Current Affairs of 23 July 2026 by Vajiram & Ravi IAS Institute

UPSC Daily Quiz 23 July 2026

July 23, 2026

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UPSC Daily Quiz FAQs

Q1: What is the Daily UPSC Quiz?

Ans: The Daily UPSC Quiz is a set of practice questions based on current affairs, static subjects, and PYQs that help aspirants enhance retention and test conceptual clarity regularly.

Q2: How is the Daily Quiz useful for UPSC preparation?

Ans: Daily quizzes support learning, help in revision, improve time management, and boost accuracy for both UPSC Prelims and Mains through consistent practice.

Q3: Are the quiz questions based on the UPSC syllabus?

Ans: Yes, all questions are aligned with the UPSC Syllabus 2025, covering key areas like Polity, Economy, Environment, History, Geography, and Current Affairs.

Q4: Are solutions and explanations provided with the quiz?

Ans: Yes, each quiz includes detailed explanations and source references to enhance conceptual understanding and enable self-assessment.

Q5: Is the Daily UPSC Quiz suitable for both Prelims and Mains?

Ans: Primarily focused on Prelims (MCQ format), but it also indirectly helps in Mains by strengthening subject knowledge and factual clarity.

Fast Track Special Courts (FTSCs), Scheme, Procedure, Latest News

July 23, 2026

Fast Track Special Courts (FTSCs) are dedicated courts created to ensure the speedy trial of rape and Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act cases. They were introduced to reduce delays in the criminal justice system and provide faster justice to survivors.

These courts function under a Centrally Sponsored Scheme and receive financial support through the Nirbhaya Fund. Over the years, FTSCs have significantly improved the disposal of sensitive criminal cases and strengthened access to timely justice across India.

Why are Fast Track Special Courts in News?

Fast Track Special Courts have returned to public discussion after Nationwide Protests in 2026 demanding stronger action against examination paper leaks and education reforms. During the protests led by the Cockroach Janta Party (CJP) and Students, Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi announced that fast track courts would be established to ensure speedy prosecution of those involved in paper leak cases.

However, protest groups and opposition parties argued that faster trials alone cannot solve the root causes of recurring paper leaks and continued demanding broader reforms, including accountability in the education system.

What are Fast Track Special Courts (FTSCs)?

Fast Track Special Courts are specialized judicial courts for the faster disposal of pending cases. It was primarily established for disposal of serious criminal cases involving rape and offences under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act. They operate under the centrally sponsored Fast Track Special Courts (FTSCs) Scheme implemented by the Department of Justice, Ministry of Law and Justice.

Fast Track Court Scheme 2019

The major highlighting features of the Fast Track Special Courts (FTSCs) Scheme has been listed below:

Purpose: FTSCs conduct time bound trials of rape and POCSO Act cases to reduce pendency and ensure quicker delivery of justice for victims.
Legal Basis: The scheme was introduced in October 2019 following the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2018 and the Supreme Court's directions in Suo Motu Writ (Criminal) of 2019.
Exclusive POCSO Courts: The scheme includes exclusive POCSO (ePOCSO) Courts, which hear only offences under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act 2012.
Implementing Authority: The Department of Justice under the Ministry of Law and Justice implements the scheme in coordination with State Governments and High Courts.
Funding Source: The scheme is financed through the Nirbhaya Fund under the Centrally Sponsored Scheme pattern, with Central and State Governments sharing expenditure according to prescribed funding ratios.
Current Coverage: The scheme has been extended up to 31 March 2026 with approval for establishing 790 Fast Track Special Courts across eligible States and Union Territories.
Functional Courts: As on 30 June 2025, 725 FTSCs, including 392 exclusive POCSO Courts, were operational across 29 States and Union Territories.
Case Disposal: Since the scheme began, these courts have disposed of 3,34,213 cases, including 1,19,392 rape cases and 2,14,821 POCSO cases.
State Wise Performance: Uttar Pradesh has the highest number of operational FTSCs with 218 courts, disposing of 91,459 cases, followed by Madhya Pradesh with 67 courts disposing of 32,113 cases and Kerala with 55 courts disposing of 26,202 cases.

Fast Track Special Courts Procedure

Fast Track Special Courts follow a structured judicial process designed to reduce delays while ensuring fair trial principles are maintained throughout criminal proceedings.

Eligible cases are transferred from regular courts to FTSCs for dedicated and priority hearing under the approved judicial framework.
Exclusive POCSO Courts hear only offences under the POCSO Act, while other FTSCs may handle both rape cases and POCSO related offences.
Every FTSC is supported by one Judicial Officer appointed according to applicable judicial service rules and supervised by the respective High Court.
Each court receives financial support for seven staff members responsible for administration, record management, courtroom operations and daily functioning.
Cases proceed through filing of charges, examination of witnesses, presentation of evidence, cross examination, final arguments and judgment while prioritising continuous hearings.
These courts are intended to complete trials quickly. Ideally, sexual offence cases should conclude within one year, while recent criminal procedure reforms recommend even shorter timelines for specific offences wherever feasible.
Under the Centrally Sponsored Scheme, every FTSC is expected to dispose of around 41 to 42 cases every quarter, equivalent to nearly 165 cases annually.
High Courts regularly monitor disposal rates and functioning, while the Department of Justice reviews implementation based on reports received from States and Union Territories.

Fast Track Special Courts Challenges

Despite faster disposal rates, Fast Track Special Courts continue to face several operational, legal and administrative challenges that affect their long term effectiveness.

Infrastructure Constraints: Many FTSCs function within existing court buildings instead of separate facilities, limiting courtroom space, technology, staff support and overall efficiency.
Large Pending Caseload: Despite disposing of thousands of cases, more than 2.4 lakh POCSO cases remained pending, indicating that new cases continue to exceed disposal capacity.
Judicial Vacancies: Vacant judicial positions reduce the number of available judges, increasing workload and slowing the pace of hearings despite dedicated court structures.
Shared Judicial Responsibilities: Judges are often assigned additional responsibilities from regular courts, reducing the exclusive attention required for time bound disposal of FTSC cases.
Low Conviction Rate: A significant gap remains between pending trials and convictions, raising concerns about investigation quality, evidence collection and overall prosecution effectiveness.
Complex Investigations: Delays frequently arise because of complicated evidence, forensic examination, witness availability, legal representation and prolonged investigation processes.
Limited Jurisdiction: FTSCs are restricted to specified categories of offences, preventing them from addressing related criminal matters that may arise from the same incident.

Fast Track Special Courts FAQs

Q1: What are Fast Track Special Courts (FTSCs)?

Ans: Fast Track Special Courts are special courts established to ensure speedy trials of rape and POCSO Act cases. They operate under a Centrally Sponsored Scheme implemented by the Department of Justice.

Q2: When was the Fast Track Special Courts Scheme launched?

Ans: The Fast Track Special Courts Scheme was launched in October 2019 following the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2018 and the Supreme Court's directions for faster disposal of rape and POCSO cases.

Q3: How many Fast Track Special Courts are functioning in India?

Ans: As of 30 June 2025, 725 Fast Track Special Courts, including 392 exclusive POCSO Courts, are operational across 29 States and Union Territories.

Q4: Why are Fast Track Special Courts in the news?

Ans: Fast Track Special Courts are in the news after the government announced plans to use fast track courts for prosecuting examination paper leak cases amid nationwide protests demanding education reforms and stronger action against paper leaks.

Q5: Who funds the Fast Track Special Courts Scheme?

Ans: The Fast Track Special Courts Scheme is funded under the Nirbhaya Fund through a Centrally Sponsored Scheme. The approved financial outlay is ₹1,952.23 crore, including ₹1,207.24 crore as the Central share.

National Investment Policy for Urea-2026 (NIPU-2026)

July 23, 2026

The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has approved the National Investment Policy for Urea-2026 (NIPU-2026), a new framework to boost domestic urea manufacturing under Atmanirbhar Bharat. Replacing the NIP-2012 policy that lapsed in 2019, NIPU-2026 aims to set up new gas-based urea plants, adding around 10 million tonnes of production capacity to bridge India’s demand-supply gap.

About the National Investment Policy for Urea-2026 (NIPU-2026)

The National Investment Policy for Urea-2026 for Atmanirbhar Bharat (NIPU-2026) is a new policy framework approved by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) to attract investment in the urea manufacturing sector. It provides a framework for setting up new gas-based urea manufacturing units in India and expanding domestic production.

National Investment Policy for Urea-2026 (NIPU-2026) Objectives

National Investment Policy for Urea-2026 (NIPU-2026 aims to:

Increase domestic urea production by encouraging new manufacturing units.
Bridge the gap between urea demand and domestic production.
Reduce dependence on imported urea.
Strengthen India’s fertilizer security.
Promote self-sufficiency in urea production under the vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat.
Create a transparent and financially viable framework for new urea projects.

National Investment Policy for Urea-2026 (NIPU-2026) Key Features

National Investment Policy for Urea-2026 (NIPU-2026) aims to attract investment in new gas-based urea plants by increasing production capacity, making the cost framework more transparent and reducing financial risks for investors.

New Gas-Based Urea Plants: The policy focuses on setting up new gas-based urea manufacturing units. It is expected to facilitate 8-9 new plants, which could add around 10 million tonnes to India’s domestic urea production capacity.
Separate Fixed and Variable Costs: NIPU-2026 separates fixed costs such as capital-related expenses from variable costs, such as costs that change with production. This makes the pricing and cost calculation process more transparent.
Defined Return on Equity (RoE): The policy provides a 12%-16% RoE band. This gives investors a reasonable and predictable return while keeping the return within a defined limit.
Protection Against Foreign Exchange Risk: To reduce the impact of fluctuations in exchange rates, fixed costs will be converted into Indian rupees after four years based on the prevailing exchange rate.
Lower Cost Compared with NIP-2012: The reforms are estimated to result in savings of more than ₹250 crore for each plant compared with projects established under the earlier NIP-2012 framework.
Equal Incentives for All Sectors: Projects established by the private, government and cooperative sectors will receive identical incentives, allowing different types of investors to participate in expanding domestic urea production.

National Investment Policy for Urea-2026 (NIPU-2026) Need

National Investment Policy for Urea-2026 (NIPU-2026) is needed because India continues to face a gap between its urea demand and domestic production, while the earlier framework for attracting new investment is no longer operational.

Growing Demand for Urea: India’s annual urea demand is around 40 million tonnes, while domestic production is approximately 30 million tonnes.
Import Dependence: The production shortfall of around 10 million tonnes is met through imports.
Need for New Capacity: The proposed addition of around 10 million tonnes of new capacity can help bridge the existing production gap.
Expiry of NIP-2012: The investment window under NIP-2012 ended in October 2019, leaving the need for a new framework to attract investment in new urea projects.
Fresh Investment Proposals: The Department of Fertilizers received proposals for establishing new urea manufacturing units after the expiry of NIP-2012.
Global Supply Chain Risks: Dependence on imported fertilizer and energy inputs exposes India to international price fluctuations, geopolitical tensions and disruptions in global supply chains.

National Investment Policy for Urea-2026 (NIPU-2026) Significance

National Investment Policy for Urea-2026 (NIPU-2026) is significant because it seeks to connect the expansion of fertilizer production with India’s wider goals of agricultural security, economic resilience and self-reliance.

Strengthens Fertilizer Security: More domestic urea production can ensure a more reliable supply of a critical agricultural input.
Reduces Import Dependence: Higher indigenous production can reduce India’s reliance on international markets to meet domestic urea demand.
Supports Food Security: Urea supplies nitrogen, an essential nutrient for crop growth. A stable fertilizer supply supports agricultural productivity and food security.
Promotes Atmanirbhar Bharat: The policy encourages domestic investment and manufacturing in a strategically important sector.
Improves Investment Viability: The defined RoE band, separate cost structure and foreign exchange risk mitigation can provide greater certainty to investors.
Improves Supply Chain Resilience: Increased domestic production can reduce the impact of international supply disruptions and price volatility.
Broadens Investment Participation: Equal incentives for private, government and cooperative sector projects can encourage wider participation in the fertilizer industry.

National Investment Policy for Urea-2026 (NIPU-2026) Challenges

The success of the National Investment Policy for Urea-2026 (NIPU-2026) will depend not only on attracting investment but also on the timely completion and efficient operation of the new plants.

Natural Gas Availability: Gas-based urea plants need a reliable and affordable supply of natural gas. Shortages or sharp increases in gas prices can raise production costs.
High Capital Requirements: New urea plants require large investments, advanced technology and supporting infrastructure.
Global Energy Price Volatility: Changes in international natural gas prices can affect the cost and financial viability of gas-based urea production.
Implementation Delays: Delays in land acquisition, environmental clearances, construction and infrastructure development can postpone the creation of new capacity.
Subsidy Burden: Since urea is heavily subsidised, expansion of domestic production must be balanced with the government’s long-term fertilizer subsidy expenditure.
Excessive Urea Use: India’s fertilizer challenge is not limited to inadequate urea production. Excessive use of urea and imbalanced application of nutrients also affect soil health and agricultural sustainability.
Need for Balanced Fertilization: Increasing urea availability must be accompanied by the balanced use of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other essential nutrients, along with improved nitrogen-use efficiency.

India’s Other Initiatives Related to Fertilizers

India has undertaken several initiatives to improve fertilizer availability, promote balanced nutrient use, improve soil health and reduce excessive dependence on conventional chemical fertilizers.

Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS) Scheme: Introduced in 2010 for Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K) fertilizers, it provides subsidies to keep them affordable and promotes the balanced use of plant nutrients.
Neem-Coated Urea: The government mandated 100% neem coating of urea in 2015. It slows the release of nitrogen, improves nitrogen-use efficiency and helps prevent the diversion of subsidised urea for non-agricultural purposes.
Soil Health Card Scheme: Launched in 2015, it provides farmers with information on the nutrient status and physicochemical properties of their soil, helping them apply fertilizers according to soil and crop requirements.
Nano Fertilizers: These use nanomaterials to deliver nutrients more efficiently, potentially reducing nutrient losses and improving nutrient absorption by crops. India aims to replace 10% of conventional DAP and urea consumption with nano substitutes within 3–4 years.
Urea Gold: A sulfur-coated urea that supplies both nitrogen and sulfur, helping address sulfur deficiency in Indian soils.
Liquid Nano Urea: Developed by IFFCO, it is a nanotechnology-based liquid fertilizer applied directly to plant leaves to improve nutrient-use efficiency and reduce the physical requirement for conventional urea.
PM PRANAM: The Pradhan Mantri Programme for Restoration, Awareness, Nourishment and Amelioration of Mother Earth encourages States and Union Territories to promote alternative fertilizers and the balanced use of chemical fertilizers.
One Nation One Fertilizer: Under the Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Urvarak Pariyojana, subsidised fertilizers are sold under the single brand name “Bharat”, promoting uniform branding and improving the distribution of subsidised fertilizers.

National Investment Policy for Urea-2026 FAQs

Q1: What is the National Investment Policy for Urea-2026 (NIPU-2026)?

Ans: The National Investment Policy for Urea-2026 (NIPU-2026) is a policy framework approved by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) to attract investment in new gas-based urea manufacturing units and expand India’s domestic urea production capacity.

Q2: What is the main objective of National Investment Policy for Urea-2026 (NIPU-2026)?

Ans: The primary objective of National Investment Policy for Urea-2026 (NIPU-2026) is to increase domestic urea production, reduce the gap between demand and supply, lower import dependence and strengthen India’s fertilizer security under the vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat.

Q3: Why was a new urea investment policy required?

Ans: The investment window under the earlier New Investment Policy (NIP)-2012 ended in October 2019. Since then, the Department of Fertilizers received proposals for new urea manufacturing units, creating the need for a new policy framework to attract fresh investment.

Q4: What is the key difference between National Investment Policy for Urea-2026 (NIPU-2026) and NIP-2012?

Ans: NIP-2012 covered a wider range of projects, including revamp, expansion, revival, brownfield and greenfield projects, whereas NIPU-2026 specifically focuses on the establishment of new gas-based urea manufacturing units.

Q5: How will National Investment Policy for Urea-2026 (NIPU-2026) reduce the financial burden of new urea projects?

Ans: The reforms under NIPU-2026 are estimated to result in savings of more than ₹250 crore for each plant compared with projects established under NIP-2012.

Nuclear Suppliers Group, History, Members, Objectives, India’s Status

July 23, 2026

The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a group of countries that work together to ensure that nuclear materials and technology are used only for peaceful purposes, such as energy and research. It was created to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and to promote responsible nuclear trade among nations. Through common rules and international cooperation, the NSG helps maintain global security while allowing countries to benefit from nuclear technology in a safe and controlled manner.

Nuclear Suppliers Group

The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a group of countries that cooperate to ensure that nuclear materials, equipment, and technology are used only for peaceful purposes, such as energy generation, medical research, and scientific development.
It plays a crucial role in preventing the spread of nuclear weapons (nuclear proliferation) while still allowing countries to benefit from nuclear technology in a safe and regulated manner.
The NSG operates through common guidelines and mutual understanding among member countries, ensuring that nuclear trade does not lead to security risks.
It is a transnational export control regime, meaning it regulates how nuclear-related materials and technologies are transferred across countries.
Nuclear Suppliers Group contributes to global peace, stability, and responsible nuclear cooperation.

Nuclear Suppliers Group Members and Basic Features

The NSG consists of 48 member countries, mainly nuclear supplier nations that have the capability to export nuclear materials and technologies.
India is currently not a member, although it actively seeks membership to participate in decision-making.
Membership requires countries to meet strict eligibility criteria, especially related to nuclear non-proliferation commitments and export control systems.
Member countries must ensure that any nuclear export is accompanied by clear assurances from the importing country that it will not be used for weapons development.
The group functions on a consensus basis, meaning decisions are taken collectively with agreement from all members.

Nuclear Suppliers Group Member Countries
S. No.	Participating Government	Year of Adherence
1	Argentina	1994
2	Cyprus	2000
3	Ireland	1984
4	New Zealand	1994
5	South Africa	1995
6	Australia	1978
7	Czech Republic	1978*
8	Italy	1978
9	Norway	1989
10	Spain	1988
11	Austria	1991
12	Denmark	1984
13	Japan	1974
14	Poland	1978
15	Sweden	1978
16	Belarus	2000
17	Estonia	2004
18	Kazakhstan	2002
19	Portugal	1986
20	Switzerland	1978
21	Belgium	1978
22	Finland	1980
23	Latvia	1997
24	Romania	1990
25	Türkiye	2000
26	Brazil	1996
27	France	1974
28	Lithuania	2004
29	Rep. of Korea	1995
30	Ukraine	1996
31	Bulgaria	1984
32	Germany	1974
33	Luxembourg	1984
34	Russia	1974
35	U.K.	1974
36	Canada	1974
37	Greece	1984
38	Malta	2004
39	Serbia	2013
40	U.S.	1974
41	China	2004
42	Hungary	1985
43	Mexico	2012
44	Slovakia	1978*
45	Croatia	2005
46	Iceland	2009
47	Netherlands	1978
48	Slovenia	2000

(Czechoslovakia later split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia; original participation dates back to 5 March 1993.)

Nuclear Suppliers Group Objectives

The primary objective is to prevent nuclear materials and technologies from being diverted for military or weapon purposes.
It aims to ensure that nuclear trade is conducted only for peaceful and civilian applications.
The NSG works to strengthen international safeguards and verification mechanisms, especially through cooperation with global institutions.
It promotes transparency, accountability, and trust among countries involved in nuclear commerce.
Another important goal is to close loopholes in global nuclear trade that could be exploited for proliferation activities.

Nuclear Suppliers Group History and Formation

The need for regulating nuclear trade emerged after the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 1968, which allowed peaceful nuclear use but also raised concerns about possible misuse for weapons development.
In 1971, the Zangger Committee was formed by nuclear supplier countries to create a “Trigger List” of items that required safeguards before export.
India’s 1974 nuclear test demonstrated that nuclear technology supplied for peaceful purposes could be diverted to develop nuclear weapons, highlighting gaps in existing controls.
In response to this, the Nuclear Suppliers Group was established in 1975 to strengthen export controls, expand the list of regulated items, and ensure stricter global coordination.

Nuclear Suppliers Group Guidelines

The NSG has developed a set of comprehensive guidelines that all member countries must follow while exporting nuclear-related materials, equipment, and technologies to other countries.
These guidelines are divided into two important parts, based on the nature and risk level of the items being exported:
- Part I (Trigger List Items)
  - This part includes items that are specifically designed or prepared for nuclear use, such as nuclear reactors, fuel, enrichment, and reprocessing equipment.
  - These are called “Trigger List Items” because their export automatically triggers the need for strict safeguards, monitoring, and international inspections.
- Part II (Dual-Use Items)
  - This part includes dual-use items and technologies, which have both civilian and potential military applications, such as certain machine tools, materials, and advanced technologies.
  - Although these items can contribute to nuclear fuel cycles or explosive activities, they are allowed for peaceful purposes under strict regulation and safeguards.

Role of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is responsible for ensuring that nuclear materials are not diverted for weapon purposes.
It conducts inspections, monitoring, and verification activities in countries receiving nuclear imports.
Tools used include on-site inspections, remote surveillance, seals, and data analysis.
Countries must accept IAEA safeguards agreements to engage in nuclear trade with NSG members.
The IAEA acts as a global watchdog, strengthening trust and compliance in nuclear activities.

Nuclear Suppliers Group Working and Operations

The NSG functions on a voluntary and cooperative basis, where countries agree to follow common export control standards.
Member countries exchange information about denied exports to prevent unauthorized transfers.
A key feature is the “catch-all” provision (introduced in 2004), which allows members to block suspicious exports even if they are not listed in guidelines.
The NSG ensures coordination and consistency in nuclear export policies across countries.
Regular meetings are held to review guidelines, discuss challenges, and update control measures.

Nuclear Suppliers Group and India

India is not a member of the Nuclear Suppliers Group mainly because it has not signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). India formally applied for membership in May 2016, but its entry was blocked due to lack of consensus.
In 2008, India received a “clean waiver” from the NSG after the India-US Civil Nuclear Agreement, allowing it to participate in global civil nuclear trade despite being a non-NPT state.
India seeks membership for long-term access to nuclear materials, fuel, and advanced technology, which are essential for energy security and expanding its nuclear power capacity.
Membership would boost “Make in India”, increase domestic nuclear production, and reduce dependence on fossil fuels, helping India move toward clean energy goals.
It also supports India’s three-stage nuclear program, especially its thorium-based energy strategy, and enables opportunities for plutonium trade and advanced research.
Joining NSG would give India strategic legitimacy, recognizing it as a responsible nuclear power, and allow participation in framing global nuclear export rules.
The biggest challenge is India’s non-signatory status to the NPT, as most NSG members expect adherence to this treaty.
Another major obstacle is opposition from China, since NSG decisions are based on consensus, meaning even one country can block membership. China demands a criteria-based approach for all non-NPT countries.
Historically, the NSG was formed after India’s 1974 nuclear test, and India earlier viewed such regimes as discriminatory and restrictive, creating long-term trust issues.
India has strong backing from major powers like the United States, Russia, France, United Kingdom, and Australia, which support its inclusion as a responsible nuclear state.
The 2016 bid, led by PM Narendra Modi, involved intense diplomacy, including talks with Xi Jinping, but failed due to lack of unanimous agreement.
The failure was seen as a diplomatic setback, with criticism that India overestimated support and invested heavily in a consensus-based system where even minor opposition matters.
Although the United States supports India, changing global power dynamics, especially the rise of China, have made NSG consensus more difficult.
India continues to push for NSG membership to strengthen its energy security, economic growth, clean energy transition, and global strategic position, even though it already benefits from the 2008 NSG waiver.

Nuclear Suppliers Group FAQs

Q1: What is the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)?

Ans: The Nuclear Suppliers Group is a group of 48 countries that regulates the export of nuclear materials and technology to ensure they are used only for peaceful purposes like energy and research.

Q2: What is the main objective of the Nuclear Suppliers Group?

Ans: The primary goal of NSG is to prevent nuclear proliferation and ensure that nuclear trade does not contribute to the development of nuclear weapons.

Q3: Why was the Nuclear Suppliers Group formed?

Ans: It was established in 1975 after India’s 1974 nuclear test, which exposed gaps in global nuclear export controls and raised concerns about misuse of nuclear technology.

Q4: How many countries are members of the NSG?

Ans: The NSG currently has 48 member countries, mainly those capable of exporting nuclear materials and technology.

Q5: What is the role of the IAEA in NSG?

Ans: The International Atomic Energy Agency ensures that nuclear materials are not diverted for weapons by conducting inspections, monitoring, and verification.

Namdapha National Park, Location, Wildlife, Climate, Biodiversity

July 23, 2026

Namdapha National Park is a vast and biologically rich protected area located in the state of Arunachal Pradesh in northeast India. It is known for its dense forests, diverse wildlife, and its unique location near the India-Myanmar border. The park is one of the largest national parks in India and is famous for its wide range of habitats, from tropical rainforests to alpine meadows. Because of this variation, Namdapha supports an incredible variety of flora and fauna, including many rare and endangered species. It is considered an important region for biodiversity conservation and is also a part of the Eastern Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot.

Namdapha National Park

Namdapha National Park is one of the largest and most important protected areas in India, located in the Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh near the India–Myanmar border.
It is both a National Park and a Tiger Reserve, declared in 1983, and is known for its vast, dense forests and rich biodiversity.
The park lies close to the town of Miao and is surrounded by misty hills, deep valleys, and tropical rainforests, making it a true wilderness area.
Due to its remote location and difficult terrain, large parts of the park are still unexplored, which has helped preserve its natural and untouched ecosystem.

Namdapha National Park Location and Geographical Features

The park is situated near the Indo-Myanmar-China trijunction, giving it both ecological and strategic importance.
It covers an area of about 1,985 sq. km, making it the fourth largest national park in India.
Geographically, it lies between the Dapha Bum range of the Mishmi Hills and the Patkai Hills, forming a complex mountainous landscape.
The altitude ranges from 200 meters to 4,571 meters, with Dapha Bum being the highest point, which results in a wide variety of climatic and ecological conditions.
The terrain is mostly steep, rugged, and heavily forested, with very limited human access, especially in the interior regions.

Namdapha National Park River System and Landscape

The Noa-Dihing River, an important tributary of the Brahmaputra, flows through the park in a north-south direction, dividing it into different ecological zones.
The park derives its name from the Namdapha River, which originates within the park and joins the Noa-Dihing River.
Numerous streams, rivulets, and perennial water sources are found throughout the park, supporting its rich biodiversity.
The presence of forest pools and natural salt licks provides essential resources for wildlife.
Overall, the park forms the catchment area of the Noa-Dihing River, making it hydrologically significant.

Namdapha National Park Climate

Namdapha experiences a sub-tropical climate, but due to its large altitudinal variation, different parts of the park have different climatic conditions.
The lowland areas and valleys have a tropical, warm, and humid climate, supporting dense rainforest vegetation.
The higher mountainous regions experience a cooler, temperate to alpine climate, with lower temperatures.
This variation in climate plays a key role in supporting diverse habitats and species distribution.

Namdapha National Park Vegetation and Flora

The vegetation of the park is mainly tropical evergreen rainforest, with very dense and multi-layered forest structure.
The forests include thick growth of bamboo, cane, wild banana, and other undergrowth, making them almost impenetrable in some areas.
The park is home to more than 1000 plant species and over 150 valuable timber species, indicating high floral diversity.
Rare plant species such as Pinus merkusii and Abies delavayi are found here, which are not commonly seen elsewhere in India.
It is also famous for the rare Blue Vanda Orchid, which is considered one of the most beautiful and endangered orchids.
A well-known medicinal plant, Mishmi Teeta (Coptis teeta), is found here and is traditionally used by local tribes, though its trade is now restricted for conservation.
Due to its immense plant diversity, the park is often referred to as a “botanist’s paradise”, and it may take decades to fully document its flora.

Namdapha National Park Wildlife and Biodiversity

Namdapha National Park is extremely rich in wildlife, with more than 1400 species of animals, making it one of the most biodiverse regions in India.
It is the only park in the world where all four major big cat species are found together:
- Tiger (Panthera tigris)
- Leopard (Panthera pardus)
- Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia)
- Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa)
The park also supports several rare and endangered species, including the Namdapha Flying Squirrel, which is critically endangered and rarely seen.
It is home to the Hoolock Gibbon, which is the only ape species found in India, highlighting its ecological uniqueness.
Other important animals include elephants, black bears, Indian bison (gaur), various species of deer, and reptiles.
A large number of arboreal (tree-dwelling) animals are found due to the dense forest canopy.

Namdapha National Park Bird Diversity

The park has a rich variety of bird species, including rare and endangered ones.
The White-winged Wood Duck, one of the rarest waterfowl species, is found here.
Other important birds include the Great Indian Hornbill, jungle fowl, and pheasants, along with many colorful forest birds.
The dense forests provide an ideal environment for breeding and nesting, making the park important for bird conservation.

Legal Status and Conservation Importance

Namdapha was officially declared a National Park and Tiger Reserve in 1983, recognizing its ecological importance.
It has been included in the Tentative List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, indicating its global significance.
The park is part of the Eastern Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot, one of the richest biodiversity regions in the world.
Its inaccessibility and rugged terrain have helped protect it from large-scale human disturbance, keeping much of it in a natural and pristine state.

Namdapha National Park Significance

Namdapha National Park represents one of the last remaining large wilderness areas in Asia, with minimal human interference.
It plays a vital role in conserving biodiversity, protecting endangered species, and maintaining ecological balance.
The park’s wide range of ecosystems, from tropical forests to alpine zones, makes it highly valuable for scientific research and ecological studies.
It also contributes to climate regulation and water conservation, as it forms an important river catchment area.
Overall, Namdapha highlights the importance of preserving natural ecosystems and ensuring sustainable conservation for future generations.

Namdapha National Park FAQs

Q1: Where is Namdapha National Park located?

Ans: Namdapha National Park is located in the Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh, in northeast India, near the India–Myanmar border.

Q2: Why is Namdapha National Park famous?

Ans: The park is famous for its rich biodiversity, dense tropical forests, and being the only park in the world with four big cat species.

Q3: Which four big cats are found in Namdapha National Park?

Ans: Namdapha is the only park where Tiger, Leopard, Snow Leopard, and Clouded Leopard are found together.

Q4: What is the area of Namdapha National Park?

Ans: The park covers about 1,985 sq. km, making it the fourth largest national park in India

Q5: When was Namdapha declared a National Park and Tiger Reserve?

Ans: It was declared both a National Park and Tiger Reserve in 1983.

Folk Dances of Punjab, List, Features, and Cultural Significance

July 23, 2026

Folk dances of Punjab reflect the lively spirit, strong traditions, and joyful lifestyle of the people of the region. These dances are an important part of social and cultural life and are often performed during festivals, harvest seasons, and celebrations. Known for their energetic movements, rhythmic beats, and colorful attire, they express happiness, enthusiasm, and community bonding. Each dance form represents different aspects of Punjabi culture and adds to its rich and vibrant heritage.

Famous Folk Dances of Punjab

The famous folk dances of Punjab showcase the vibrant and energetic cultural heritage of the region. These dances are an important part of traditional life and are widely performed during festivals, harvest celebrations, and special occasions. Known for their lively movements, rhythmic music, and colorful costumes, they reflect the joy and enthusiasm of the people. Some of the well-known folk dances of Punjab are discussed below.

Bhangra

Bhangra is the most iconic and widely recognized folk dance of Punjab, representing the spirit of joy, strength, and celebration in Punjabi culture.
It originated as a seasonal harvest dance, especially during Vaisakhi, when farmers celebrated the successful harvesting of wheat crops and expressed gratitude for prosperity.
The dance is characterized by high-energy movements such as leaps, kicks, shoulder shrugs, and rhythmic clapping, which reflect enthusiasm and physical vigor.
The main musical instrument is the dhol, supported by chimta, algoza (double flute), and iktara, creating a strong rhythmic base.
Songs known as boliyan are sung alongside the dance, highlighting themes of love, bravery, rural life, and social relationships.
Over time, Bhangra has transformed into a global cultural phenomenon, influencing international music and dance forms, especially in the Punjabi diaspora.
The traditional attire like bright kurta, lungi/chaadra, phulkari, and colorful turbans adds vibrancy and identity to the performance.
Today, Bhangra is not only performed during festivals but also in competitions, stage performances, and global cultural events.

Giddha

Giddha is the traditional folk dance of Punjabi women, often considered the female counterpart of Bhangra, combining grace with liveliness.
It is performed during festivals like Teej, Lohri, and weddings, especially in pre-wedding ceremonies.
Women form a circle, clap in rhythm, and perform expressive movements while singing boliyan, which are often improvised and humorous.
The dance acts as a medium of expression, reflecting women’s experiences, emotions, social conditions, and cultural values.
A special type called Viyahula Giddha is performed during marriages, focusing on rituals, relationships, and celebrations.
There are no rigid rules or choreography, making it a spontaneous and participatory dance form.
Giddha plays an important role in preserving oral traditions and folk literature of Punjab.

Malwai Giddha

Malwai Giddha is a male-oriented version of Giddha, popular in the Malwa region of Punjab.
It is more energetic, dramatic, and theatrical, often including humor, mimicry, and social satire.
Performers use instruments like chimta, dholaki, and algoza, and sometimes include spoken dialogues and skits.
The dance reflects rural Punjabi life, traditions, and social issues, making it both entertaining and informative.
It is commonly performed by young men, especially during cultural festivals and fairs.
The emphasis is on expression, coordination, and audience engagement, rather than strict choreography.

Jhumar

Jhumar is a traditional dance from the Sandalbar region, known for its slow, rhythmic, and graceful movements.
It is performed mainly by men, though women also participate in some variations.
The dance involves circular formations, gentle swaying, and synchronized steps, creating a calm and elegant atmosphere.
It is commonly performed during weddings, harvest celebrations, and social gatherings.
The music is soft and melodious, often accompanied by dhol and folk singing, emphasizing rhythm over speed.
Jhumar represents unity, harmony, and collective celebration in Punjabi society.

Sammi

Sammi is a traditional women’s dance, originating from the tribal belts of Punjab, especially in rural areas.
It is a slow and expressive dance, performed in a circular formation with coordinated hand movements and gestures.
The dance often tells emotional stories of love, separation, and longing, especially linked to migration, war, or social hardships.
It reflects the emotional depth and resilience of Punjabi women, expressed through subtle facial expressions and body language.
The dancers wear bright traditional attire with ornaments, adding grace and elegance to the performance.
Sammi is also considered a narrative dance form, preserving folk stories and cultural memory.

Kikli

Kikli is a playful and energetic dance, mainly performed by young girls, and is also seen as a traditional game.
Two girls stand facing each other, hold hands in a crossed manner, and spin rapidly while balancing on their toes.
The speed of spinning gradually increases, requiring coordination, balance, and strength.
While performing, they sing songs related to family, relationships, and everyday life experiences.
It represents joy, innocence, friendship, and bonding among young girls.
Kikli is commonly seen during festivals and informal gatherings, especially in rural Punjab.

Jago

Jago is a pre-wedding folk dance and ritual, performed mainly by women during night-time celebrations.
Women carry a decorated earthen pot (gaggar) with lit oil lamps or candles on their heads.
They move in a procession through the village or neighborhood, singing and dancing to invite people to join the celebration.
It symbolizes joy, prosperity, and blessings for the bride and groom.
Jago also strengthens community participation and social bonding, making weddings a collective celebration.

Luddi

Luddi is a high-energy dance performed by men, often to celebrate victory, success, or achievement.
It includes vigorous movements, jumps, and expressive gestures, performed to fast dhol beats.
The dance reflects confidence, pride, and celebration of accomplishments.

Gatka

Gatka is a martial art-based dance form, deeply associated with Sikh history and warrior traditions.
It involves sword fighting, stick movements, and combat techniques, performed in a rhythmic and artistic manner.
It represents discipline, courage, self-defense, and spiritual strength.
Gatka is often showcased during religious festivals like Gurpurabs and processions.

Dhamaal

Dhamaal is a lively and energetic dance, performed during religious and festive occasions.
It includes jumping, spinning, and synchronized movements, creating a joyful and vibrant environment.
The strong beats of the dhol enhance the intensity and excitement of the dance.

Jugni

Jugni is a folk performance combining singing and dancing, often used as a medium of storytelling and expression.
It reflects a wide range of emotions like joy, sorrow, satire, and social commentary.
Jugni songs often highlight cultural values, traditions, and contemporary social issues.

Folk Dances of Punjab Cultural Significance

Punjabi folk dances are rooted in the agricultural cycle, with forms like Bhangra and Jhumar celebrating harvest, prosperity, and festivals like Vaisakhi.
They reflect gender roles and social identity, where Giddha represents women’s expression, while Bhangra and Malwai Giddha showcase male energy and strength.
Dances like Giddha, Sammi, and Jugni act as carriers of oral tradition, preserving stories, emotions, and social values through songs and movements.
Group performances such as Jago, Kikli, and Jindua promote community bonding, unity, and collective celebration during social occasions.
Martial forms like Gatka highlight Punjab’s warrior tradition and spiritual values, emphasizing courage and discipline.
Globally popular dances like Bhangra and Giddha represent Punjabi identity worldwide, promoting cultural pride among the diaspora.

Folk Dances of Punjab FAQs

Q1: What are the most famous folk dances of Punjab?

Ans: The most famous folk dances of Punjab include Bhangra, Giddha, Jhumar, Sammi, Kikli, Jago, Luddi, Malwai Giddha, Gatka, and Dhamaal, each reflecting different cultural aspects.

Q2: What is Bhangra and why is it important?

Ans: Bhangra is a high-energy harvest dance performed during Vaisakhi, symbolizing joy, prosperity, and the agricultural lifestyle of Punjab.

Q3: How is Giddha different from Bhangra?

Ans: Giddha is a women’s dance focused on grace and expression, while Bhangra is a men’s dance known for strength and energetic movements.

Q4: What is the cultural significance of Punjabi folk dances?

Ans: Punjabi folk dances represent agricultural traditions, social identity, storytelling, and community bonding, making them a key part of cultural heritage.

Q5: Which Punjabi folk dance is related to weddings?

Ans: Jago and Giddha are commonly performed during weddings, especially in pre-wedding celebrations and rituals.

Harjit Singh Grewal Appointed Chairman of National Commission for Minorities

July 23, 2026

Shri Harjit Singh Grewal assumed charge as the Chairman of the National Commission for Minorities on 21 July 2026. He succeeded Iqbal Singh Lalpura, whose term ended in April 2025. The appointment was notified by the Ministry of Minority Affairs.

Harjit Singh Grewal Assumes Charge as Chairman of National Commission for Minorities

The appointment of Harjit Singh Grewal as Chairman of the National Commission for Minorities is part of a series of recent appointments to strengthen the leadership and functioning of the statutory body responsible for monitoring safeguards for notified minority communities in India.

Other Key Appointments in the National Commission for Minorities

Smt. S. Munawari Begum assumed office as the Vice Chairperson of the National Commission for Minorities on 20 July 2026.
Shri Glenn Souza Ticlo assumed office as a Member of the Commission representing the Christian community; he served as a Member of the Goa Legislative Assembly from the Aldona constituency for two consecutive terms between 2012 and 2022.
Shri Berjis Desai joined the Commission on 10 March 2026 as the Member representing the Parsi community.

With these appointments, the National Commission for Minorities has a newly strengthened leadership comprising the Chairman, Vice Chairperson and Members representing different notified minority communities.

About the National Commission for Minorities

The National Commission for Minorities is a statutory body established under the National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992. The Commission consists of a Chairperson, a Vice Chairperson and Five Members.

Under Section 4(1) of the NCM Act, 1992, the Chairperson, Vice Chairperson, and Members hold office for a term of three years from the date they assume office.

Notified Minority Communities

The Central Government has notified the following six religious communities as minorities:

Muslims
Christians
Sikhs
Buddhists
Parsis (Zoroastrians)
Jains

National Commission for Minorities Functions

The National Commission for Minorities is mandated to:

Monitor the implementation of constitutional and legal safeguards for minorities.
Examine complaints relating to the deprivation of minority rights and safeguards.
Evaluate the progress of minority development.
Study discrimination against minorities and recommend measures for its removal.
Conduct research on the socio-economic and educational development of minorities.
Advise the Central and State Governments on matters concerning minority welfare and development.

Harjit Singh Grewal Appointed Chairman of NCM FAQs

Q1: Who has been appointed as the Chairman of the National Commission for Minorities?

Ans: Shri Harjit Singh Grewal was appointed Chairman of the National Commission for Minorities and assumed charge on 21 July 2026.

Q2: Who did Harjit Singh Grewal succeed as Chairman of the National Commission for Minorities?

Ans: Harjit Singh Grewal succeeded Iqbal Singh Lalpura, whose term ended in April 2025.

Q3: Under which law was the National Commission for Minorities established?

Ans: The National Commission for Minorities is a statutory body established under the National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992.

Q4: What is the composition of the National Commission for Minorities?

Ans: The National Commission for Minorities consists of a Chairperson, a Vice Chairperson and five Members

Q5: What is the tenure of the Chairperson, Vice Chairperson and Members of the National Commission for Minorities?

Ans: They hold office for a term of three years from the date of assuming office.

Folk Dances of Rajasthan, List, Features, and Cultural Significance

July 23, 2026

Folk Dances of Rajasthan reflect the rich culture, traditions, and vibrant lifestyle of the people of the state. These dances are not just forms of entertainment but are deeply connected with daily life, festivals, and social celebrations. Performed with colorful costumes, lively music, and energetic movements, they showcase the spirit of joy and togetherness. Each region and community in Rajasthan has its own unique dance style, which adds to the diversity and cultural richness of the state.

Famous Folk Dances of Rajasthan

The famous folk dances of Rajasthan represent the vibrant and lively cultural heritage of the state. These dances are an important part of traditional life and are commonly performed during festivals, fairs, and special occasions. Known for their graceful movements, colorful costumes, and energetic expressions, they reflect the spirit and identity of different communities. Some of the well-known folk dances of Rajasthan are discussed below.

1. Ghoomar

Ghoomar is one of the most popular and traditional folk dances of Rajasthan, mainly performed by women during important occasions.
The dance is known for its graceful circular movements, where performers spin continuously, creating a visually appealing scene.
It was originally associated with the Bhil community and later became an integral part of Rajput culture.
It is commonly performed during festivals like Holi and Teej, as well as during weddings and social celebrations.
The dancers wear traditional attire such as ghagra, choli, and odhani, and their synchronized movements reflect joy, elegance, and cultural pride.

2. Kalbeliya

Kalbeliya is a famous folk dance performed by the Kalbeliya tribe, also known for their traditional association with snake charming.
The dance is recognized for its serpentine movements, where dancers imitate the flexible and rhythmic motion of snakes.
Women wear black flowing costumes with intricate embroidery, which enhances the visual effect of the dance.
The performance is accompanied by traditional instruments like pungi, dholak, and khanjari, played by male members of the community.
It reflects the cultural identity and lifestyle of the tribe and has gained international recognition as an important cultural heritage.

3. Kachhi Ghodi Dance

Kachhi Ghodi is a distinctive folk dance performed by men, mainly from the Shekhawati region of Rajasthan.
The dancers wear a dummy horse costume, creating the illusion of riding a horse during the performance.
This dance form is used to depict stories of local bandits, bravery, and heroic deeds through movements and expressions.
Performers dress in traditional attire such as turbans, kurtas, and dhotis, often carrying swords for symbolic combat.
It combines entertainment with storytelling, making it both engaging and culturally significant.

4. Bhavai Dance

Bhavai is a unique and skillful dance performed mainly by women of tribal communities in Rajasthan.
The main highlight is the balancing of multiple earthen or brass pots on the head while performing complex movements.
In some performances, dancers also balance on narrow surfaces like plates or sword edges, demonstrating remarkable control and balance.
The dance represents the daily life and resilience of rural women, especially tasks like carrying water.
It is accompanied by music played on instruments such as sarangi, harmonium, and dholak, adding rhythm to the performance.

5. Kathputli Dance

Kathputli is a traditional puppet-based performance art, which holds an important place in Rajasthan’s cultural heritage.
The word refers to wooden puppets controlled by strings, skillfully handled by puppeteers.
This art form is traditionally practiced by the Bhat community, who pass it down through generations.
The performances narrate stories based on mythology, folklore, and social themes, making them both entertaining and informative.
Apart from entertainment, it also serves as a source of livelihood for many traditional artist families.

6. Chari Dance

Chari Dance is performed by women, particularly from the Gujjar and Saini communities, during festive and joyful occasions.
The main feature of this dance is balancing a brass pot with a lit lamp on the head while performing graceful movements.
It symbolizes happiness, celebration, and prosperity, especially during marriages and special events.
The dance also reflects the traditional practice of fetching water, which was an important part of rural life.
It is accompanied by instruments like dholak, nagada, and harmonium, creating a lively atmosphere.

7. Gair Dance

Gair is a popular group dance, mainly performed by the Bhil community during festivals.
It is especially associated with Holi and other festive occasions, reflecting a spirit of celebration and unity.
Dancers move in circular formations, both clockwise and anti-clockwise, creating coordinated patterns.
They carry sticks or sometimes swords, which are used rhythmically during the dance.
The dance highlights team coordination, energy, and collective participation.

8. Dhamal / Chang Dance

Dhamal or Chang Dance is a vibrant and energetic folk dance associated with major festivals.
It is named after the “Chang”, a traditional percussion instrument used during the performance.
The dance is mainly performed during Holi and Maha Shivratri, adding to the festive spirit.
A unique feature is that men often dress as women, making the performance more lively and engaging.
The dance is full of enthusiasm, rhythm, and joy, reflecting the celebratory culture of Rajasthan.

Also Read : Festivals of Rajasthan

Folk Dances of Rajasthan Cultural Significance

Folk dances like Ghoomar and Kalbeliya help in preserving the rich cultural heritage, traditions, and values of Rajasthan by passing them from one generation to another in an engaging way.
Performances of Gair, Chang, and Chari dance during festivals such as Holi and weddings add energy and meaning to celebrations, making them an important part of social and religious life.
Dances such as Kalbeliya and Kachhi Ghodi reflect the unique identity, lifestyle, and history of specific communities, showcasing their traditions through movements and storytelling.
Forms like Bhavai and Chari dance represent daily life activities, such as balancing pots or carrying water, highlighting the strength and skills of rural life.
Group performances like Gair dance promote unity, coordination, and social bonding, bringing people together in a spirit of joy and cooperation.
Artistic traditions like Kathputli and popular dances like Ghoomar attract tourists and global recognition, helping to promote Rajasthan’s culture and support local artists.

Folk Dances of Rajasthan FAQs

Q1: What are the main characteristics of folk dances of Rajasthan?

Ans: Folk dances of Rajasthan are known for their colorful costumes, rhythmic music, and energetic movements. They are closely linked with festivals, traditions, and daily life, reflecting the cultural identity of different communities.

Q2: Which is the most popular folk dance of Rajasthan?

Ans: Ghoomar is considered the most popular folk dance of Rajasthan, especially performed by women during festivals and weddings with graceful spinning movements.

Q3: What is Kalbeliya dance famous for?

Ans: Kalbeliya dance is famous for its snake-like movements and is performed by the Kalbeliya tribe, representing their traditional lifestyle and cultural identity.

Q4: What is unique about Bhavai dance?

Ans: Bhavai dance is unique because dancers balance multiple pots on their heads and sometimes perform on narrow surfaces, showcasing exceptional skill and balance.

Q5: What is the theme of Kachhi Ghodi dance?

Ans: Kachhi Ghodi dance is based on stories of bravery and local bandits, where performers use a dummy horse costume to present storytelling through dance.

Hedychium zubeengargianum

July 23, 2026

Hedychium zubeengargianum Latest News

A new species of ginger lily named Hedychium zubeengargianum was recently discovered in Shillong.

About Hedychium zubeengargianum

It is a new species of ginger lily.
It was identified by botanists at the Botanical Survey of India (BSI), Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong, Meghalaya, after years of studying an unusual plant growing in the institute’s botanical garden.
Although it had been growing there since at least 2018, its original source could not be traced because no collection records were available.
The species was named after Meghalaya-born Assamese music legend Zubeen Garg.
Popularly known as ginger lilies, Hedychium species are among the Northeast’s most striking flowering plants.
India is home to about 41 taxa, most of them occurring in the biodiversity-rich landscapes of the Northeast and the Western Ghats.
Hedychium zubeengargianum stands apart from its closest relative, Hedychium gracile, by its creamy-white fragrant flowers, yellow anthers, densely hairy flowering stalk, and an earlier flowering season from April to May.

News: HUB

Hedychium zubeengargianum FAQs

Q1: What is Hedychium zubeengargianum?

Ans: It is a newly identified species of ginger lily.

Q2: Which organization identified Hedychium zubeengargianum?

Ans: The Botanical Survey of India (BSI), Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong.

Q3: After whom was Hedychium zubeengargianum named?

Ans: After whom was Hedychium zubeengargianum named?

Q4: What is the flower colour of Hedychium zubeengargianum?

Ans: Creamy white.

Borophene

July 23, 2026

Borophene Latest News

Scientists in India recently achieved a significant breakthrough in sustainable lubrication by demonstrating, for the first time, the use of borophene as a high-performance lubricant additive in castor oil.

About Borophene

It is an allotrope of boron.
It is composed of a single-atom-thick sheet of boron atoms arranged in a two-dimensional (2D) lattice.
Unlike graphene, which consists of carbon atoms in a perfect hexagonal structure, borophene is highly polymorphic — meaning its atomic structure can vary depending on the synthesis conditions, leading to multiple possible configurations.
First predicted by theory in the mid-1990s, different borophene structures were experimentally confirmed in 2015.
Properties:
- It is known for its ultra-light weight, flexibility, and exceptional strength.
- It has excellent properties, including thermal and electrical conductivity, high capacitance, metallic nature, etc.
- Its electrical and mechanical properties vary with direction, offering tunable features for specialized applications.
- It is highly reactive, allowing strong interaction with other atoms or molecules, which is valuable in catalysis, energy storage, and sensor technologies.
Due to these outstanding properties, borophene is mainly used in a range of applications in the fields of thin-layer electronics, optoelectronics, capacitors, and biosensors.

Why Are Recent Findings Important?

Friction and wear are major causes of energy loss and equipment failure in industries worldwide.
Developing advanced lubricants that can effectively minimize these losses is therefore a key scientific and technological challenge.
While castor oil is an attractive renewable and biodegradable lubricant, its performance can be further enhanced using suitable additives.
The recent study found that adding just 0.1 percent borophene by weight to castor oil reduced friction by around 42 percent compared to pure castor oil, while also improving wear resistance and load-bearing capacity.
The researchers found that borophene disperses uniformly in castor oil without requiring chemical modification.
During operation, it forms a durable protective layer, known as a tribofilm, comprising iron oxides, carbon-based compounds, and boron-containing compounds.
This layer reduces shear stress, protects contact surfaces, and minimises wear.
This research has the potential to transform the lubrication industry by advancing renewable energy systems, marine applications, green lubrication technologies, and sustainable manufacturing.

News: DST

Borophene FAQs

Q1: What is borophene?

Ans: Borophene is a two-dimensional allotrope of boron.

Q2: What is the basic structure of borophene?

Ans: A single-atom-thick sheet of boron atoms arranged in a two-dimensional lattice.

Q3: How is borophene different from graphene?

Ans: Unlike graphene's perfect hexagonal structure, borophene is highly polymorphic and can have multiple atomic configurations.

Q4: What are the major physical properties of borophene?

Ans: Ultra-light weight, flexibility, and exceptional strength.

Q5: Does borophene have good electrical conductivity?

Ans: Yes, it has excellent electrical conductivity.

Mission Vatsalya Scheme

July 23, 2026

Mission Vatsalya Scheme Latest News

Recently, the Minister of State for Women and Child Development informed about the Mission Vatsalya Scheme.

About Mission Vatsalya Scheme

It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme.
It is implemented by the States and Union Territories (UTs) to support Children in Need of care and Protection (CNCP) and Children in Conflict with Law (CCL).
Objective: The objective of the Scheme is ensuring care, protection, rehabilitation and reintegration of children in difficult circumstances, including missing and vulnerable children.
It promotes family- and community-based care, institutional support services, counselling, and emergency outreach for children in need.
The Scheme provides institutional and non-institutional care and support services for children in difficult circumstances under the statutory framework of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015.
Section 55 of the JJ Act, 2015 provides for the evaluation of the functioning of relevant service delivery structures.
- Under this provision, the Central Government, State Government, or District Magistrate may independently evaluate the functioning of the Juvenile Justice Board, Child Welfare Committee, Special Juvenile Police Units, registered institutions, and recognised fit facilities or persons, at such intervals and through such agencies as prescribed.
Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Women and Child Development

Source: PIB

Mission Vatsalya Scheme FAQs

Q1: Mission Vatsalya is implemented by which Ministry?

Ans: Ministry of Women & Child Development

Q2: Mission Vatsalya is a centrally sponsored scheme that subsumed which earlier scheme?

Ans: Child Protection Services - CPS Scheme

Samudra Pradakshina

July 23, 2026

Samudra Pradakshina Latest News

Raksha Mantri flagged-in ‘Samudra Pradakshina’, the first ever Tri-service all-women circumnavigation sailing expedition through video conferencing recently.

About Samudra Pradakshina

It was the first ever Tri-service all-women circumnavigation.
The expedition brought together officers from the Army, Navy and Air Force on a single mission.
The expedition, under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel Anuja Varudkar, with Squadron Leader Shraddha P. Raju as the Deputy Expedition Leader, was flagged off from Mumbai’s historic Gateway of India on 11 September 2025.
Aboard the Indian Army Sailing Vessel (IASV) Triveni, nine women officers of the three Services returned to Mumbai on July 22, 2026 after successfully completing a 314-day voyage covering nearly 25,500 nautical miles across four oceans.
The expedition successfully fulfilled all internationally recognised criteria for a circumnavigation by
- crossing all meridians of longitude;
- crossing the Equator twice;
- crossing the International Date Line; and
- rounding the Three Great Capes - Cape Leeuwin (Australia), Cape Horn (South America) and the Cape of Good Hope (Africa).
The successful passage through the formidable Drake Passage and rounding of Cape Horn earned the crew membership of the prestigious fraternity of Cape Horners, an honour reserved for sailors who conquer one of the world’s most demanding maritime passages.
The mission was made possible through meticulous planning, nearly two years of intensive training, and a dedicated 24X7 shore-based support network.

News: PIB

Samudra Pradakshina FAQs

Q1: What is Samudra Pradakshina?

Ans: It is the first-ever Tri-service all-women circumnavigation expedition.

Q2: Which three Services participated in the Samudra Pradakshina expedition?

Ans: The Indian Army, Indian Navy, and Indian Air Force.

Q3: Who led the Samudra Pradakshina expedition?

Ans: Lieutenant Colonel Anuja Varudkar.

Q4: Which vessel was used for the Samudra Pradakshina expedition?

Ans: Indian Army Sailing Vessel (IASV) Triveni.

Karlapat Bauxite Block

July 23, 2026

Karlapat Bauxite Block Latest News

Some of India's biggest industrial groups, including Adani, Reliance Industries, Hindalco, Vedanta Aluminium, Naveen Jindal-backed Powercem and Coal India, are eyeing Odisha's Karlapat bauxite block.

About Karlapat Bauxite Block

It is a bauxite deposit in Odisha's Kalahandi district.
It is a greenfield mining block, which means it has not previously been commercially mined.
It has an estimated resource of about 207 million tonnes, comprising 153 million tonnes of proved reserves and 54 million tonnes of possible reserves.
The block spans a plateau area of about 9.6 sq.km with an average ore thickness of nearly 12 metres.
The deposit is classified under proved and possible resource categories and records an alumina content of about 45.2 per cent with low silica content.

Bauxite Deposits in Odisha

India’s major bauxite resources are concentrated in the East Coast deposits of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.
Odisha had about 2,057 million tonnes of bauxite resources.
Odisha accounted for 41 percent of India’s bauxite resources.
In Odisha, bauxite occurs in Balangir, Kalahandi, Kandhamal, Kendujhar, Koraput, Malkangiri, Rayagada and Sundargarh districts.

Why is Bauxite Important?

Bauxite is the only commercial ore used to produce aluminium.
Aluminium is the second most abundant metal used by industry after silica-based materials and finds applications across transport, construction, power, chemicals and manufacturing.

News: BS

Karlapat Bauxite Block FAQs

Q1: Where is the Karlapat Bauxite Block located?

Ans: Odisha's Kalahandi district.

Q2: What type of mining block is the Karlapat Bauxite Block?

Ans: It is a greenfield mining block.

Q3: What is the estimated bauxite resource in the Karlapat Bauxite Block?

Ans: About 207 million tonnes.

Q4: What is the approximate area covered by the Karlapat Bauxite Block?

Ans: About 9.6 square kilometres.

Q5: Where are India's major bauxite resources concentrated?

Ans: In the East Coast deposits of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.

Sal Borer

July 23, 2026

Sal Borer Latest News

Recently, the Madhya Pradesh forest department has sought permission from the central government to fell nearly 150,000 sal trees in Dindori district after a severe infestation of sal borer insects.

About Sal Borer

It is a beetle of the order- Coleoptera, family-Cerambycydae.
It is the most devastating insect pest responsible for catastrophic damage of sal forests of the country.
Appearance: It looks dark brown in color and is about the size of a human finger.
It causes extensive damage to sal trees both in standing as well as freshly felled timbers.
The less vigorous, weak, unhealthy trees or those with reduced vitality are easily attacked or killed due to borer.
The attack of the borer is considered epidemic when the sal trees affected are more than 1% of the total number of trees.

Key Facts about Sal Tree

It is one of the oldest and strongest trees found in India.
It’s called the ‘Sentinel of the Forests’ because it can live for dozens of years and has the ability to withstand environmental changes.
Distribution: It is found naturally in Uttarakhand, Terai region of Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and West Bengal.
Required Climatic Conditions for Sal Tree
- Temperature: It can tolerate temperatures as high as 40-45°Celcius in summers and as low as 5°Celcius in winters.
- Soil: It can be grown in the plains, provided there is light loamy soil with good drainage and the area receives approximately 1000 mm – 3000 mm of annual rainfall.
- Climate: It requires a warm and humid climate and can thrive at altitudes up to 1500 metres above the sea level.
- This tree can live up to 100 years and doesn’t require frequent watering or care.

Source: DTE

Sal Borer FAQs

Q1: Sal Borer is a major pest of which tree?

Ans: Sal tree / Shorea robusta

Q2: Sal Borer belongs to which family of insects?

Ans: Cerambycidae / Longhorn Beetles

Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak Jayanti 2026, Contributions, Legacy

July 23, 2026

Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak Jayanti is observed annually on 23 July to mark the birth anniversary of Bal Gangadhar Tilak. The Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak Jayanti 2026 marks the 170th Jayanti of Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, who was born on 23 July 1856. A lawyer, scholar, journalist, and pioneering nationalist leader, Tilak played a decisive role in transforming Indian nationalism from an elite political movement into a broader movement of public mobilisation.

Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak Early Life and Education

Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s early life and education shaped his later commitment to national education, intellectual awakening and political activism.

Born as Keshav Gangadhar Tilak on 23 July 1856 in Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, he belonged to a Chitpavan Brahmin family.
His father, Gangadhar Ramachandra Tilak, was a teacher and Sanskrit scholar, which exposed him to education and classical Indian learning from an early age.
After completing his early education in Ratnagiri, he moved to Pune for higher studies.
He graduated in Mathematics from Deccan College, Pune, in 1877 and later obtained a Law degree from Government Law College, Bombay, in 1879.
His education in modern subjects, combined with his deep engagement with Indian history, Sanskrit and philosophy, shaped his later ideas on national awakening and self-rule.
Tilak considered education essential for developing political consciousness and national self-confidence.
- Bal Gangadhar Tilak, along with Gopal Ganesh Agarkar and Vishnushastri Chiplunkar, established the New English School in Pune in 1880 and the Deccan Education Society in 1884.
- The initiative sought to provide modern education while cultivating intellectual and national consciousness among Indians.

Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Assertive Nationalism

Tilak emerged as one of the leading voices of the Assertive Nationalist or Extremist faction within the Indian National Congress.

He joined the Indian National Congress in 1890 and gradually moved from demands for limited reforms towards an unequivocal demand for Swaraj.
Along with Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal, he formed the famous Lal-Bal-Pal leadership of assertive nationalism.
Their political programme emphasised Swaraj, Swadeshi, Boycott and National Education.

In 1896, he organised a campaign in Maharashtra to boycott foreign cloth in protest against an excise duty imposed on cotton.
He promoted Swadeshi and Boycott as instruments of economic resistance and argued that Swadeshi and nationalism were inseparable.

The growing differences between the Moderates and Assertive Nationalists culminated in the Surat Split (1907)

Cultural Mobilisation

In 1893, he popularised the community celebration of Ganesh Utsav, turning it into a platform for public mobilisation, patriotic songs, and nationalist messaging.
In 1896, he started the Shivaji Festival to inspire nationalist ideas through historical memory of resistance to foreign rule.

These initiatives helped widen political participation beyond the educated elite.

Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak Key Works and Nationalist Journalism

Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak was not only a political leader but also a scholar and prolific writer. Key Works of Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak include:

The Orion: Or Researches into the Antiquity of the Vedas (1893) - examined the antiquity of the Vedas through astronomical references.
The Arctic Home in the Vedas (1903) - presented his theory regarding the ancient homeland of the Vedic people.
Gita Rahasya (1915) - written during his imprisonment in Mandalay and interpreted the Bhagavad Gita through the philosophy of Karma Yoga and active duty.

Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak Nationalist Journalism

Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak also used the press to transform political criticism into a tool of mass political education and anti-colonial mobilisation.

In 1881, he founded Kesari in Marathi and the Mahratta in English to highlight public grievances, criticise colonial policies and spread nationalist consciousness.
Kesari addressed the Marathi-speaking public, while The Mahratta carried nationalist arguments to a wider English-reading audience.

Sedition Trials and Imprisonment

In 1897 he was charged with sedition over articles in Kesari alleged to incite disaffection against the government; sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment. He was defended by D.D. Davar.
Following the Muzaffarpur bomb incident in 1908 involving revolutionaries Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki, Tilak published a strong defence of the revolutionaries in Kesari and was arrested on sedition charges. He was defended by M.A. Jinnah; bail was refused, and he was sentenced to six years imprisonment at Mandalay, Burma. Notably, Justice D.D. Davar, who presided over this case, had defended Tilak in his 1897 trial.
In 1908 (July), a sedition charge was brought over his writings in Kesari alleging incitement of disloyalty toward the government. Tilak declined legal representation and argued his own defence, forcefully challenging the charge of sedition itself.
He was released from Mandalay in 1914 and returned to active political life

Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Home Rule Movement

After his release from Mandalay in 1914, Tilak rejoined active politics and organised the demand for self-government.

In April 1916, he established the Indian Home Rule League at Belagavi (then Belgaum), with G.S. Khaparde among his close associates.
His League operated mainly across Maharashtra, Karnataka, Berar, and the Central Provinces, while Annie Besant ran a separate, parallel Home Rule League focused on other regions of the country.
The League used public meetings, lectures, and pamphlets in multiple Indian languages to popularise the demand for self-government, building an extensive organisational network that mobilised thousands.
It is at Belgaum in 1916 that Tilak is believed to have given his famous call: "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it!"
Tilak also contributed to a phase of wider political cooperation within the national movement.
- The Lucknow Pact of 1916 brought the Indian National Congress and the All-India Muslim League onto a common political platform.
- The agreement reflected direct cooperation between Tilak and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, strengthening the joint demand for greater Indian participation in governance.

Social Reform Debates

Tilak's political legacy also involved significant, and contested, debates on social reform.

He opposed the Age of Consent Bill, which sought to raise the age of consent for girls, arguing against colonial intervention in Hindu social practices.
He has attracted criticism for giving the freedom struggle a communal shade in places, and for his conservative positions on women's emancipation and caste reform.

Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak Role in Freedom Struggle

Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak transformed Indian nationalism from elite political petitioning into a broader movement of public mobilisation by combining political assertion with cultural awakening, economic resistance and organised nationalism.

Political Nationalism: Made Swaraj a central political objective and popularised self-government as a right rather than a colonial concession.
Mass Mobilisation: Used public festivals and cultural symbols to expand nationalist participation beyond the educated elite.
Economic Nationalism: Promoted Swadeshi and Boycott as instruments of resistance to colonial economic domination.
Nationalist Journalism: Used Kesari and The Mahratta to spread political consciousness and challenge colonial policies.
National Education: Promoted education as a means of developing intellectual independence and national self-confidence.
Assertive Nationalism: Strengthened the demand for direct political action through the Lal-Bal-Pal leadership and the Assertive Nationalist phase of Congress politics.
Home Rule: Organised public support for self-government through the Home Rule League.
National Unity: Contributed to Congress-Muslim League cooperation through the Lucknow Pact of 1916.

Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak Legacy and Significance

Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s legacy extended beyond his role as a political leader and freedom fighter.

The title “Lokmanya”, meaning “accepted by the people as their leader”, reflected his immense popular influence.
Mahatma Gandhi described him as the “Maker of Modern India” and praised his consistent advocacy of Swaraj.
Jawaharlal Nehru described him as the “Father of the Indian Revolution”.
He combined education, journalism, cultural mobilisation, economic nationalism and political organisation to build public consciousness for self-rule.
He passed away on 1 August 1920 in Bombay, at a crucial phase of transition in India’s freedom struggle.

Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak Jayanti 2026 FAQs

Q1: When is Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak Jayanti observed?

Ans: Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak Jayanti is observed annually on 23 July. The year 2026 marks his 170th birth anniversary.

Q2: What are the major works of Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak?

Ans: His major works include The Orion (1893), The Arctic Home in the Vedas (1903), and Gita Rahasya (1915).

Q3: When and where did Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak establish the Home Rule League?

Ans: He established the Indian Home Rule League in April 1916 at Belagavi (then Belgaum).

Q4: Which newspapers were founded by Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak?

Ans: He founded Kesari in Marathi and The Mahratta in English in 1881.

Q5: What was the contribution of Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak to India’s freedom struggle?

Ans: He promoted Swaraj, Swadeshi, Boycott and National Education, led the Lal-Bal-Pal group, used public festivals for mass mobilisation and contributed to the Lucknow Pact of 1916.

National Chambal Sanctuary

July 23, 2026

National Chambal Sanctuary Latest News

Recently, the Supreme Court said preventive detention orders should be passed against those facilitating illegal sand mining activities in and around the National Chambal Sanctuary.

About National Chambal Sanctuary

It is also called the National Chambal Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary.
It is a tri-state protected riverine sanctuary along the Chambal River and ravines.
Location: It lies at the tri-junction of three states Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan.
The main focus of the sanctuary is to protect the critically endangered Gharial, Red-crowned roof turtle & endangered Ganges dolphin.
Chambal supports the largest population of Gharials in the wild.
It is listed as an important bird area (IBA).
Topography: The topography is full of ravines, hills & sandy beaches.
Vegetation: It is part of the Kathiar-Gir dry deciduous forest ecoregion.
Fauna: It includes threatened categories like mugger crocodile, smooth-coated otters, Striped Hyena & Indian wolves, Indian narrow-headed soft shell turtle, three- striped roof turtle & crowned river turtle.
- Mammals are also seen, which include Sambhar deer, Neel Gai (blue bull), Indian gazelle, Rhesus Monkey, Hanuman Langur etc.

Source: NIE

National Chambal Sanctuary FAQs

Q1: Which river forms the core of National Chambal Sanctuary?

Ans: Chambal River

Q2: National Chambal Sanctuary is famous for the conservation of which critically endangered reptile?

Ans: Gharial / Gavialis gangeticus

Chandra Shekhar Azad Jayanti 2026, Biography, Contributions, History

July 23, 2026

The Birth Anniversary of Chandra Shekhar Azad is observed every year on 23 July to remember one of India’s most fearless revolutionary leaders. Azad dedicated his short life to the freedom movement and became a symbol of courage, sacrifice and determination. His leadership in revolutionary organisations, role in major anti colonial actions and lifelong commitment to national independence continue to inspire people across India.

Birth Anniversary of Chandra Shekhar Azad 2026

Chandra Shekhar Azad Jayanti 2026 will be observed on 23 July 2026 across India through tribute ceremonies, educational programmes and public remembrance events. Government leaders, educational institutions and organisations honour his contribution to the freedom struggle. On his birth anniversary in 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Defence Minister Rajnath Singh paid tributes, describing his fearless courage, unwavering patriotism, supreme sacrifice and lasting inspiration for generations of Indians.

Chandra Shekhar Azad Biography

A revolutionary who devoted his life to India's freedom, Chandra Shekhar Azad remains one of the most respected figures in modern Indian history.

Chandra Shekhar Azad was born as Chandra Shekhar Tiwari on 23 July 1906 in Bhabra village, now Chandrashekhar Azad Nagar in Madhya Pradesh. His birthplace was then part of the princely state of Alirajpur.
Growing up in a financially modest family, he later moved to Benaras (Varanasi) for Sanskrit studies, where he developed strong nationalist ideas after the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
At only 15 years of age, he joined Mahatma Gandhi's Non Cooperation Movement (1920-22) and participated in protest activities, including picketing liquor shops.
After his arrest, he identified himself as "Azad", named his father "Swatantra" and gave his address as "Jail". Following police flogging, he adopted Azad permanently and vowed never to be captured alive.
When the Non Cooperation Movement was withdrawn in 1922, he shifted from non violent protest to Revolutionary Activities, believing armed resistance was necessary for India's freedom.
Chandra Shekhar Azad died on 27 February 1931 at Alfred Park, Allahabad (now Prayagraj) at the age of 24. He shot himself with his last bullet, fulfilling his pledge never to be captured alive. The park was later renamed Chandra Shekhar Azad Park in his honour.

Chandra Shekhar Azad Contributions

Chandra Shekhar Azad strengthened the revolutionary movement through leadership, organisation and courageous action against British rule.

Hindustan Republican Army (HRA): Azad became an important member of the Hindustan Republican Army (HRA) led by Ram Prasad Bismil, working to organise revolutionary activities against British rule.
Kakori Train Action: He participated in the Kakori Conspiracy (1925), planned to raise funds for revolutionary activities. Among the Kakori conspirators, Azad successfully escaped arrest and remained underground.
Reorganisation of HRA into HSRA: In 1928, along with Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Shiv Verma and Vijay Kumar Sinha, he reorganised the HRA into the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) with socialism among its major objectives.
Military leadership: While Bhagat Singh served as the political ideologue, Azad led the military wing of HSRA by planning operations, training recruits, organising weapons and coordinating revolutionary networks.
Lahore Action: Azad played a key role in planning the action against British officer John Saunders in 1928. The shooting was carried out by Bhagat Singh and Rajguru, while Azad supported the escape and resisted pursuing police personnel.
Slogan: His famous declaration, "Dushman ki goliyon ka hum saamna karenge. Azad hi rahein hain, azad hi rahenge," reflected his lifelong commitment to remain free until his final moment.

Chandra Shekhar Azad Jayanti 2026 Observance

The Birth Anniversary of Chandra Shekhar Azad is marked nationwide by remembrance programmes highlighting his courage, sacrifice and contribution to India's freedom movement.

On 23 July 2025, Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi honoured Chandra Shekhar Azad, stating that his courage and patriotism hold a proud place in India's freedom struggle and continue inspiring generations.
Defence Minister Rajnath Singh remembered Azad's lifelong struggle against British rule, highlighting his efforts to awaken self respect, self confidence, national consciousness and patriotism among countless young Indians.
Memorial activities: Tribute ceremonies are organised at Chandra Shekhar Azad Park in Prayagraj and other memorial sites, where people offer floral respects, organise cultural programmes and remember his supreme sacrifice for the nation.

Birth Anniversary of Chandra Shekhar Azad 2026 FAQs

Q1: When is the Birth Anniversary of Chandra Shekhar Azad observed?

Ans: The Chandra Shekhar Azad Jayanti is observed every year on 23 July to honour the revolutionary freedom fighter born on 23 July 1906.

Q2: What was the original name of Chandra Shekhar Azad?

Ans: Chandra Shekhar Azad was born as Chandra Shekhar Tiwari in Bhabra village, now Chandrashekhar Azad Nagar, in present day Madhya Pradesh.

Q3: Which revolutionary organisation did Chandra Shekhar Azad lead?

Ans: Chandra Shekhar Azad led the military wing of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) after its reorganisation in 1928 with Bhagat Singh and other revolutionaries.

Q4: How did Chandra Shekhar Azad die?

Ans: On 27 February 1931, surrounded by British police at Alfred Park, Allahabad (now Prayagraj), Chandra Shekhar Azad shot himself to avoid being captured alive.

Q5: What role did Chandra Shekhar Azad play in the Kakori Train Robbery?

Ans: Chandra Shekhar Azad participated in the Kakori train robbery of 1925 to raise funds for revolutionary activities and successfully escaped arrest afterward.

Kawal Tiger Reserve

July 23, 2026

Kawal Tiger Reserve Latest News

The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) recently identified Kawal Tiger Reserve in Telangana as a ‘priority recipient site’ for tiger recovery.

About Kawal Tiger Reserve

It is located in the state of Telangana.
It is along the banks of the river Godavari, forming part of the Deccan peninsula-central highlands.
The reserve is nestled in the Sahyadri Mountain Ranges.
Geographically, the reserve is situated at the southernmost tip of the Central Indian Tiger Landscape, having linkages with the Tadoba-Andhari (Maharashtra) and Indravati (Chhattisgarh) tiger reserves.
Rivers: It is a major catchment of the river Godavari and local rivulets like Peddavagu and Kadam.
Habitat: It has diverse habitats comprising dense forests, grasslands, rivers, streams, and water bodies.
Vegetation: Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest.
Flora: It consists of teak along with bamboo and other species like Anogeissus latifolia, Mitragyna parviflora, Terminalia crenulata, Terminalia arjuna, Boswellia serrata, etc.
Fauna:
- It has a faunal diversity which is typical of the Deccan Plateau.
- The major wild animals include: tiger, nilgai, chousinga, chinkara, black buck, sambar, spotted deer, wild dog, wolf, jackal, fox, leopard, and the jungle cat.

News: TOI

Kawal Tiger Reserve FAQs

Q1: Where is Kawal Tiger Reserve located?

Ans: It is located in the state of Telangana.

Q2: Along the banks of which river is Kawal Tiger Reserve located?

Ans: The Godavari River.

Q3: Kawal Tiger Reserve forms part of which physiographic region?

Ans: The Deccan Peninsula–Central Highlands.

Q4: What is the dominant forest type in Kawal Tiger Reserve?

Ans: Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest.

India’s 8th WTO Trade Policy Review (TPR) – Reaffirming Commitment to an Inclusive Multilateral Trading System

July 23, 2026

WTO Trade Policy Review (TPR) Latest News

India's 8th Trade Policy Review (TPR) commenced at the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Geneva on 21 July 2026 (~65 WTO Members participated), covering the review period 1 January 2021–31 December 2025.
Led by Commerce Secretary Rajesh Agarwal, India presented its trade policy achievements, economic performance and reform agenda while responding to questions from WTO members.
The review serves as a transparency mechanism to assess members' trade policies and their consistency with WTO principles.

What is the WTO Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TRPM)?

The TPRM is a transparency exercise under the WTO. It enables members to periodically examine each other's trade policies and practices.
The objective is to improve transparency, predictability and accountability in the multilateral trading system rather than to enforce compliance.

India’s Economic and Trade Performance

India highlighted its resilience despite geopolitical tensions, supply-chain disruptions and rising global protectionism.
Key achievements:

- Recorded nearly 8% average annual GDP growth during 2021–2025.
- Achieved record exports of USD 863.1 billion in 2025–26.
- Continued pursuing the vision of Viksit Bharat @2047 while addressing the developmental needs of nearly one-fifth of the world's population.

Major Trade and Economic Reforms Highlighted

India showcased a broad range of structural and trade-related reforms aimed at enhancing competitiveness and integration with the global economy.
Key initiatives:
- Aatmanirbhar Bharat: Strengthening domestic manufacturing while integrating with Global Value Chains (GVCs).
- Jan Vishwas initiative: Regulatory simplification and ease of doing business.
- Digital customs and trade facilitation measures.
- Logistics modernisation and quality infrastructure development.
- Expansion of Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for financial inclusion and trade efficiency.
- Promotion of Artificial Intelligence (AI), innovation and startups.
- Focus on sustainability, agricultural resilience and inclusive development.
- Expansion of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs).
- Continued support through South-South Cooperation and the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) Programme.
India reiterated its support for balanced, development-oriented WTO reforms that strengthen the multilateral trading system while safeguarding the interests of developing countries.

Recognition from WTO Leadership and Members

WTO TPR Body (TPRB):
- Recognised India as one of the fastest-growing major economies.
- Appreciated India's leadership in digitally delivered services exports.
- Commended reforms in DPI, financial inclusion and trade facilitation.
- Welcomed India's acceptance of the WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies, following the deposit of its Instrument of Acceptance.
- Praised India's timely responses to advance questions, reflecting transparency under the TPR mechanism.
Active participant (Brazil): Brazil's representative highlighted -
- Success of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in creating a unified domestic market.
- India's digital trade reforms and expanding export strategy.
- Importance of recent RTAs.
- India's Duty-Free Tariff Preference (DFTP) Scheme for Least Developed Countries (LDCs).
- India's DPI as a model for other developing countries.

Key Area of Conflict

India and key WTO members are at loggerheads over the 66-nation Agreement on Electronic Commerce (ECA), with India challenging the legality of bypassing multilateral consensus.
Core arguments and objections:
- Consensus rule:
  - India maintains that adding any new plurilateral pact to Annex 4 requires the agreement of all WTO members under the Marrakesh Agreement.
  - It failed to pass during General Council meetings in 2025.
  - Annex 4 contains plurilateral trade agreements that are binding only on the specific member countries who choose to accept them.
  - It currently includes two active pacts: the Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft and the Revised Agreement on Government Procurement.
  - Interim validity: Following the deadlock, 66 participating countries issued a declaration, establishing an interim arrangement to operationalize the e-commerce pact.
- Institutional overreach: New Delhi formally questioned the institutional and legal basis, challenging a partial-membership deal.
Broader multilateral divide:
- Plurilateral push: Proponent nations argue that coalition-based "Joint Statement Initiatives" are necessary to prevent total paralysis on new-age trade rules when complete consensus is unachievable.
- Systemic risk: India contends that allowing subsets of countries to operationalize unapproved agreements undermines the core multilateral character of the global trading system.

Significance of TPR for India

Soft power and cultural diplomacy: On the sidelines of the review, India organised an exhibition showcasing diverse Indian products, and traditional papier-mâché handicrafts.
Reinforces: India's image as a responsible stakeholder in the multilateral trading system.
Demonstrates: India's attempt to balance self-reliance (Aatmanirbhar Bharat) with greater global economic integration.
Highlights: India's growing role in digital trade, services exports, and South-South cooperation.
Strengthens: India's credibility in ongoing WTO negotiations and reform discussions.
Reflects: India's emphasis on inclusive, transparent and development-oriented global trade governance.

Source: PIB

WTO Trade Policy Review (TPR) FAQs

Q1: What is the primary objective of the WTO's Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM)?

Ans: To enhance transparency, predictability and accountability in members' trade policies through periodic peer review.

Q2: How does Aatmanirbhar Bharat complement India's global trade strategy?

Ans: It strengthens domestic productive capacities while promoting deeper integration into Global Value Chains (GVCs).

Q3: Why is India's acceptance of the WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies significant?

Ans: It demonstrates India's commitment to sustainable fisheries and constructive engagement in strengthening the multilateral trading system.

Q4: What role does Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) play in India's trade policy?

Ans: DPI enhances trade facilitation, financial inclusion, digital commerce and overall economic competitiveness.

Q5: Why are Quality Control Orders (QCOs) an important issue in WTO discussions on India?

Ans: They seek to improve product quality and consumer safety but are scrutinised for their potential impact on international trade.

Flash Floods in India Causes, Climate Impact & Adaptation Strategies

July 23, 2026

Flash Floods in India Latest News

Flash floods have emerged as a deadly and recurring hazard across India, claiming thousands of lives and damaging infrastructure annually.
Tragedies in Himachal Pradesh (July 2025), Kerala’s Wayanad (July 2024), Ladakh (June 2024), and Sikkim (October 2023) underline the severity of the crisis.
These sudden and intense floods, primarily triggered by extreme rainfall, have become more frequent with rising global temperatures — increasing from 132 events in 2020 to 184 in 2022, as per the Union Jal Shakti Ministry.
Despite the mounting threat, there remains a lack of detailed research to pinpoint the most vulnerable regions, hampering the effectiveness of mitigation strategies like early warning systems.

Study Related to Flash Floods in India

A recent IIT Gandhinagar study, published in Nature Hazards, addresses the lack of granular data on flash flood vulnerability in India.
The study, ‘Drivers of flash floods in the Indian sub-continental river basins’, identifies the Himalayas, western coast, and Central India as key hotspots, using hydrological and geomorphological data to map sub-basin susceptibility.
In the Himalayas, steep terrain and elevation drive flood risk, while in the West Coast and Central India, rapid runoff—termed "flashiness"—plays a key role.
The study finds that nearly 75% of flash floods result from a combination of extreme rainfall and already saturated soil, with only 25% due to precipitation alone.
Alarmingly, even previously low-risk basins are witnessing rising extreme rainfall, suggesting that climate change may create new flash flood zones in the future.

Key Drivers Behind Flash Floods in India

The study reveals that only 25% of flash floods in India are caused solely by extreme rainfall.
Most incidents result from a combination of heavy precipitation and pre-existing soil saturation.
- When the ground is already wet, it cannot absorb additional rainfall, leading to rapid runoff and increased flood risk.
Notably, only 23% of extreme rainfall events trigger flash floods within six hours. Instead, prolonged periods of both low- and high-intensity rain are more likely to cause such disasters.
The study also highlights regional variations.
- In the western coast and Central India, sub-basins react quickly to rainfall due to their high "flashiness" — the tendency of water levels to rise rapidly.
- In the Himalayan region, steep terrain and high relief further elevate the risk.
- Within major river basins like the Ganga, flash flood susceptibility differs — sub-basins in the southern Himalayan stretch are more prone, while central areas show lower risk.
This points to how terrain and local climatic conditions strongly influence flash flood vulnerability.

Climate Change Intensifies Flash Flood Risk in India

Rising global temperatures are significantly contributing to the increase in frequency and severity of flash floods.
As the atmosphere warms, it retains more moisture — about 7% more for every 1°C rise — leading to heavier rainfall events.
- In India, from 1981 to 2020, the incidence of extreme rainfall during the pre-monsoon season doubled.
- During the monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter seasons, extreme precipitation increased by 56%, 40%, and 12.5% respectively.
- Notably, over 75% of flash floods between 1980 and 2018 occurred during the monsoon season.
The study also shows that flash floods have risen sharply since 1995, especially in the Brahmaputra, Ganga, and Krishna river basins.
Interestingly, many regions that were not previously flood-prone are now experiencing more "wet hours" and higher streamflow due to warming temperatures.
- 51% of non-prone sub-basins showing increased rainfall and 66.5% showing higher streamflow.
Conversely, some existing flood-prone areas are seeing a decline in wet hours, indicating shifting climate patterns and flood vulnerabilities.

Region-Specific Adaptation Key to Mitigating Flash Flood Risks

The study highlights the need for region-specific adaptation strategies tailored to topography, soil conditions, and not just rainfall intensity.
Such localized approaches can strengthen early warning systems, improve disaster preparedness, and support long-term resilience planning.
Researchers emphasize the urgency of identifying emerging flash flood hotspots and investing in climate-resilient infrastructure to reduce the impact of extreme events.
Additionally, with shifting rainfall patterns and rising temperatures, improved land-use planning and integrated flood management are essential for effective mitigation.

Source: IE | Nature

Flash Floods in India FAQs

Q1: What causes most flash floods in India?

Ans: A combination of extreme rainfall and pre-saturated soil triggers most flash floods across Indian river basins.

Q2: How does climate change influence flash floods?

Ans: Rising temperatures increase atmospheric moisture, leading to more intense rainfall and higher flash flood risks.

Q3: Which regions are flash flood hotspots?

Ans: The Himalayas, Western Coast, and Central India are most vulnerable to frequent flash floods.

Q4: What is ‘flashiness’ in flood context?

Ans: Flashiness refers to rapid water level rise after rainfall, heightening flash flood potential.

Q5: What adaptation measures are needed?

Ans: Region-specific strategies, better land use planning, and early warning systems are vital for effective flash flood mitigation.

Internet Shutdowns in India – Legal Framework and Supreme Court Rulings

July 23, 2026

Internet Shutdowns Latest News

Mobile internet services were shut down in parts of Central Delhi during the 'Chalo Sansad' protest, raising fresh concerns about the legal framework governing internet shutdowns and their impact on fundamental rights.

About Internet Shutdowns

An internet shutdown, as defined by the web rights advocacy organisation Access Now, is "an intentional disruption of internet or electronic communications, rendering them inaccessible or effectively unusable, for a specific population or within a location, often to control the flow of information."
Forms of Internet Shutdowns
- Full network disruptions: complete blackout of internet services.
- Slowing down internet speed: throttling connectivity.
- Blocking specific platforms: restricting access to particular websites or apps.
- Mobile-only shutdowns: disabling mobile internet while keeping broadband active.
When Are They Ordered?
- According to the International Federation of Journalists, most internet shutdowns are ordered when:
  - Large numbers of people gather for political reasons.
  - Peaceful demonstrations are expected to take place.
  - Violent protests may occur.
  - Religious celebrations draw large crowds.
  - Public examinations are being conducted to prevent cheating.

Legal Framework Governing Internet Shutdowns

Earlier Framework
- Internet shutdowns in India were earlier governed by:
- Section 5(2) of the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885.
- Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency or Public Safety) Rules, 2017.
Current Framework
- Section 20 of the Telecommunications Act, 2023.
- Telecommunications (Temporary Suspension of Services) Rules, 2024.
- Under Section 20(2)(b) of the Telecommunications Act, 2023, telecommunication services may be suspended only:
  - On the occurrence of a public emergency.
  - In the interest of public safety.
  - On the grounds specified in the provision.
  - For reasons recorded in writing.
Procedural Requirements
- Be reasoned and published.
- Be limited in area and duration.
- Be issued by the competent authority under the 2024 Rules.
- Consider whether less restrictive measures would be sufficient.
- Not remain in force for over 15 days.
- A protest, by itself, is not a lawful ground for suspending internet services.

Continued Use of Outdated Provisions

Despite the updated legal framework, a review by the Digital Defenders Network found that several shutdown orders issued by State governments since late 2024 continue to invoke the older Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 and the 2017 Rules. For instance:
The Secretary, Home Department, Uttar Pradesh, issued an internet suspension order for Bareilly district on October 2, 2025.
The order invoked Section 7 of the Telegraph Act read with Rule 2(1) of the 2017 Rules.
By continuing to rely on these outdated provisions, some States appear to have bypassed the procedural safeguards introduced under the 2024 Rules.

Supreme Court Rulings on Internet Shutdowns

The Anuradha Bhasin Case (2020)
- In the landmark Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020) case, the Supreme Court held that access to the internet is closely connected to fundamental freedoms under the Constitution:
- Article 19(1)(a): freedom of speech and expression.
- Article 19(1)(g): freedom of trade and profession.
The Court held that any shutdown must:
- Be backed by law.
- Pursue a legitimate objective.
- Be necessary and proportionate.
- Be the least restrictive measure available.
- Be limited in scope and duration.
- Be accompanied by detailed reasons.
- Be published for public scrutiny.
- Be reviewed by a competent committee.
The Court observed that "complete broad suspension of telecom services, be it the internet or otherwise, must be considered by the State only if 'necessary' and 'unavoidable'."

India's Track Record on Internet Shutdowns

India continues to record one of the highest numbers of internet shutdowns in the world:
- Access Now's 2025 report recorded 65 shutdowns across 12 States and Union Territories.
- India has recorded about 24 shutdowns in 2026 so far.
According to the SFLC Internet Shutdown Tracker:
- Jammu & Kashmir: the highest number with about 449 since 2012.
- Rajasthan: 115 shutdowns.
- Manipur: 62 shutdowns.

News Summary

Mobile internet services were shut down in parts of Central Delhi during the 'Chalo Sansad' protest organised by the Cockroach Janta Party (CJP). Key aspects include:
- Thousands of people gathered on the opening day of Parliament's Monsoon Session.
- Protesters demanded the resignation of Union Education Minister Dharmendra Pradhan.
- The protest followed the NEET paper leaks and irregularities in the CBSE school examination process.
- The internet shutdown remained in place until the evening.
- The Ministry of Home Affairs imposed the order across 150 cell sites, according to an industry source.
The order was imposed under Clause (b) of Sub-section (2) of Section 20 of the Telecommunication Act, 2023, read with the 2024 Rules.

Legal Recourse Against Shutdown Orders

A shutdown order may be challenged in court through:
- High Court under Article 226: for writ petitions within a state's jurisdiction.
- Supreme Court under Article 32: in appropriate cases involving fundamental rights.
Courts can examine whether the order was:
- Lawful and issued by the competent authority.
- Proportionate to the situation.
- Properly limited in area and duration.
- Supported by valid reasons.
Indefinite suspensions are unlawful. The government must publish its orders and provide reasons capable of judicial review.

Way Forward

Legislative Reforms
- Ensure strict compliance with the Telecommunications Act, 2023 and the 2024 Rules.
- Discontinue the use of outdated Telegraph Act provisions.
- Establish clearer criteria for what constitutes a public emergency.
- Provide for automatic judicial review of shutdown orders.
Institutional Safeguards
- Strengthen the review committee mechanism.
- Ensure timely publication of all shutdown orders.
- Maintain a central public database of shutdowns.
- Enable easier legal challenges to shutdown orders.
Policy Approaches
- Explore less restrictive alternatives such as targeted platform blocking.
- Provide advance notice where possible.
- Ensure the shortest possible duration of shutdowns.
- Consider the cumulative impact on affected populations.
Transparency Measures
- Regular reporting to Parliament on shutdowns.
- Public consultations on the framework.
- Enhanced judicial oversight of orders.
- Civil society engagement in policy formulation.

Source: TH

Internet S66hutdowns FAQs

Q1: Which law currently governs internet shutdowns in India?

Ans: Internet shutdowns are governed by Section 20 of the Telecommunications Act, 2023 and the Telecommunications (Temporary Suspension of Services) Rules, 2024.

Q2: What was the significance of the Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020) case?

Ans: The Supreme Court held that access to the internet is linked to fundamental freedoms under Articles 19(1)(a) and 19(1)(g), and any shutdown must be lawful, proportionate, and the least restrictive measure.

Q3: How many internet shutdowns did India record in 2025?

Ans: According to Access Now's 2025 report, India recorded 65 internet shutdowns across 12 States and Union Territories.

Q4: Which state has recorded the highest number of internet shutdowns in India?

Ans: Jammu & Kashmir has recorded the highest number of internet shutdowns, with about 449 since 2012, according to the SFLC Internet Shutdown Tracker.

Q5: What is the maximum duration of an internet suspension order under the 2024 Rules?

Ans: Under the 2024 Rules, a suspension order cannot remain in force for over 15 days.

Plainclothes Policing: Legal Position and Accountability Concerns in India

July 23, 2026

Plainclothes Policing Latest News

Videos from the July 20 "Sansad Chalo" protest in Delhi showed police and Rapid Action Force (RAF) personnel in civilian clothes, or in uniform without visible nameplates.
This has triggered a debate on the legality of unidentified policing during crowd control situations.

What Triggered the Controversy

Protesters organised by the Cockroach Janata Party (CJP), demanding action over the NEET paper leak and the resignation of the Education Minister, marched towards Parliament.
Police lathi-charged the swelling crowd, leading to violent clashes and injuries on both sides.
Social media videos allegedly showed unidentified men in civilian clothes using police-style lathis against protesters, while uniformed personnel without nameplates ignored questions about their identity.
Delhi Police has not officially responded, but has reportedly directed personnel at the protest site to report in uniform going forward.

Is Hiding Identity Legal?

Certain operations — particularly intelligence gathering — genuinely require concealment of identity or even impersonation.
However, routine policing is bound by statutory procedure and judicial guidelines, which generally require identifiability.

Statutory basis

Maintenance of public order is governed by Chapter XI of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), Sections 148–160 (earlier Chapter X of the CrPC, formerly Chapter IX).
While the law does not explicitly mandate identification, only a magistrate or a "police officer" is empowered to order a crowd to disperse — implying that the officer issuing such a command must be identifiable.
Legal experts argue that an unidentifiable person cannot lawfully exercise this statutory power.

Judicial precedent

In DK Basu vs State of West Bengal (1997), the Supreme Court mandated that arresting officers must carry clear, visible identification.
Though this ruling concerned arrests rather than crowd control, it reflects the judiciary's broader expectation that police be identifiable while exercising coercive authority.
In August 2025, the Andhra Pradesh High Court questioned how citizens could recognise plainclothes personnel as police while they discharged official duties, in a case involving a YSRCP MLA accused of obstructing police work.

Why Police Avoid Identification

Security concerns: The practice reportedly originated in conflict zones like Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, and Chhattisgarh, where personnel avoided nameplates and rank insignia to reduce the risk of being targeted by militants.
Personal safety in routine duty: Officers argue visible identification can expose them to prolonged litigation, online harassment, and threats to their families.
Practice has spread: What began as a conflict-zone safeguard has gradually extended into routine law-and-order policing, a trend experts describe as contentious when applied outside genuine security threats.
Logistical compulsion: When additional personnel are urgently summoned to a protest site, all available officers from a unit — including those in plain clothes — are required to report, often due to overwhelming crowd size rather than deliberate strategy.

Acknowledged Ambiguity

While the law does not strictly bar deploying plainclothes personnel, senior officers concede the practice introduces ambiguity into already volatile protest situations.
However, they argue such deployment remains important because anti-social elements can infiltrate protests and trigger violence or arson — special branch personnel are specifically tasked with blending into crowds to gather intelligence and monitor troublemakers.

Conclusion

The plainclothes policing debate captures a real tension between operational security concerns and democratic accountability.
While Indian law does not explicitly bar unidentified policing, statutory logic and judicial precedent point toward identifiability as essential to the legitimate exercise of police power — making transparency, not anonymity, the constitutional default for routine law enforcement.

Source: IE | ToI

Plainclothes Policing FAQs

Q1: Is Plainclothes Policing legally permitted in India?

Ans: Plainclothes Policing is not expressly prohibited under Indian law, but routine policing generally requires identifiable officers while exercising statutory powers and coercive authority.

Q2: Why has Plainclothes Policing become controversial?

Ans: Plainclothes Policing has raised concerns because unidentified personnel during protests may reduce transparency, complicate accountability and undermine public confidence in law enforcement.

Q3: What judicial principles govern Plainclothes Policing in India?

Ans: Plainclothes Policing is influenced by judicial precedents such as DK Basu, which emphasise visible identification when police officers exercise coercive powers against citizens.

Q4: Why do police agencies deploy Plainclothes Policing?

Ans: Plainclothes Policing is used for intelligence gathering, identifying anti-social elements, ensuring operational security and responding quickly during large public gatherings or emergencies.

Q5: What constitutional concern does Plainclothes Policing highlight?

Ans: Plainclothes Policing highlights the need to balance operational security with transparency, accountability and citizens' ability to identify officers exercising public authority.

PM-YASASVI Scheme

July 23, 2026

PM-YASASVI Scheme Latest News

Recently, the Minister of State for Social Justice and Empowerment informed the Lok Sabha about the PM-YASASVI Scheme.

About PM-YASASVI Scheme

The PM-YASASVI (Prime Minister Young Achievers Scholarship Award Scheme for Vibrant India) umbrella scheme.
It is aimed at uplifting students from Other Backward Classes (OBC), Economically Backward Classes (EBC), and Denotified Tribes (DNT) by providing them with access to quality education during their formative years.
Objective: To reduce financial barriers and promote inclusive, equitable and quality education for eligible students from these communities.
Eligibility: Students from OBC, Economically Backward Classes (EBC), and DNT students with family income up to Rs 2.5 lakh per annum are eligible for this scheme.
It comprises four major scholarship components designed to support students at different stages of education.
These include the Pre-Matric Scholarship Scheme, Post-Matric Scholarship Scheme, Top Class Education in Schools Scheme, and Top Class Education in Colleges Scheme for eligible students belonging to OBC, EBC and DNT communities.
Implementing by: Department of Social Justice and Empowerment, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.

Source: PIB

PM-YASASVI Scheme FAQs

Q1: PM-YASVI Scheme provides scholarships to students belonging to which groups?

Ans: OBC, EBC, DNT and Nomadic Tribes

Q2: PM-YASVI Scheme was launched in which year?

Ans: 2021

NSE Ahimsa Index: India’s New Benchmark for Ethical and Animal Welfare Investing

July 23, 2026

NSE Ahimsa Index Latest News

The National Stock Exchange (NSE) launched the Nifty 500 Ahimsa Index on July 10, 2026.
This is India's first thematic index focused exclusively on animal cruelty-free companies, arriving weeks after BSE's similar Saatvik 100 Index launched on June 17, 2026.

National Stock Exchange: Structure, Role and Regulatory Framework

The National Stock Exchange (NSE) is India's premier stock exchange and a core pillar of the country's financial system.
Established in 1992 and operational from 1994, it was set up to bring transparency, efficiency, and nationwide access to securities trading.
Headquartered in Mumbai, NSE replaced India's earlier manual trading system with a fully automated, screen-based platform.

Legal Status and Recognition

NSE is a regulated stock exchange, officially recognised under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956.
It offers trading across multiple asset classes:
- Equities (shares)
- Derivatives (futures and options)
- Currency and commodity products
- Debt securities
It is owned by major financial institutions, banks, and insurers, and operates under the regulatory oversight of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).

Organisational Structure

Ownership - Key shareholders include major public institutions such as LIC, SBI, ICICI Bank, and GIC.
Management - NSE is run by a Board of Directors, supported by executive leadership and functional departments covering trading, clearing, settlement, and surveillance.
Regulatory Oversight - SEBI regulates NSE under multiple statutes, including the Companies Act, the SEBI Act, the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, and the Depositories Act.
Clearing, Settlement and Depository Services - Clearing and settlement functions are handled by NSE Clearing Limited; Depository services are provided through the National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL).

Governing Legal Framework

NSE's functioning is governed by four key legislations:
- Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956
- Companies Act, 2013
- SEBI Act, 1992
- Depositories Act, 1996

About Ahimsa Index

The Nifty 500 Ahimsa Index tracks top 500 NSE companies whose business practices align with the principle of "Ahimsa" (non-violence).
It gives investors a way to invest specifically in companies that avoid activities harming animals.
This marks a shift from conventional ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) investing, which focuses on carbon emissions and governance metrics, toward a values-based screening rooted in Indian philosophical traditions.
The index was developed jointly by NSE Indices and the Ahimsagain Foundation, a non-profit established in November 2024 by ethical finance advocates.

Selection Framework

Companies are evaluated using the Ahimsa Investment Movement (AIM) framework, which classifies firms into three bands:
- Green band: Fully compliant with animal-cruelty-free criteria
- Orange band: Partial compliance
- Red band: Non-compliant
Only green-band companies are included in the index.

Who Is Included and Excluded

The index includes leading companies from IT services, automobile, real estate, and healthcare sectors.
Notable exclusions include:
- Most Reliance Group companies (except Reliance Power)
- Pharmaceutical companies using animal testing
- All commercial banks and major NBFCs
- Dairy, meat, poultry, and leather companies
- Fashion brands, retail chains, and cosmetics companies using leather or wool

Comparison with BSE's Saatvik Index

BSE's Saatvik 100 Index, launched earlier, has a broader mandate. It screens against animal cruelty, addictive or toxic products, and generally harmful or violent business activities.
The near-simultaneous launch of two thematic ethical indices by India's major exchanges signals a new direction in India's capital markets — screening companies through indigenous philosophical lenses rather than only global ESG frameworks.
- Global ESG frameworks are structured guidelines that help companies measure and report their performance on Environmental, Social, and Governance factors.
- Environmental: Tracks a company's impact on nature, including greenhouse gas emissions, waste management, energy efficiency, and water use.
- Social: Evaluates how a company treats people, covering labor practices, workplace health and safety, diversity, and community relations.
- Governance: Assesses corporate leadership, executive pay, business ethics, internal controls, and shareholder rights.

Significance for Investors

Expected to serve as a benchmark for asset managers.
Likely to enable new passive investment products such as ETFs and index funds.
Reflects a broader trend of younger, values-conscious investors entering capital markets.
Market analysts note it will take time for mutual funds to build products around this theme, but see long-term growth potential.

Conclusion

NSE's Ahimsa Index reflects a maturing Indian capital market willing to root ethical investing in home-grown philosophical concepts rather than borrowed frameworks.
As younger, values-driven investors enter the market, such indices could reshape how corporate responsibility is measured and rewarded in India.

Source: IE | ToI

NSE Ahimsa Index FAQs

Q1: What is the objective of the NSE Ahimsa Index?

Ans: The NSE Ahimsa Index enables investors to invest in companies that follow animal cruelty-free business practices while promoting values-based investing rooted in the principle of Ahimsa.

Q2: How does the NSE Ahimsa Index differ from conventional ESG investing?

Ans: The NSE Ahimsa Index goes beyond environmental and governance metrics by specifically screening companies based on animal welfare and non-violent business practices.

Q3: Which companies are excluded from the NSE Ahimsa Index?

Ans: The NSE Ahimsa Index excludes companies engaged in animal testing, leather, meat, poultry, dairy, and other businesses that do not satisfy its animal welfare criteria.

Q4: How are companies selected for the NSE Ahimsa Index?

Ans: The NSE Ahimsa Index uses the Ahimsa Investment Movement framework, admitting only companies placed in the "Green" category for compliance with animal welfare standards.

Q5: Why is the NSE Ahimsa Index significant for India's capital markets?

Ans: The NSE Ahimsa Index reflects the growing demand for ethical investing, encourages responsible corporate behaviour and expands values-based investment opportunities for Indian investors.

Methane

July 23, 2026

Methane Latest News

A new study in NatureFood has found that India’s rice fields now rank among world’s top methane hotspots.

About Methane

It is a hydrocarbon that is a primary component of natural gas.
It is a potent greenhouse gas, responsible for about 30% of the global temperature rise since the Industrial Revolution.
It is the primary component of natural gas and a byproduct of fossil fuel exploration.
It is 86 times more efficient at trapping heat over a 20-year-period than carbon dioxide.
Major Sources: The three major anthropogenic sources of methane emissions are agriculture, energy, and waste sectors.

Characteristics of Methane

It is a colourless, odourless, and highly flammable gas, also known as marsh gas.
It remains in the atmosphere for a shorter period — about 12 years — than carbon dioxide,
It traps far more heat in the near term, making it a key driver of short-term climate change, contributing 28 times more to global warming than carbon dioxide for every tonne.

Source: TH

Methane FAQs

Q1: Which gas is produced along with methane in landfills?

Ans: Carbon Dioxide - CO2

Q2: Which satellite launched for monitoring methane emissions globally?

Ans: MethaneSAT

Daily Editorial Analysis 23 July 2026

July 23, 2026

India Must Lead in Securing the Strait of Bab el-Mandeb

Context

The emerging threat of a Bab el-Mandeb Strait crisis, following tensions in the Strait of Hormuz, underscores the vulnerability of global maritime trade.
The Bab el-Mandeb Strait, linking the Red Sea with the Gulf of Aden, is one of the world's most critical maritime chokepoints.
Any disruption could threaten nearly one-third of India's trade, making maritime security a strategic and economic priority.
India must therefore adopt a proactive, rules-based maritime strategy to secure vital sea lanes.

Understanding the Strategic Importance of Bab el-Mandeb

The Bab el-Mandeb Strait, situated between Yemen and the Horn of Africa, connects the Suez Canal with the Indian Ocean.
It is indispensable for trade between Asia, Europe, and Africa, facilitating the movement of energy supplies, container cargo, and commercial shipping.
Any blockage would force vessels to reroute around the Cape of Good Hope, increasing transit time, freight costs, and supply chain disruptions.
Following the Gaza conflict, the Houthis (Ansarallah) launched attacks on commercial vessels in the Red Sea, disrupting one of the world's busiest shipping routes.

Major Consequences

Around 40 commercial vessels were attacked.
Over 2,000 ships avoided the Suez Canal, opting for the Cape of Good Hope.
Freight charges and marine insurance premiums increased sharply.
Egypt suffered significant revenue losses from reduced Suez Canal traffic.
India's imports, exports, and supply chains experienced delays and higher logistics costs.
The crisis demonstrated how regional conflicts can quickly disrupt global trade and economic stability.

Why the Present Situation is More Dangerous?

The current geopolitical environment presents greater uncertainty than in 2024.
Iran's reported support for Houthi threats has increased regional tensions.
The United Nations Security Council remains divided, limiting prospects for coordinated action to uphold freedom of navigation.
The United States is increasingly focused on Iran, creating uncertainty about sustained Red Sea security operations.
China may continue protecting its shipping independently through bilateral arrangements rather than collective maritime efforts.

Implications for India

Economic Impact
- Simultaneous disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz and Bab el-Mandeb could severely affect India's energy security, trade, supply chains, exports, and inflation by increasing transportation and insurance costs.
Impact on Indian Seafarers
- India is one of the world's largest suppliers of merchant seafarers.
- Restrictions on Red Sea operations would affect the employment, safety, and welfare of thousands of Indian sailors while disrupting maritime commerce.

India's Strategic Response

Build a Multilateral Maritime Task Force
- India should establish a Trade Protection Task Force with France and Japan, both of which maintain naval bases in Djibouti.
- The task force should escort commercial vessels, conduct coordinated patrols, deter attacks, and ensure uninterrupted maritime trade.
Strengthen Regional Diplomacy
- India should deepen engagement with Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and other Red Sea littoral states that share an interest in protecting maritime commerce and regional stability.
Enhance Maritime Domain Awareness
- The Information Fusion Centre–Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) should be leveraged for real-time intelligence sharing, monitoring shipping movements, and coordinating multinational naval operations.
Promote a Rules-Based Maritime Order
- India should advocate adherence to UNCLOS, international maritime law, and freedom of navigation through joint rules of engagement and protection of commercial shipping.
- This approach aligns with India's vision of Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) and its commitment to a free, open, and secure Indo-Pacific.

Remaining Challenges and the Way Forward

Challenges
India's response must address several constraints:
- Escalating West Asian geopolitical tensions.
- Lack of international consensus.
- High costs of sustained naval deployment.
- Balancing ties with Iran, Saudi Arabia, Israel, and Western partners.
- Ensuring the safety of Indian seafarers during prolonged crises.
Way Forward
- India should establish a multinational maritime security mechanism, strengthen naval interoperability with France and Japan, expand cooperation with Egypt and Saudi Arabia.
- India should also enhance IFC-IOR capabilities, diversify trade routes, build resilient supply chains, increase strategic petroleum reserves, and champion a rules-based international order through sustained diplomatic and naval engagement.

Conclusion

The Bab el-Mandeb Strait has become a critical test of India's maritime strategy.
The Red Sea crisis demonstrated that disruptions at strategic chokepoints can have far-reaching economic and geopolitical consequences.
As a leading maritime power, India must combine naval capability, regional diplomacy, multilateral cooperation, and maritime domain awareness to secure vital sea lanes.
A proactive and cooperative approach will safeguard India's trade, strengthen regional stability, and reinforce its vision of SAGAR, ensuring that the Bab el-Mandeb does not become a Gate of Tears for global commerce.

India Must Lead in Securing the Strait of Bab el-Mandeb FAQs

Q1. Why is the Bab el-Mandeb Strait strategically important fo India?
Ans. The Bab el-Mandeb Strait is a vital maritime chokepoint through which nearly one-third of India's trade passes.

Q2. What was a major consequence of the 2023–24 Red Sea crisis?
Ans. The crisis disrupted global shipping, increased freight and insurance costs, and delayed India's trade.

Q3. Why is the present Bab el-Mandeb situation considered more dangerous?
Ans. It is more dangerous because of rising Iran–U.S. tensions, a divided UN Security Council, and uncertainty over international maritime security efforts.

Q4. What maritime initiative should India undertake to protect its trade?
Ans. India should establish a multinational Trade Protection Task Force with partners such as France and Japan to secure shipping routes.

Q5. How does the proposed maritime strategy support India's regional vision?
Ans. It strengthens India's SAGAR vision by promoting secure sea lanes, regional cooperation, and a rules-based maritime order.

Source: The Hindu

Daily Editorial Analysis 2026 FAQs

Q1: What is editorial analysis?

Ans: Editorial analysis is the critical examination and interpretation of newspaper editorials to extract key insights, arguments, and perspectives relevant to UPSC preparation.

Q2: What is an editorial analyst?

Ans: An editorial analyst is someone who studies and breaks down editorials to highlight their relevance, structure, and usefulness for competitive exams like the UPSC.

Q3: What is an editorial for UPSC?

Ans: For UPSC, an editorial refers to opinion-based articles in reputed newspapers that provide analysis on current affairs, governance, policy, and socio-economic issues.

Q4: What are the sources of UPSC Editorial Analysis?

Ans: Key sources include editorials from The Hindu and Indian Express.

Q5: Can Editorial Analysis help in Mains Answer Writing?

Ans: Yes, editorial analysis enhances content quality, analytical depth, and structure in Mains answer writing.