Parks in Andhra Pradesh conserve Eastern Ghats biodiversity, protect endangered species, preserve river ecosystems, and support ecological balance and climate regulation.

National Parks in Sikkim, Map, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Ramsar Site

December 27, 2025
National Parks in Sikkim

National Parks in Sikkim are legally notified regions established to conserve ecologically important landscapes, wildlife populations, plant diversity, and natural geological features. Under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972, State Governments can declare areas of significant ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, natural, or zoological value as protected zones. National Parks in India offer the highest protection, prohibiting human activities except those permitted for conservation purposes, while Wildlife Sanctuaries allow limited regulated activities. As of 2025, India currently has 107 National Parks covering 44,402.95 square kilometres and 574 Wildlife Sanctuaries spanning 127,241.24 square kilometres, ensuring long-term biodiversity security.

Protected Areas in Sikkim

Sikkim has a dense protected area network covering ecologically sensitive Himalayan landscapes with strict legal protection.

  • Protected Area Network: Nine protected areas collectively cover 30.77% of Sikkim’s total geographical area.
  • National Park Coverage: One National Park alone protects 1,784 square kilometres of alpine ecosystems.
  • Wildlife Sanctuaries: Seven sanctuaries safeguard forests, wetlands, alpine meadows, and bird habitats.
  • Conservation Reserve: One orchid-focused conservation reserve protects rare endemic plant species.
  • Biosphere Integration: Protected areas integrate with Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve for landscape level conservation.

National Parks in Sikkim

There is only one National Park in Sikkim, but it is among India’s most ecologically significant and globally recognised conservation landscapes. Khangchendzonga National Park spans 1,784 square kilometres across North and West Sikkim and protects altitudes ranging from 1,400 metres to 8,585 metres, including Mount Kangchenjunga, the world’s third-highest peak. Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2016, it is India’s first “Mixed Heritage Site,” recognised for both natural and cultural values. The park forms the core of the Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve and plays a critical role in Himalayan biodiversity conservation.

[my_image src="https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/National-Parks-in-Sikkim-map.webp" size="full" align="none" width="auto" height="490px" alt="National Parks in Sikkim map" title="National Parks in Sikkim map"]

Khangchendzonga National Park

Khangchendzonga National Park is Sikkim’s largest protected ecosystem, preserving pristine Himalayan wilderness. The key features of the Khangchendzonga National Park has been highlighted below:

  • Geographical Extent: Covers 1,784 square kilometres across North and West Sikkim districts.
  • Altitude Range: Elevation varies from 1,400 metres to 8,585 metres at Kangchenjunga peak.
  • Global Recognition: Declared UNESCO World Heritage Site on 17 July 2016.
  • Heritage Status: India’s first Mixed Heritage Site recognising natural and cultural values.
  • Biosphere Core: Forms the core zone of Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve.
  • Vegetation Zones: Supports temperate broadleaf, mixed forests, subalpine and alpine vegetation.
  • Key Mammals: Home to snow leopard, red panda, Himalayan black bear, and musk deer.
  • High-Altitude Fauna: Supports Himalayan blue sheep, takin, serow, goral, and Tibetan wild ass.
  • Natural Boundaries: Bounded by Zemu Glacier, Lamaongden ridge, Mount Pandim, and Nepal Peak.
  • Ecological Integrity: Remains largely untouched due to formidable natural geographical barriers.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Sikkim

Sikkim’s seven Wildlife Sanctuaries protect diverse Himalayan ecosystems ranging from lowland forests to alpine zones. These sanctuaries collectively cover 399.10 square kilometres and support rare rhododendron species, migratory birds, alpine fauna, and critical wildlife corridors connecting protected landscapes across India, Nepal, and West Bengal. Declared under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972, these sanctuaries allow limited human activities while ensuring habitat protection, species conservation, and ecological stability across varying altitudinal gradients.

List of Wildlife Sanctuaries in Sikkim

The list of seven officially recognised Wildlife Sanctuaries in Sikkim has been given below:

  1. Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary: Located in Singalila Range, protects vast rhododendron forests bordering Nepal and West Bengal.
  2. Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary: Situated near Gangtok, conserves subtropical forests contiguous with Khangchendzonga National Park.
  3. Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary: East Sikkim sanctuary protecting alpine meadows between 3,292 and 4,116 metres altitude.
  4. Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary: South Sikkim sanctuary preserving temperate forests and critical wildlife corridors.
  5. Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary: Eastern Sikkim sanctuary connected to Neora Valley National Park of West Bengal.
  6. Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary: North Sikkim sanctuary famous for high-altitude rhododendron species diversity.
  7. Kitam Bird Sanctuary: South Sikkim’s low-altitude bird sanctuary supporting migratory and resident avifauna.

Ramsar Site in Sikkim (Khachoedpalri Wetland)

Khachoedpalri Wetland is Sikkim’s first Ramsar Site, recognised for high-altitude wetland conservation. The key features of this site are given below:

  • Ramsar Recognition: Declared Ramsar Site in 2024.
  • Wetland Area: Covers 1.72 square kilometres of high-altitude Himalayan wetland ecosystem.
  • Ecological Importance: Supports peatlands, temperate forests, and over 680 plant species.
  • Key Wildlife: Habitat for endangered red panda and vulnerable Himalayan black bear.
  • Cultural Significance: Sacred pilgrimage site with major ecological and tourism value in Sikkim.
Also Check
National Parks in Uttar Pradesh National Parks in Bihar
National Parks in Assam National Parks in Uttarakhand
National Parks in West Bengal National Parks in Arunachal Pradesh
National Parks in Andhra Pradesh National Parks in Chhattisgarh
National Parks in Goa National Parks in Jharkhand
National Parks in Gujarat National Parks in Kerala
National Parks in Haryana National Parks in Madhya Pradesh
National Parks in Himachal Pradesh National Parks in Maharashtra
National Parks in Karnataka National Parks in Odisha
National Parks in Manipur National Parks in Mizoram
National Parks in Meghalaya National Parks in Nagaland
National Parks in Telangana National Parks in Rajasthan
National Parks in Tamil Nadu National Parks in Sikkim
National Parks in Tripura

National Parks in Sikkim FAQs

Q1: How many National Parks are there in Sikkim?

Ans: Sikkim has only one National Park, Khangchendzonga National Park, covering 1,784 square kilometres.

Q2: Why is Khangchendzonga National Park globally important?

Ans: It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and India’s first Mixed Heritage Site with natural and cultural value.

Q3: How much of the area in Sikkim is under protected areas?

Ans: About 30.77% of Sikkim’s total geographical area is under protected areas.

Q4: How many Wildlife Sanctuaries exist in Sikkim?

Ans: There are seven Wildlife Sanctuaries protecting forests, alpine zones, birds, and rare plant species.

Q5: How many Ramsar Sites are there in Sikkim?

Ans: Khachoedpalri Wetland is the only Ramsar Site in Sikkim that has been designated in 2024.

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