Current Affairs of 1 February 2026

by Vajiram & Ravi - 1 February 2026

Vajiram and Ravi provide Current Affairs of 1 February 2026 for UPSC aspirants. We cover all relevant news and important events crucial for the exam, helping you stay updated and well prepared.

Economic Survey 2025-26 and India’s Space Sector – Explained

February 1, 2026
Space Sector

Space Sector Latest News

  • The Economic Survey 2025-26 has assessed India’s space sector amid a flat budget trajectory and growing expectations from the private industry.

India’s Space Sector: Evolution and Policy Shift

  • India’s space programme has undergone a significant transition over the past decade, moving from a state-dominated model to a more open and commercially oriented ecosystem. 
  • Landmark achievements such as successful lunar missions and a high launch success rate positioned India as a reliable spacefaring nation.
  • A major policy shift occurred in 2020, when reforms opened the space sector to private participation. 
  • The creation of IN-SPACe as a regulatory and facilitative body and the encouragement of private launch vehicle and satellite start-ups marked the beginning of India’s “NewSpace” phase. 
  • However, this transition has coincided with operational and fiscal challenges within the Department of Space (DoS).

Budgetary Trends in the Space Sector

  • The Economic Survey 2025-26 points out that the Department of Space has experienced near-stagnant budget growth over the last four years. When adjusted for inflation, the overall allocation has effectively declined.
  • Capital expenditure, crucial for new launch infrastructure, spacecraft development, and R&D, has fallen steadily. 
  • In contrast, revenue expenditure, such as salaries and routine operational costs, has increased. 
  • This shift has resulted in a growing share of the budget being consumed by maintenance rather than innovation, raising concerns about long-term technological competitiveness.
  • Additionally, the Department has repeatedly failed to fully utilise its allocated funds, leading to downward revisions during the Revised Estimates stage. 
  • This weak absorption capacity has further constrained the case for a substantial budgetary increase.

Export Performance and Structural Concerns

  • Despite budgetary stress, the Survey highlights strong export performance. 
  • Between 2015 and 2024, India launched nearly 400 foreign satellites for over 30 countries, generating substantial commercial revenue.
  • However, the Survey cautions that export earnings may be masking deeper structural issues. 
  • Recent launch failures and near-misses have exposed vulnerabilities in manufacturing quality and supply chains. 
  • The push for higher launch cadence, driven by commercial demand, has placed additional strain on an ecosystem still adapting from a protected state monopoly to a competitive market environment.

Role of NSIL in the Emerging Model

  • NewSpace India Limited (NSIL), ISRO’s commercial arm, has emerged as a key pillar in the government’s evolving strategy. 
  • According to the Survey, NSIL’s revenues increased sharply within a few years, signalling the government’s intent to rely more on commercial income rather than tax-funded capital investment.
  • The implicit policy shift is towards commerce-led growth, where NSIL monetises launch services, satellite missions, and downstream applications. 
  • However, this raises questions about whether commercial revenues can adequately substitute for sustained public investment in core R&D and critical infrastructure.

Industry Expectations and Policy Demands

  • Industry associations have expressed dissatisfaction with current funding levels. 
  • They argue that India’s space budget remains a very small fraction of GDP compared to leading space powers. 
  • Proposals include scaling up allocations, expanding launch infrastructure, and introducing targeted production-linked incentives for space components.
  • Private players have also advocated for a procurement-driven model, where the government acts as an anchor customer by purchasing services and data from domestic companies rather than owning all assets. 
  • This approach mirrors international practices and could provide predictable demand, encouraging private investment.

Challenges Highlighted by the Economic Survey

  • The Survey underlines a widening gap between what the industry seeks and what the Department of Space can realistically deliver. 
  • While private firms demand rapid expansion and assured procurement, the Department faces constraints related to quality control, spending efficiency, and operational reliability.
  • The Survey also notes that different space programmes, such as human spaceflight, satellite launches, and strategic missions, compete for limited resources, complicating prioritisation and long-term planning.

Way Forward

  • The Economic Survey suggests a phased and balanced transition. 
  • Strengthening quality assurance systems, fixing supply-chain weaknesses, and improving fund utilisation are essential first steps. 
  • Large infrastructure projects, such as new spaceports, must progress without repeated delays.
  • Equally important is a clear roadmap identifying which missions will gradually shift from government-built assets to industry-provided services. 
  • Enhancing institutional capacity to manage complex, long-term service contracts will be crucial for building investor confidence.

Source: TH

Space Sector FAQs

Q1: What concern does the Economic Survey raise about India’s space budget?

Ans: It highlights stagnation in real terms and declining capital expenditure.

Q2: What role is NSIL expected to play in the space sector?

Ans: NSIL is expected to drive growth through commercial revenues and services.

Q3: Why is declining capital expenditure a concern?

Ans: It limits long-term innovation, infrastructure creation, and R&D capacity.

Q4: How has the private industry responded to current budget trends?

Ans: Industry bodies have demanded higher allocations and procurement-based support.

Q5: What is the key challenge identified by the Survey?

Ans: Balancing commercial expansion with institutional capacity and operational reliability.

Important Days in January 2026, National and International Days List

February 1, 2026
Important Days in January 2026

January is one of the most important months in the calendar year, especially for India. It marks new beginnings and includes major national festivals, international observances, and awareness days related to education, youth, technology, human rights, and public health. Important Days in January 2026 highlight Cultural Diversity of India through festivals like Lohri, Makar Sankranti, Pongal, and Magh Bihu, along with global observances such as World Braille Day and International Day of Education.

Important Days in January 2026

January 2026 includes several national and international days that are officially recognized for their historical, cultural, educational, and social importance. These days either have a strong impact on Indian society or are observed worldwide to spread awareness on global issues. They are crucial and help to understand history, values and social responsibilities.

List of Important Days in January 2026

The complete list of Important Days in January 2026 has been tabulated below:

Important Days in January 2026
Date Day Event Significance

January 1

Thursday

New Year’s Day, Global Family Day

Marks the beginning of the new year and promotes peace and family unity worldwide.

January 4

Sunday

World Braille Day

Raises awareness about Braille and the rights of visually impaired people.

January 6

Tuesday

World Day of War Orphans

Focuses on the challenges faced by children affected by war.

January 9

Friday

Pravasi Bharatiya Divas

Celebrates the contribution of Non-Resident Indians to India’s development.

January 10

Saturday

World Hindi Day

Promotes the global use and recognition of the Hindi language.

January 12

Monday

National Youth Day (India)

Birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda, inspiring youth empowerment.

January 13

Tuesday

Lohri

Marks the end of winter and is celebrated mainly in Punjab.

January 14

Wednesday

Makar Sankranti, Pongal, Magh Bihu

Celebrates harvest and the sun’s northward movement.

January 15

Thursday

Indian Army Day

Honors the bravery and service of the Indian Army.

January 16

Friday

National Startup Day (India)

Recognizes innovation and startup culture in India.

January 18

Sunday

World Religion Day

Encourages unity and understanding among all religions.

January 23

Friday

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Jayanti

Birth anniversary of a great freedom fighter and leader.

January 24

Saturday

International Day of Education, National Girl Child Day (India)

Highlights education and the importance of the girl child.

January 25

Sunday

National Tourism Day, National Voters’ Day (India)

Promotes tourism and democratic participation.

January 25

Last Sunday

World Leprosy Day

Spreads awareness about leprosy and ending discrimination.

January 26

Monday

Republic Day (India), International Customs Day

Celebrates adoption of the Indian Constitution.

January 27

Tuesday

International Holocaust Remembrance Day

Remembers victims of the Holocaust.

January 28

Wednesday

Data Privacy Day

Raises awareness about personal data protection.

January 30

Friday

Martyr’s Day/ Shaheed Diwas

Observed in memory of Mahatma Gandhi.

Major Important Days in January 2026 Explained

The significance and relevance of the days that fall in the month of January 2026 has been described below:

January 1 - New Year’s Day and Global Family Day

New Year’s Day marks the beginning of a new calendar year and is celebrated across the world. People welcome the year with hope, new goals, and resolutions. The same day is also observed as Global Family Day, which promotes peace, unity, and love among families and communities worldwide.

January 4 - World Braille Day

World Braille Day highlights the importance of Braille as a communication tool for people who are blind or visually impaired. It reminds society that access to information is a basic human right and supports inclusive education.

January 9 - Pravasi Bharatiya Divas

Pravasi Bharatiya Divas honors the contribution of Indians living abroad. It is observed on this day because Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa on January 9, 1915. The day recognizes the role of the Indian diaspora in national growth.

January 12 - National Youth Day

National Youth Day is celebrated on the birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda. The day inspires young people to follow his teachings on self confidence, discipline, and service to the nation. Schools and colleges organize motivational programs on this day.

January 13 - Lohri

Lohri is a popular winter festival in Punjab and northern India. It celebrates the harvest season and the end of cold winter days. People light bonfires, sing folk songs, and share traditional food.

January 14 - Makar Sankranti, Pongal, and Magh Bihu

This day marks the sun’s transition into the Makar rashi. It is celebrated across India under different names. Makar Sankranti symbolizes new beginnings, Pongal honors farmers in Tamil Nadu, and Magh Bihu marks the harvest festival in Assam.

January 15 - Indian Army Day

Indian Army Day pays tribute to the soldiers who protect the nation. It commemorates the day when Field Marshal K. M. Cariappa became the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army in 1949.

January 23 - Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Jayanti

This day marks the birth anniversary of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, a fearless leader of India’s freedom struggle. He is remembered for his leadership of the Indian National Army and his slogan “Give me blood, and I will give you freedom.”

January 24 - International Day of Education and National Girl Child Day

The International Day of Education highlights the role of education in building a better future. National Girl Child Day in India focuses on girls’ rights, education, and equality.

January 26 - Republic Day

Republic Day is one of India’s most important national festivals. It celebrates the adoption of the Indian Constitution on January 26, 1950. The grand parade in New Delhi showcases India’s cultural diversity and military strength.

January 30 - Martyrs’ Day

Martyrs’ Day or Shaheed Diwas is observed on the death anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. It honors all freedom fighters who sacrificed their lives for India’s independence. Silence is observed nationwide in remembrance.

Important Days in January 2026 FAQs

Q1: Why is January an important month in India?

Ans: January includes Republic Day, harvest festivals and national observances related to youth, education, and national unity.

Q2: Which is the most important National Day in January?

Ans: Republic Day on January 26 is the most important National Day in January in India.

Q3: Why is National Youth Day celebrated on January 12?

Ans: It marks the birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda and inspires youth empowerment.

Q4: What festivals are celebrated on January 14?

Ans: Makar Sankranti, Pongal, and Magh Bihu are celebrated on January 14 across India.

Q5: What is the purpose of World Braille Day?

Ans: World Braille Day promotes awareness about Braille and supports the rights of visually impaired individuals.

Republic Day 2026, Chief Guest, Theme, History, Significance

February 1, 2026
Republic Day 2026

India celebrates Republic Day every year on 26 January to mark the historic day when the Constitution of India came into force in 1950, transforming the nation into a sovereign democratic republic. Republic Day 2026 will mark the 77th anniversary of the Republic of India and holds immense constitutional, political, and cultural importance for citizens

Republic Day 2026

Republic Day 2026 will be celebrated across the country with patriotism, discipline, and national pride. The main celebration takes place at Kartavya Path, New Delhi, featuring a grand parade that showcases India’s military strength, cultural diversity, technological achievements, and federal unity.

Schools, colleges, government institutions, and Indian missions abroad also observe the day by hoisting the national flag, singing the national anthem, and organizing cultural programs.

Why is Republic Day 2026 celebrated?

Republic Day 2026 is celebrated to commemorate the adoption and implementation of the Indian Constitution on 26 January 1950. Although India attained independence on 15 August 1947, it did not have a permanent constitution until 1950.

The date 26 January was deliberately chosen to honor the Purna Swaraj Declaration of 1929 at Lahore Session on December 19, 1929, when the Indian National Congress proclaimed complete independence from British rule. Republic Day symbolizes:

  • Supremacy of the Constitution
  • Rule of law
  • Democratic governance
  • Equality, liberty, and justice for all citizens

Republic Day 2026 Chief Guests

The Chief Guests for India’s 77th Republic Day celebrations on 26 January 2026 will be the top leadership of the European Union, namely Ursula von der Leyen, President of the European Commission, and António Costa, President of the European Council. Their presence reflects a significant deepening of India–EU strategic and diplomatic relations. The EU leaders will be on an official visit to India from 25 to 27 January 2026, during which they will also co-chair the 16th India–EU Summit, underscoring growing cooperation in areas such as trade, technology, security, and global governance.

Other leaders across various countries will also be invited to participate in India’s Republic  Day 2026 celebration.

Beating Retreat Ceremony 2026

The Beating Retreat Ceremony 2026 is a solemn and dignified tradition that formally concludes the Republic Day 2026 celebrations. The ceremony embodies national pride and India’s military heritage, showcased against the majestic setting of Vijay Chowk in New Delhi.

Republic Day 2026 Theme

The Republic Day 2026 theme continues to echo India’s long-term national vision of “Viksit Bharat” (Developed India) and “Bharat – Loktantra ki Matruka” (India – The Mother of Democracy). These themes underscore India’s commitment to achieving comprehensive development by 2047 while reaffirming its deep-rooted democratic traditions that date back to ancient times.

The spirit of these themes is vividly showcased through tableaux presented by States, Union Territories, and central Ministries, highlighting governance reforms, cultural heritage, technological progress, and inclusive growth.

Republic Day History

  • Lahore Session of the INC (1929): The Indian National Congress, at its historic Lahore Session on 19 December 1929 under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, formally adopted the resolution of Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence), rejecting dominion status under British rule.
  • Proclamation of Complete Independence: The Purna Swaraj resolution declared that British rule in India was illegitimate and affirmed the Indian people’s inalienable right to self-governance and sovereignty.
  • Observance of Independence Day Before 1947: Between 1930 and 1947, 26 January was observed as Independence Day by freedom fighters across India, with public meetings, oath-taking ceremonies, and hoisting of the tricolour.
  • Formation of the Constituent Assembly (1946): The Constituent Assembly of India was constituted in December 1946 to draft a permanent constitution for independent India, representing diverse regions, communities, and political ideologies.
  • Adoption of the Constitution (1949): After nearly 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days of deliberations, the Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949, establishing the :framework of governance and fundamental values.
  • Choice of 26 January as Republic Day: The date 26 January 1950 was chosen for the enforcement of the Constitution to honor the historic Purna Swaraj resolution of 1930, linking constitutional governance with the freedom struggle.
  • India Becomes a Republic (1950): On 26 January 1950, the Constitution came into force, India officially became a Sovereign Democratic Republic, and Dr. Rajendra Prasad was sworn in as the first President of India.
  • First Republic Day Celebration: The first Republic Day parade was held at Rajpath (now Kartavya Path), New Delhi, symbolizing the transfer of power from colonial rule to the people of India through constitutional democracy.
  • Evolution of Republic Day Celebrations: Over the decades, Republic Day celebrations have evolved to showcase India’s military strength, cultural diversity, technological progress, and federal unity, making it a powerful symbol of national integration.
  • Constitutional and Democratic Legacy: Republic Day serves as an annual reminder of the supremacy of the Constitution, the rule of law, and the commitment to justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity enshrined in the Preamble.

Role of the Constitution in Strengthening Indian Democracy

  • The Constitution of India establishes India as a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic, ensuring that ultimate authority rests with the people, which is the foundation of democratic governance.
  • It provides Universal Adult Franchise, granting voting rights to all citizens above 18 years of age, enabling political equality and mass participation regardless of caste, gender, religion, or economic status.
  • The Constitution guarantees Fundamental Rights (Articles 12–35), including equality before law, freedom of speech and expression, and protection against discrimination, empowering citizens to actively participate in democracy.
  • It enshrines the Rule of Law, ensuring that all individuals and institutions, including the government, are subject to the Constitution, thereby preventing arbitrary exercise of power.
  • An independent judiciary with powers of judicial review safeguards the Constitution, protects citizens’ rights, and acts as a check on the legislature and executive.
  • The principle of separation of powers among the Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary creates a system of checks and balances, strengthening accountability and preventing concentration of power.
  • The federal structure divides powers between the Union and the States through the Seventh Schedule, allowing democratic governance at multiple levels while maintaining national unity.
  • The Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV) guide the state to achieve social and economic justice, helping transform political democracy into a welfare-oriented democracy.
  • Constitutional bodies such as the Election Commission, Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG), Finance Commission, and UPSC ensure free elections, financial transparency, and administrative neutrality.
  • The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (1992) strengthened grassroots democracy by empowering Panchayats and Municipalities, bringing governance closer to the people.
  • Provisions for reservation and affirmative action for SCs, STs, OBCs, women, and minorities promote inclusive representation and social justice in democratic institutions.

Republic Day Awards and Civil Honours

Republic Day Awards and Civil Honours recognize individuals for exceptional service and achievements in fields such as public service, arts, science, social work, sports, and national security, reflecting the nation’s gratitude and constitutional values.

Civilian Awards (Highest Honours):

  • Bharat Ratna – India’s highest civilian award for exceptional service in art, literature, science, or public service; a maximum of three awards per year
  • Padma Vibhushan – Conferred for exceptional and distinguished service
  • Padma Bhushan – Awarded for distinguished service of a high order
  • Padma Shri – Given for distinguished service in any field

Gallantry and Service Awards (Police and Forces):

  • President’s Police Medal (PPM) – For distinguished service
  • Police Medal (PM) for Gallantry – For acts of exceptional bravery
  • Police Medal (PM) for Meritorious Service – For sustained dedication and service
  • Fire Services, Home Guards, and Correctional Services Awards – For bravery and distinguished service

Other Important Awards:

  • Jeevan Raksha Padak – For acts of courage and life-saving by civilians
  • Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar – For children showing exceptional achievement and bravery

Republic Day 2026 Significance

Republic Day 2026 marks the celebration of India’s constitutional governance and reaffirms the ideals of sovereignty, democracy, and rule of law as the nation progresses through the Amrit Kaal towards a developed India by 2047.

  • Celebrates the enforcement of the Indian Constitution (26 January 1950)
  • Reinforces democratic values and constitutional morality
  • Highlights unity in diversity and national integration
  • Showcases India’s defence strength and cultural heritage
  • Inspires citizens to uphold fundamental rights and duties

Republic Day 2026 FAQs

Q1: When is Republic Day 2026 celebrated?

Ans: Republic Day 2026 is celebrated on 26 January 2026.

Q2: Why is 26 January important in Indian history?

Ans: 26 January marks both the Purna Swaraj Declaration (1930) and the enforcement of the Constitution (1950).

Q3: Who drafted the Indian Constitution?

Ans: The Constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, with Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as Chairman of the Drafting Committee.

Q4: What is the significance of the Republic Day parade?

Ans: The parade showcases India’s military strength, cultural diversity, and developmental progress.

Q5: Which awards are announced on Republic Day?

Ans: Major awards include Padma Awards, Bharat Ratna, and Gallantry Awards.

Important Days in December 2025, National and International Days List

February 1, 2026
Important Days in December 2025

Many Important Days in December 2025 are celebrated in India and around the world. These days focus on raising awareness, remembering events, and honoring people. From World AIDS Day and Human Rights Day to Christmas and New Year’s Eve, each day is special. Celebrating these days helps people learn, remember, and take part in important causes.

List of Important Days in December 2025

Here is the List of Important Days in December 2025, tabulated below. These days help in spreading knowledge and encourage participation in social, cultural, and global initiatives.

List of Important Days in December 2025
Date Event

1 December

World AIDS Day

2 December

National Pollution Control Day

2 December

International Day for the Abolition of Slavery

2 December

World Computer Literacy Day

3 December

World Day of the Handicapped / International Day of Persons with Disabilities

4 December

Indian Navy Day

5 December

International Volunteer Day

5 December

World Soil Day

6 December

B.R. Ambedkar’s Death Anniversary

6 December

National Microwave Oven Day

7 December

Armed Forces Flag Day

7 December

International Civil Aviation Day

8 December

Bodhi Day

9 December

International Anti-Corruption Day

10 December

Human Rights Day

10 December

Death Anniversary of Alfred Nobel

11 December

International Mountain Day

11 December

UNICEF Day

12 December

Universal Health Coverage Day

13 December

National Horse Day

13 December

U.S. National Guard Birthday

14 December

National Energy Conservation Day

14 December

Hanukkah Beginning

16 December

Vijay Diwas

18 December

Minorities Rights Day in India

18 December

International Migrants Day

19 December

Goa Liberation Day

20 December

International Human Solidarity Day

21 December

Blue Christmas

21 December

December Solstice

22 December

National Mathematics Day

23 December

Kisan Diwas / National Farmers’ Day

24 December

National Consumer Rights Day

24 December

DMRC Foundation Day

25 December

Christmas Day

25 December

Good Governance Day (India)

26 December

Veer Bal Diwas

26 December

Boxing Day

27 December

International Day of Epidemic Preparedness

29 December

International Cello Day

31 December

New Year's Eve

Important Days in December 2025 Details

1 December - World AIDS Day

World AIDS Day is observed every year on 1 December to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS, support people living with HIV, and remember those who have lost their lives to AIDS-related illnesses. It was first celebrated in 1988, and the 2025 theme is “Overcoming disruption, transforming the AIDS response.”

2 December - National Pollution Control Day

National Pollution Control Day is observed every year on 2 December in India to raise awareness about the harmful effects of pollution on the environment and human health. It also honors the memory of those who lost their lives in the Bhopal Gas Tragedy of 1984 and emphasizes the importance of pollution prevention and sustainable environmental practices.

2 December - International Day for the Abolition of Slavery

The International Day for the Abolition of Slavery is observed every year on 2 December to raise awareness about modern forms of slavery, including human trafficking, forced labor, and child marriage. It highlights global efforts to end exploitation and protect human rights. The day also commemorates the adoption of the UN Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons in 1949.

2 December- World Computer Literacy Day

This day is observed on 2 December each year to promote digital skills and computer literacy worldwide. It aims to bridge the digital divide.

3 December - World Day of the Handicapped / International Day of Persons with Disabilities

World Day of the Handicapped / International Day of Persons with Disabilities is observed every year on 3 December. This day aims to promote awareness, understanding, and support for people with disabilities. It highlights the importance of inclusivity, accessibility, and equal opportunities for persons with disabilities in all aspects of society.

4 December- Indian Navy Day

Every year on 4 December, Navy Day is observed to recognise the achievements of the Indian Navy. This day was chosen as on that day in 1971, during Operation Trident, including the 1971 Indo-Pak war operations.

5 December - International Volunteer Day

International Volunteer Day is observed every year on 5 December to recognise and promote the invaluable contributions of volunteers worldwide. It encourages people to engage in voluntary service, support communities, and foster social development and solidarity.

5 December - World Soil Day

World Soil Day is observed every year on 5 December to emphasise the crucial role of healthy soil in food security, ecosystems, and human well-being. It was proposed by the International Union of Soil Sciences in 2002 and officially adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2014.

6 December - B.R. Ambedkar’s Death Anniversary

December 6, observed as Mahaparinirvan Diwas, commemorates Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the chief architect of the Indian Constitution. The day honors his contributions as a social reformer and his lifelong advocacy for equality and justice.

6 December- National Microwave Oven Day

National Microwave Oven Day is observed annually on 6 December to celebrate the invention of the microwave oven and its revolutionary impact on modern cooking. The microwave oven, invented by Percy Spencer in 1945, transformed meal preparation.

7 December- Armed Forces Flag Day

Armed Forces Flag Day is observed in India on 7 December to honor the bravery of soldiers and martyrs who protect the nation. Funds are also collected from the public to support ex-servicemen and their families.

7 December - International Civil Aviation Day

Observed worldwide on 7 December, this day highlights the importance of civil aviation in connecting people, boosting economies, and supporting international trade.

8 December - Bodhi Day

Bodhi Day is celebrated on 8 December to honor Gautam Buddha and his teachings. It marks the day Buddha attained enlightenment and is observed in many countries with meditation and reflection.

9 December - International Anti-Corruption Day

This day is observed on 9 December to raise awareness about corruption and its harmful effects on society, governance, development, and equality.

10 December - Human Rights Day

Celebrated on 10 December, Human Rights Day marks the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. It promotes the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms for all people.

10 December - Death Anniversary of Alfred Nobel

Alfred Nobel, inventor of dynamite and founder of the Nobel Prizes, passed away on 10 December 1896. He is remembered for his scientific contributions and the prestigious awards established in his name.

11 December - International Mountain Day

Observed on 11 December, this day educates people about the importance of mountains in providing water, food, clean energy, and recreation.

11 December - UNICEF Day

UNICEF Day is observed on 11 December to recognize the efforts of the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund in protecting children worldwide.

12 December - Universal Health Coverage Day

Observed on 12 December, this day promotes awareness about strong health systems and universal health coverage to ensure everyone has access to quality healthcare.

13 December - National Horse Day

In the U.S., 13 December celebrates National Horse Day to honor the contributions of horses to culture, history, and the economy.

13 December - U.S. National Guard Birthday

The U.S. National Guard celebrates its birthday on 13 December to mark its establishment in 1636 and its role in national defense and emergency support.

14 December - National Energy Conservation Day

Observed on 14 December in India, this day promotes awareness about saving energy and using it efficiently in daily life.

14 December - Hanukkah Beginning

Hanukkah, the Jewish festival of lights, begins on 14 December this year. It celebrates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem with menorah lighting, games, and festive meals.

16 December - Vijay Diwas

Vijay Diwas is observed on 16 December in India to honor the martyrs of the 1971 war and celebrate the country’s victory.

18 December - Minorities Rights Day in India

This day is observed on 18 December to promote the rights and safety of minority communities through campaigns and awareness programs.

18 December - International Migrants Day

International Migrants Day is observed on 18 December to raise awareness about migrant rights and remember those who lost their lives seeking safety.

19 December - Goa Liberation Day

Goa Liberation Day on 19 December marks the end of Portuguese rule in 1961 and celebrates the role of the Indian armed forces in freeing Goa.

20 December - International Human Solidarity Day

Observed on 20 December, this day highlights the importance of unity in diversity and encourages people to fight poverty, hunger, and disease together.

21 December - Blue Christmas

Blue Christmas, observed around 21 December, offers support to people who find the holiday season difficult, especially during the longest night of the year.

21 December - December Solstice

The December Solstice on 21 December marks the start of winter in the Northern Hemisphere and summer in the Southern Hemisphere, with the shortest day and longest night in the north.

21 December - World Saree Day

World Saree Day is celebrated on 21 December to honor the elegance and cultural significance of the traditional Indian saree.

22 December - National Mathematics Day

Observed on 22 December, this day commemorates the birth anniversary of mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan and his contributions to mathematics.

23 December - Kisan Diwas / National Farmers’ Day

Kisan Diwas is celebrated on 23 December to honor farmers and the birth anniversary of former Prime Minister Chaudhary Charan Singh. Events focus on agriculture and farming education.

24 December - National Consumer Rights Day

Observed on 24 December, this day raises awareness about consumer rights and the importance of protecting them under the Consumer Protection Act.

24 December - DMRC Foundation Day

DMRC Foundation Day on 24 December commemorates the inauguration of the Delhi Metro’s Red Line in 2002, marking a milestone in India’s urban transport.

24 December - Christmas Eve

Christmas Eve, on 24 December, is the evening before Christmas Day, celebrated with family gatherings, prayers, and festive traditions.

25 December - Christmas Day

Christmas Day celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ on 25 December, observed worldwide with joy, gifts, and religious ceremonies.

25 December - Good Governance Day (India)

Observed on 25 December, Good Governance Day honors the birth anniversary of Atal Bihari Vajpayee and promotes accountability and transparency in governance.

26 December - Veer Bal Diwas

Veer Bal Diwas on 26 December pays tribute to the courage of Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s four sons who sacrificed their lives for their faith.

26 December - Boxing Day

Boxing Day, on 26 December, is traditionally a day to give gifts and money to service workers and celebrate post-Christmas generosity.

27 December - International Day of Epidemic Preparedness

Observed on 27 December, this day raises awareness about epidemic preparedness, sharing scientific knowledge, and improving global health response.

28 December - Ratan Tata Birthday

Ratan Tata, the renowned Indian industrialist and philanthropist, is celebrated on 28 December for his contributions to industry, entrepreneurship, and society.

29 December - International Cello Day

International Cello Day on 29 December honors the legacy of cellist Pablo Casals and celebrates the music and artistry of the cello.

31 December - New Year’s Eve

New Year’s Eve, on 31 December, marks the last day of the year according to the Gregorian calendar. People celebrate with parties, music, and festivities to welcome the New Year.

Important Days in December 2025 FAQs

Q1: When is World AIDS Day observed?

Ans: World AIDS Day is observed on 1 December every year to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS and support people living with it.

Q2: What is National Pollution Control Day?

Ans: National Pollution Control Day is observed on 2 December in India to honor the victims of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy and raise awareness about pollution prevention.

Q3: When is International Day for the Abolition of Slavery?

Ans: It is observed on 2 December to highlight efforts against modern slavery, human trafficking, and child labor.

Q4: When is Bodhi Day celebrated?

Ans: Bodhi Day is celebrated on 8 December to honor Gautam Buddha and his enlightenment.

Q5: What is Human Rights Day?

Ans: Human Rights Day is on 10 December, marking the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948.

‘CHAKRA’ – Centre of Excellence (CoE)

February 1, 2026
‘CHAKRA’ – Centre of Excellence (CoE)

‘CHAKRA’ – Centre of Excellence (CoE) Latest News

State Bank of India (SBI) recently announced the launch of ‘CHAKRA’ – Centre of Excellence (CoE) for financing sunrise sectors that are critical to India’s economic development.

About ‘CHAKRA’ – Centre of Excellence (CoE)

  • It was launched by the State Bank of India (SBI) aimed at financing sunrise sectors critical to India’s economic transformation.
  • The Centre will function as a knowledge-driven platform to facilitate funding for next-generation, technology-led and sustainability-focused industries. 
  • CHAKRA will focus on eight sunrise sectors:
    • Renewables
    • Data Centres
    • E-Mobility & Charging Infra
    • Advanced Cell Chemistry / Battery
    • Semiconductors
    • Green Hydrogen and Ammonia
    • Decarbonization
    • Smart Infrastructure.
  • By 2030, these eight sunrise sectors are expected to unlock cumulative capital expenditure of over INR 100 lakh crore. 
  • The CoE will work towards enabling this investment, enhancing India’s integration into the global value chain, and accelerating progress toward the country’s sustainability and Net Zero goals.
  • Additionally, the CoE will drive technology & AI innovation and play an advisory role, supporting not only the SBI’s Project Finance & Structuring team but also the broader financial ecosystem in India. 
  • It will engage actively with external stakeholders - with policymakers and regulatory bodies, to shape a robust manufacturing ecosystem that supports investment, innovation, and sustainability.
  • The Centre will facilitate structured engagement with development finance institutions, multilateral agencies, banks, NBFCs, industry bodies, corporates, start-ups, academia, and policy think tanks.

Source: TH

 

‘CHAKRA’ – Centre of Excellence (CoE) FAQs

Q1: What is ‘CHAKRA’ – Centre of Excellence (CoE)?

Ans: CHAKRA is a Centre of Excellence launched by the State Bank of India (SBI) to finance sunrise sectors critical to India’s economic transformation.

Q2: What is the primary objective of ‘CHAKRA’ – Centre of Excellence (CoE)?

Ans: Its objective is to facilitate funding for next-generation, technology-led and sustainability-focused industries.

Q3: How does ‘CHAKRA’ – Centre of Excellence (CoE) function in the financial ecosystem?

Ans: It functions as a knowledge-driven platform supporting project finance, structuring, and advisory services.

Q4: How many sunrise sectors are covered under CHAKRA’ – Centre of Excellence (CoE)?

Ans: CHAKRA focuses on eight sunrise sectors.

Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP)

February 1, 2026
What is the Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP)

Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP) Latest News

Oil India undertook a seismic study of the blocks it was awarded during the ninth round of the Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP) to chart a bidding strategy for the tenth round.

About Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP)

  • It was introduced by the Government of India (GoI) as a part of the Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (“HELP”) on March 30, 2016.
    • HELP replaced the New Exploration and Licensing Policy (NELP) regime, which was in existence for over 18 years. 
  • OALP is a major reform that changed how companies can apply for oil & gas exploration blocks in India.
  • Under the OALP, the company has the option to undertake prospecting for fuels in areas which are not notified by the GoI. 
    • Prospecting refers to drilling the selected area to check availability of hydrocarbon fuels. 
  • The OLAP gives a company the opportunity to prospect for fuels in any area where the technical feasibility study indicates the presence of hydrocarbons. 
    • The technical feasibility study is an analysis which indicates the likelihood of availability of hydrocarbons in an area. 
  • Once the feasibility study shows the presence of hydrocarbons, the company can proceed with the exploration after obtaining permission from the Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH). 
  • If multiple requests for sanction are received for the same area, the DGH will make an allotment by conducting an auction. 
  • Until the OALP was introduced, exploration for hydrocarbons was allowed only in the case of areas covered by the tenders issued by the GoI. 
  • Under the OALP the exploration can be made without waiting for an announcement from the GoI that an area is available for exploration. 
  • The OALP regime also allows companies access to seismic data at the National Data Repository (NDR).
    • NDR is an online data library containing:
      • Seismic surveys
      • Geological maps
      • Well logs
      • Exploration history
    • Companies can study the data and propose new blocks.

Source: TH

 

Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP) FAQs

Q1: What is the Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP)?

Ans: OALP is a policy framework that allows companies to select and apply for oil and gas.

Q2: Under which broader policy was Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP) introduced?

Ans: OALP was introduced as part of the Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP).

Q3: What major reform did Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP) bring to hydrocarbon exploration in India?

Ans: It allowed companies to apply for exploration blocks without waiting for government-issued tenders.

Q4: What is the National Data Repository (NDR)?

Ans: NDR is an online data library containing hydrocarbon-related exploration data.

Grain ATM

February 1, 2026
Grain ATM

Grain ATM Latest News

Recently, the Bihar state government approved the installation of the first set of three grain ATM machines in Patna as a pilot project.

About Grain ATM

  • A grain ATM or Annapurti (meaning “provider of grain”) is an automated machine that dispenses food grains (wheat and/or rice).
  • The World Food Programme (WFP) developed the technology behind the machine and has worked in collaboration with the Food Corporation of India and various state governments.

Key Features of Grain ATM

  • It can release 50 kg of grain in five minutes.
  • The machines can work 24×7 like ATMs, and can be powered through solar energy.
  • They also require internet connectivity to access the PDS database and the individual profile of a Below Poverty Line (BPL) cardholder.

Working of Grain ATM

  • Once a PDS beneficiary swipes their beneficiary or grain ATM card on a PoS machine, linked to the ration card or to their Aadhar card, the beneficiary is asked to select the grain option and its quantity.
  • They must also undergo Aadhar-based biometric authentication.
  • The maximum limit of grain disbursement is also specified.
  • Once the grain is dispensed, the beneficiary’s PDS data is updated, and a slip is also issued for confirmation and as a physical record.

Source: IE

Grain ATM FAQs

Q1: What is the primary purpose of a Grain ATM?

Ans: To provide food grains to beneficiaries

Q2: What is a key benefit of Grain ATMs?

Ans: Ensures timely access to food grains

United Nations Commission for Social Development

February 1, 2026
United Nations Commission for Social Development

United Nations Commission for Social Development Latest News

The Minister of State for Women and Child development to lead the Indian delegation at the 64th Session of the United Nations Commission for Social Development (CSocD).

About United Nations Commission for Social Development

  • It is a functional commission of the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).
  • It was formerly known as the Social Commission.
  • It focuses on advancing international cooperation on social development issues, including social inclusion, equity, and welfare-oriented policies.
  • It has been in existence since the very inception of the United Nations, advising ECOSOC and governments on a wide range of social policy issues and from the social perspective of development.
  • Purpose:
    • Its primary purpose is to advance social development and formulate policies and recommendations to address global social issues.
    • It focuses on topics such as poverty eradication, social inclusion, and the promotion of equitable and sustainable development.
    • Since the 1995 World Summit for Social Development in Copenhagen , the CSocD has been the key UN body in charge of the follow-up and implementation of the Copenhagen Declaration and Programme of Action.

Membership of United Nations Commission for Social Development

  • Originally 18, membership has been increased several times, most recently in 1996, and now stands at 46.
  • Members are elected by ECOSOC based on equitable geographical distribution for four-year terms. 
  • Meetings: The CSocD meets every year at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, typically in February.

Source: PIB

United Nations Commission for Social Development FAQs

Q1: How often does the United Nations Commission for Social Development meet?

Ans: Annually.

Q2: What is the primary objective of the United Nations Commission for Social Development?

Ans: Advance social development and eradicate poverty.

Molybdenum Disulfide

February 1, 2026
What is Molybdenum Disulfide

 Molybdenum Disulfide Latest News

Scientists recently developed an electronic system using molybdenum disulphide only a few atoms thick; high-energy particles pass through it without causing damage.

About Molybdenum Disulfide

  • Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is an inorganic compound made up of sulfur and molybdenum.
  • It exists in nature in the mineral molybdenite. 
  • In its bulk form, it appears as a dark, shiny solid.
  • It belongs to a class of materials called 'transition metal dichalcogenides' (TMDCs). 
    • Materials in this class have the chemical formula MX₂, where M is a transition metal atom (groups 4-12 in the periodic table) and X is a chalcogen (group 16). 
  • Its crystals have a hexagonal layered structure that is similar to graphite.
  • Like most mineral salts, MoS2 has a high melting point, but it begins to sublime at a relatively low 450 ºC. This property is useful for purifying the compound.
  • Because of its layered structure, hexagonal MoS2, like graphite, is an excellent solid lubricant. 
    • It can be used as surface coatings on machine parts (e.g., in the aerospace industry), in two-stroke engines (the type used for motorcycles), and in gun barrels (to reduce friction between the bullet and the barrel).
    • Unlike graphite, MoS2 does not depend on adsorbed water or other vapors for its lubricant properties. 
    • It can be used at temperatures as high as 350 ºC in oxidizing environments and up to 1100 ºC in nonoxidizing environments. 
    • Its stability makes it useful in high-temperature applications in which oils and greases are not practical.
    • MoS2 is highly resistant to oxidation and corrosion, making it an effective lubricant for high-humidity and saltwater environments.
  • In addition to its lubricating properties, MoS2 is a semiconductor.

Source: TH

 

Molybdenum Disulfide FAQs

Q1: What is molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂)?

Ans: Molybdenum disulfide is an inorganic compound composed of molybdenum and sulfur.

Q2: In which mineral form does molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) occur naturally?

Ans: It occurs naturally as the mineral molybdenite.

Q3: To which class of materials does molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) belong?

Ans: MoS₂ belongs to the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) class.

Q4: What is the crystal structure of molybdenum disulfide?

Ans: MoS₂ has a hexagonal layered crystal structure, similar to graphite.

Q5: Why is molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) an effective solid lubricant?

Ans: Its layered structure allows easy sliding of layers, reducing friction.

What is the Arab League?

February 1, 2026

Arab League Latest News

Recently, the External affairs minister met the foreign ministers of five Arab League member states and held discussions on ways to develop ties with West Asia and the situation in the region.

About Arab League

  • The Arab League, or League of Arab States, is a voluntary association of countries whose peoples are mainly Arabic-speaking or where Arabic is an official language.
  • It is a regional organization of Arab states in the Middle East and parts of Africa.
  • Its stated aims are to strengthen ties among member states, coordinate their policies and direct them towards a common good.
  • Formation: It was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 with six members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (later renamed Jordan), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria, with Yemen joining on 5 May 1945.
  • Members: It currently has 22 member states: Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestinian Authority, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
    • Observer Members: Brazil, Eritrea, India, and Venezuela.
  • Headquarters: Cairo, Egypt.

Governance of Arab League

  • The highest body of the League is the Council, which is composed of representatives of each state. 
  • The League makes decisions on a majority basis. The decisions are binding only on states that voted for them. 
  • The General Secretariat, the administrative and executive body of the League, runs the League on a daily basis. 
  • It is headed by a Secretary-General appointed by the Arab League Council every five years.

Source: HT

Arab League FAQs

Q1: Where is the Arab League headquartered?

Ans: Cairo, Egypt

Q2: What is one of the primary objectives of the Arab League?

Ans: Promote economic cooperation among member states

Indian Coast Guard

February 1, 2026

Indian Coast Guard Latest News

Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently extended greetings to the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) on its 50th Raising Day.

About Indian Coast Guard

  • It is a maritime armed force operating under the Ministry of Defence, Government of India. 
  • It is a multi-mission organization, conducting round-the-year real-life operations at sea. 
  • Raised on February 1, 1977, the ICG was envisioned to address emerging maritime challenges and safeguard India’s expanding marine interests.
  • It was formally established in 1978 by the Coast Guard Act, 1978 as an independent Armed force of India.
  • The Headquarters of the ICG is located in New Delhi, and is under the command of the Director General Indian Coast Guard.
  • Moto: "VAYAM RAKSHAMAH" - WE PROTECT
  • Mission:
    • To protect our ocean and offshore wealth, including oil, fish, and minerals.
    • To assist mariners in distress and safeguard life and property at sea.
    • To enforce maritime laws with respect to the sea, poaching, smuggling, and narcotics.
    • To preserve the marine environment and ecology and protect rare species.
    • To collect scientific data and back up the Navy during war.
  • From its humble beginnings in 1977 with just seven surface platforms, the ICG has evolved into a formidable maritime force comprising 155 ships and 80 aircrafts today.

Source: NEWS18

 

Indian Coast Guard (ICG) FAQs

Q1: What is the Indian Coast Guard (ICG)?

Ans: The Indian Coast Guard is a maritime armed force operating under the Ministry of Defence, Government of India.

Q2: When was the Indian Coast Guard raised?

Ans: The Indian Coast Guard was raised on 1 February 1977.

Q3: Under which law was the Indian Coast Guard formally established?

Ans: It was formally established under the Coast Guard Act, 1978.

Q4: What is the motto of the Indian Coast Guard?

Ans: The motto of the Indian Coast Guard is “Vayam Rakshamah” (We Protect).

New Ramsar Sites

February 1, 2026

New Ramsar Sites Latest News

Recently, the union Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change has announced the addition of two new wetlands to India’s Ramsar network, ahead of World Wetlands Day.

About New Ramsar Sites

Patna Bird Sanctuary

  • Location: It is located in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
  • It consists of freshwater marshes, woodlands and grasslands, and is surrounded by agricultural landscapes.
  • Together, these different landscapes create a wide range of habitats and support a high level of biodiversity.
  • It has been designated an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA) by Birdlife International.
  • Flora and Fauna: It consists of 178 bird species and 252 plant species.

About Chhari-Dhand Wetland

  • Location: It is located in Kutch, Gujarat.
  • It is a seasonal saline wetland situated between the famous Banni grasslands and salt flats of Kutch.
  • It is an important wintering site for waterfowl.
  • Fauna: It supports species such as critically endangered sociable lapwing, the vulnerable common pochard, and, notably, common cranes (Grus grus) annually.

Source: PIB

New Ramsar Sites FAQs

Q1: In which state is the Patna Bird Sanctuary located?

Ans: Uttar Pradesh

Q2: What is one of the key criteria for a site to be designated as an IBA?

Ans: Presence of globally threatened bird species

El Niño-La Niña Weather Patterns

February 1, 2026
What is El Nino

El Nino Latest News

There is a chance that the El Nino phenomenon may occur after July this year, but clarity will only emerge in April, according to the director-general of the India Meteorological Department (IMD).

Normal Climatic Conditions

  • In "neutral" conditions, surface water in the Pacific Ocean is cooler in the east and warmer in the west.
  • The "trade winds" tend to blow east-to-west, taking warm water from South America towards Asia. 
  • To replace that warm water, cold water rises from the depths — a process called upwelling. 

What is El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)? 

  • El Niño and La Niña are two opposing climate patterns that break normal climatic conditions. 
  • Scientists call these phenomena the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. 
  • El Niño and La Niña can both have global impacts on weather, wildfires, ecosystems, and economies.
  • Episodes of El Niño and La Niña typically last nine to 12 months but can sometimes last for years. 
  • El Niño and La Niña events occur every two to seven years, on average, but they don’t occur on a regular schedule. 
  • Generally, El Niño occurs more frequently than La Niña.

What is El Nino?

  • El Niño is a climate pattern that describes the unusual warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. 
  • El Niño is the “warm phase” of the ENSO. 
  • During El Niño, surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific rise, and trade winds — east-west winds that blow near the Equator — weaken.
  • They falter and change direction to turn into westerlies, bringing warm water from the western Pacific towards the Americas.
  • The phenomena of upwelling is reduced under El Niño.
    • This in turn reduces phytoplankton. Thus, fish that eat phytoplankton are affected, followed by other organisms higher up the food chain.
  • Warm waters also carry tropical species towards colder areas, disrupting multiple ecosystems.
  • Since the Pacific covers almost one-third of the earth, changes in its temperature and subsequent alteration of wind patterns disrupt global weather patterns.
    • El Niño causes dry, warm winters in the Northern U.S. and Canada and increases the risk of flooding in the U.S. gulf coast and south-eastern U.S. 
    • It also brings drought to Indonesia and Australia.

What is La Nina?

  • La Niña, the “cool phase” of ENSO, sees cooler than average sea surface temperature (SST) in the equatorial Pacific region.
  • Trade winds are stronger than usual, pushing warmer water towards Asia.
  • On the American west coast, upwelling increases, bringing nutrient-rich water to the surface.
  • Pacific cold waters close to the Americas push jet streams — narrow bands of strong winds in the upper atmosphere — northwards.
  • Impacts:
    • This leads to drier conditions in the Southern U.S., and heavy rainfall in Canada.
    • La Niña has also been associated with heavy floods in Australia.

Impact on India’s monsoons

In India, El Niño causes weak rainfall and more heat, while La Niña intensifies rainfall across South Asia, particularly in India’s northwest and Bangladesh during the monsoon.

Source: TH

 

El Nino FAQs

Q1: What is El Niño?

Ans: El Niño is a climate pattern marked by the unusual warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.

Q2: El Niño represents which phase of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)?

Ans: El Niño is the warm phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO).

Q3: How do trade winds behave during an El Niño event?

Ans: Trade winds weaken, falter, and may reverse direction to become westerlies.

Q4: What is the effect of weakened trade winds on ocean water movement during El Niño event?

Ans: Warm water from the western Pacific moves eastward towards the Americas.

Q5: How does El Niño affect upwelling in the eastern Pacific?

Ans: Upwelling is reduced, limiting the rise of nutrient-rich cold water.

PM-POSHAN Scheme

February 1, 2026

PM-POSHAN Scheme Latest News

Recently, a total of 22 states and Union Territories that responded to the Education Ministry’s call for suggestions on the PM-POSHAN scheme have asked the centre to hike the honorarium for PM-POSHAN scheme cooks and helpers.

About PM-POSHAN Scheme

  • It was formerly known as the Mid-Day Meal Scheme, is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme.
  • It is implemented by the Ministry of Education.
  • The Scheme is implemented across the country covering all the eligible children without any discrimination of gender and social class.
  • It aims to provide one hot cooked meal per school day to children studying in Balvatikas (pre-primary), and Classes 1 to 8 across government and government-aided schools.
  • Objectives:
    • Enhancing nutritional status of school-going children
    • Improving enrollment, retention, and attendance in schools, especially among disadvantaged children
  • Nutritional norms under PM-POSHAN
    • For Balvatika and Primary classes: 20g pulses, 50g vegetables, and 5g oil
    • For Upper Primary classes: 30g pulses, 75g vegetables, and 7.5g oil
      • The Labour Bureau collects monthly price data from 600 villages in 20 states to calculate inflation for the PM POSHAN basket, using the Consumer Price Index for Rural Labourers (CPI-RL). 
  • Funding Pattern under POSHAN Abhiyan:
    • 60:40 between Centre and States/UTs with legislature
    • 90:10 for the Northeastern and Himalayan States
    • 100% central funding for UTs without legislature

Source: IE

PM-POSHAN Scheme FAQs

Q1: What is the primary objective of the PM-POSHAN (Pradhan Mantri Poshan Kaurvi Abhiyan) Scheme?

Ans: To provide mid-day meals to school-going children

Q2: What is the old name of the PM-POSHAN Scheme ?

Ans: Mid-Day Meal Scheme

Shifting the Fiscal Anchor – India’s Move from Fiscal Deficit to Debt-to-GDP Ratio

February 1, 2026
Debt-to-GDP Ratio

Debt-to-GDP Ratio Latest News

  • As the Finance Minister prepares to present her ninth consecutive Union Budget, India’s fiscal framework is poised for a structural transition. 
  • From FY 2026–27, the Centre will operationally shift its fiscal consolidation target from the fiscal deficit to the debt-to-GDP ratio, aligning India’s approach with global best practices.
  • This Budget will, for the first time, spell out the fine print of this new fiscal anchor for a full financial year.

Expected Changes

  • Shift: From earlier anchor of annual fiscal deficit target to the new anchor of medium-term debt-to-GDP ratio.
  • Rationale: It provides greater flexibility to respond to economic shocks, enables gradual fiscal consolidation, and creates space for growth- and development-enhancing expenditure.

Key Projections and Targets (Debt Trajectory)

  • The Centre has projected the debt-to-GDP ratio to decline to 50±1% by March 2031 from an estimated 56.1% in March 2026. 
  • Most economists estimate the Centre to peg it at 55% of the GDP for FY27 in the Budget.
  • Achieving this trajectory implies a steady annual reduction of ~1 percentage point in the debt ratio.

Fiscal Deficit Implications

  • A one percentage point reduction in the ratio every year would translate into a fiscal deficit of 4.2% of GDP in FY27. 
  • Even at this level, gross borrowings remain high due to -
    • Large repayment obligations.
    • Future liabilities such as implementation of the 8th Pay Commission.

Role of Growth and Borrowings

  • Determinants of Debt-to-GDP ratio:
    • Nominal GDP growth (denominator effect)
    • Government borrowing and repayment profile
    • Interest costs (likely to ease with softer monetary conditions)
  • Debt sustainability: Improves faster with higher nominal growth even if fiscal deficits remain moderate.

Economic Survey 2025-26 - Validation of the Strategy

  • India has reduced general government debt by around 7.1 percentage points since 2020.
  • This is achieved while sustaining high public capital expenditure.
  • The Survey endorses 50 ± 1% debt-to-GDP as a credible medium-term policy anchor.

General Government Debt and States’ Role

  • Why States matter:
    • General government debt, which refers to the debt of both states and the Centre, is the metric observed by global rating agencies to assess the fiscal health of the country. 
    • While the Centre will detail its fiscal numbers linked to the debt-to-GDP ratio, the role of states in managing their public finances is seen facing greater scrutiny, as they account for a large share of total public debt.
  • Emerging view:
    • States may need explicit, medium-term debt-to-GSDP glide paths.
    • Focus should shift from annual deficit targets to scenario-based debt trajectories.

Finance Commission and Federal Fiscal Architecture

  • While the 16th Finance Commission recommendations (FY 2026–27 to 2030–31) are awaited, it will clarify -
    • Tax devolution
    • Revenue-sharing mechanisms
    • Possible fiscal parameters for states
  • CEA V Anantha Nageswaran emphasised:
    • Need for empirical work and scenario analysis.
    • Avoid premature decisions on a uniform fiscal metric for states.

RBI’s Concerns on State Finances

  • RBI warns that high debt crowds out investment and growth.
  • For example, while the debt of all states put together had declined to 28.1% of GDP by March 2024 from a peak of 31% as of March 2021, the figure is expected to rise to 29.2% by the end of the current fiscal.
  • RBI urges highly leveraged states to adopt clear debt consolidation glide paths.

Rising State Borrowings

  • States’ borrowings have risen significantly in the last two decades. 
  • For example, in the first half of the current fiscal, states borrowed 21% more compared to the same period of 2024-25 and are slated to borrow Rs 5 lakh crore in the current quarter that ends on March 31.
  • Historical context: Debt surge during 2015–20 partly due to UDAY power sector reforms, where states absorbed DISCOM debt.

Centre’s Fiscal Position Going Ahead

  • On the other hand, the Centre is set to meet its commitment to keep the fiscal deficit below 4.5% of the GDP by FY26 despite tax cuts. 
  • Going ahead, while the government will get some fiscal breather with the debt-to-GDP ratio, the headwinds from the recent reductions in income tax and the Goods and Services Tax may weigh on the deficit projection.
  • FY27 expectations: Debt target (~55% of GDP) and fiscal deficit (4.3–4.4% of GDP).

Challenges and Way Forward

  • Managing borrowings: For example, high gross borrowings despite lower deficit targets. Institutionalise debt-to-GDP ratio as the primary fiscal anchor.
  • Ensuring states’ fiscal discipline: Without undermining cooperative federalism. Align state fiscal strategies with medium-term debt sustainability.
  • Balancing: Development expenditure with long-term debt sustainability. Use scenario-based fiscal planning rather than rigid annual targets.
  • Uncertainty: From future liabilities (Pay Commissions, welfare commitments). Leverage higher nominal GDP growth and lower interest costs to rebuild buffers. Strengthen Centre–State coordination post 16th Finance Commission.

Conclusion

  • India’s shift from a fiscal deficit-centric framework to a debt-to-GDP-based fiscal anchor marks a maturation of its fiscal policy architecture. 
  • By prioritising long-term debt sustainability while preserving flexibility for growth-oriented spending, the new framework seeks to balance macroeconomic stability with developmental aspirations. 
  • However, its success will hinge on robust nominal growth, prudent borrowing, and active participation by states, making cooperative fiscal federalism more critical than ever.

Source: IE

Debt-to-GDP Ratio FAQs

Q1: Why has the Government of India shifted its fiscal consolidation anchor from fiscal deficit to debt-to-GDP ratio?

Ans: It provides greater flexibility to respond to economic shocks while ensuring long-term debt sustainability.

Q2: What is the significance of the Centre’s target of achieving a 50±1% debt-to-GDP ratio by March 2031?

Ans: It serves as a credible medium-term fiscal anchor that signals commitment to macroeconomic stability.

Q3: How does nominal GDP growth influence the success of a debt-to-GDP-based fiscal framework?

Ans: Higher nominal GDP growth improves debt sustainability by reducing the debt-to-GDP ratio even with moderate fiscal deficits.

Q4: Why is the role of states critical in achieving overall fiscal consolidation in India?

Ans: States account for a significant share of general government debt, which is the key indicator monitored by global rating agencies.

Q5: What challenges could undermine the Centre’s debt-to-GDP consolidation strategy in the medium term?

Ans: High gross borrowings, rising state debt, future liabilities like Pay Commission awards, and revenue pressures from tax reductions.

Why the India–EU Trade Agreement Matters

February 1, 2026
Why the India–EU Trade Agreement Matters

India–EU Trade Agreement Latest News

  • Negotiations on the India–European Union Free Trade Agreement (FTA) formally concluded on January 27, ending nearly two decades of on-and-off talks. 
  • Often described by leaders on both sides as the “mother of all deals,” the agreement balances ambition with pragmatism—delivering mutual economic benefits by securing key concessions while steering clear of the most politically sensitive and intractable issues.

Why the India–EU FTA Is Called the ‘Mother of All Deals’

  • The India–EU FTA earns this tag due to the sheer scale of the economies and trade involved. 
  • It links the world’s second (EU) - and fourth-largest (India) customs blocs/economy, covering a combined market of about $24 trillion. 
  • While India’s eight recent FTAs together accounted for around 16% of its trade in 2024–25, the EU alone made up nearly 12%. 
  • Bilateral merchandise trade reached $136.5 billion, with Indian exports at $75.9 billion, and services trade touched $83.1 billion in 2024—underscoring the deal’s outsized significance.

What India Gains from the India–EU Free Trade Agreement

  • Major Tariff Elimination on Indian Exports - Under the deal, the EU will immediately remove duties on 70.4% of tariff lines, covering about 90.7% of India’s export value once the FTA comes into force.
  • Phased Tariff Cuts on Sensitive Products - Another 20.3% of tariff lines—covering 2.9% of exports—will see tariffs eliminated over 3–5 years, including selected marine products, processed foods, and arms and ammunition.
  • Partial Reductions and Quota-Based Access - Around 6.1% of tariff lines, accounting for 6% of exports, will see reduced (but not zero) tariffs or quota-based concessions. These apply to items such as poultry, preserved vegetables, bakery products, automobiles, steel, shrimp, and prawns.
  • Near-Complete Coverage of Indian Exports - Taken together, EU tariff concessions apply to over 99% of the total value of India’s exports to the bloc, making it one of the most comprehensive market-access packages India has secured.
  • Improved Access for Services - Beyond goods, the EU has offered broader and deeper commitments in services across 144 sub-sectors, including IT/ITeS, professional services, education, and other business services.

Sectors Set to Gain Most from the India–EU FTA

  • Big Wins for Labour-Intensive Manufacturing - The FTA’s potential gains for labour-intensive sectors are about $35 bn, with $33.5 bn moving to zero duty on Day 1. 
    • Beneficiaries include textiles and apparel, marine products, leather and footwear, chemicals, plastics/rubber, sports goods, toys, and gems and jewellery—sectors that currently face 4–26% EU tariffs.
  • Relief Amid US Tariff Pressures - These gains are especially significant as many of the same labour-intensive sectors have been hit by high U.S. tariffs on Indian imports, making preferential access to the EU market a timely offset.
  • Agriculture and Processed Foods Get Preferential Access - The government said tea, coffee, spices, grapes, gherkins and cucumbers, dried onion, fresh fruits and vegetables, and processed food products will receive preferential access, improving their competitiveness in the EU.
  • Opportunities for Traditional Medicine (AYUSH) - The FTA is also expected to benefit AYUSH services. In EU countries without specific regulations, AYUSH practitioners can offer services using qualifications earned in India, expanding professional opportunities abroad.

What India Has Offered the EU Under the FTA

  • Wide-Ranging Tariff Liberalisation - India has agreed to immediately eliminate duties on 49.6% of tariff lines, covering 30.6% of trade value, once the FTA takes effect. 
    • A further 39.5% of tariff lines—covering 63.1% of trade value—will see tariffs phased out over 5, 7, or 10 years. Overall, India’s offer spans 92.1% of tariff lines and 97.5% of trade value.
  • Cheaper European Goods for Indian Consumers - Many European products will become cheaper in India, with wine and automobiles being the most prominent consumer-facing categories affected by the deal.
  • Wine: Phased Cuts with Safeguards - Duties on European wine—currently around 150%—will be reduced over seven years to 30% for wine priced €2.5–€10 and 20% for wine priced above €10. 
    • Cheap wine is excluded to protect domestic producers. All concessions apply within quotas; imports beyond quotas face non-FTA tariffs.
  • Automobiles: Gradual Cuts, Quota-Based - Tariffs on motor vehicles will be gradually reduced from 110% to 10%, but strictly under a quota system. 
    • Cars below ₹25 lakh (the bulk of India’s market) are excluded. 
    • Vehicles above this threshold are split into three quota brackets, with smaller quotas where Indian manufacturers compete and larger quotas in the ultra-luxury segment where European makers face little domestic competition.
  • Balancing Access and Protection - India’s concessions aim to open markets while protecting sensitive domestic sectors, using phased reductions and quotas to manage competitive pressures.

Which Sectors Are Excluded from the India–EU FTA

  • India kept several sensitive agricultural sectors out of the deal, including beef, poultry, dairy, fish and seafood, cereals (especially rice and wheat), fruits and vegetables, nuts, edible oils, tea, coffee, spices, and tobacco.

EU’s Exclusions and Limited Quotas

  • The EU, for its part, excluded beef, sugar, rice, chicken meat, milk powder, honey, bananas, soft wheat, garlic, and ethanol. 
  • It offered quota-based access (not full liberalisation) for sheep and goat meat, sweetcorn, grapes, cucumbers, dried onions, and rum made from molasses and starches.

Key Concerns Around the India–EU FTA

  • One major unresolved issue is the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), the EU’s carbon-linked tariff framework. 
  • The EU argued CBAM applies uniformly to all countries, leaving little room for country-specific concessions. 
  • However, India secured a most-favoured treatment assurance—any CBAM concession granted to another country would automatically extend to India.

Investment Climate Pressures

  • Another concern is investment readiness. 
  • To capitalise on the tariff-free access to Europe and attract firms relocating supply chains, India will need to accelerate domestic reforms to improve ease of doing business, regulatory certainty, and infrastructure.

The Bottom Line

  • While the FTA delivers broad market access, CBAM-related costs and the pace of domestic reforms will shape how fully India can convert the agreement into sustained trade and investment gains.

Source: TH

India–EU Trade Agreement FAQs

Q1: Why is the India–EU trade agreement called the mother of all deals?

Ans: The India–EU trade agreement covers a $24 trillion market, links major customs blocs, and involves trade volumes far larger than India’s other recent FTAs.

Q2: What does India gain from the India–EU trade agreement?

Ans: Under the India–EU trade agreement, over 99% of India’s export value gets tariff concessions, with immediate duty elimination on most goods and wider access in services.

Q3: Which sectors benefit most from the India–EU trade agreement?

Ans: The India–EU trade agreement benefits labour-intensive sectors like textiles, apparel, leather, marine products, gems and jewellery, agriculture, and traditional medicine services.

Q4: What has India offered under the India–EU trade agreement?

Ans: India has offered phased tariff elimination covering 92% of tariff lines, with quota-based concessions on wine and automobiles while protecting sensitive domestic sectors.

Q5: What are the key concerns around the India–EU trade agreement?

Ans: Concerns include unresolved CBAM costs and India’s need to accelerate domestic reforms to attract investment and fully leverage the India–EU trade agreement.

Why India’s EV Battery Scheme Is Falling Short

February 1, 2026
EV Battery Scheme

EV Battery Scheme Latest News

  • India’s ₹18,100 crore Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) Production Linked Incentive scheme, aimed at building domestic battery manufacturing for electric vehicles, has made limited progress. 
  • Against a target of 50 GWh capacity by 2025, only 1.4 GWh has been installed, with 8.6 GWh delayed and 20 GWh seeing no movement. 
  • The scheme has also delivered just 1,118 jobs—a fraction of the projected employment—and attracted only about a quarter of the intended investment, raising concerns over its effectiveness.

About Advanced Chemistry Cells (ACC)

  • Advanced Chemistry Cells are next-generation energy storage technologies that store electricity in chemical form and release it when needed. 
  • Lithium-ion batteries are the most widely used ACCs today, but India’s ACC scheme is technology-agnostic, allowing alternatives such as nickel manganese cobalt, lithium iron phosphate, and sodium-ion batteries.

ACC PLI Scheme: Big Ambitions, Limited Outcomes So Far

  • Launched in October 2021, the Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) PLI scheme aimed to build a domestic battery manufacturing ecosystem and cut India’s heavy dependence on Chinese imports. 
  • However, various studies by experts show that progress has been minimal.
  • As of October 2025, only 2.8% of the targeted 50 GWh capacity has been commissioned—1.4 GWh, all from Ola Electric. 
  • Despite a planned incentive payout of ₹2,900 crore by this stage, no funds have been disbursed, as none of the beneficiaries have met the required milestones.

How the ACC PLI Scheme Was Designed to Work

  • The ACC PLI scheme aimed to build domestic battery manufacturing capacity by incentivising private players to set up production of key components such as cathodes, anodes, and electrolytes. 
  • Companies were selected through an auction process, required to commit to at least 5 GWh capacity, meet minimum net worth criteria, and manufacture batteries domestically.
  • In return, firms could claim subsidies of up to ₹2,000 per kWh for batteries sold. 
  • To ensure localisation, the scheme mandated 25% Domestic Value Addition within two years and 60% by the fifth year, with the broader goal of reducing battery costs and accelerating the adoption of electric vehicles and energy storage systems.
  • In the first auction round of the Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) PLI scheme, three companies were selected: Ola Electric (20 GWh), Reliance New Energy (15 GWh initially, plus 10 GWh in the second round), and Rajesh Exports (5 GWh).

Why the ACC PLI Scheme Has Struggled

  • Unrealistic Timelines for Gigafactories - The scheme requires beneficiaries to commission facilities within a two-year gestation period, which experts consider impractical for setting up complex battery gigafactories from scratch in a nascent ecosystem.
  • Challenging Domestic Value Addition (DVA) Norms - Meeting 25% DVA in two years and 60% in five years has been difficult because India lacks adequate processing capacity for key minerals like lithium, nickel, and cobalt.
  • Selection Criteria Favoured New Entrants - The evaluation prioritised DVA and subsidy benchmarks over proven manufacturing experience. As a result, established battery makers such as Exide Industries and Amara Raja did not qualify, leaving the programme largely with relatively inexperienced players.
  • Dependence on China for Inputs and Know-How - India’s heavy reliance on China for raw materials, technology, and expertise has slowed progress. Delays in visas for Chinese technical specialists—amid a shortage of domestic skilled labour for cell manufacturing—have become a major bottleneck.
  • Foundational Capability Gaps - Many beneficiaries are still building basic technical and operational capabilities, further delaying commissioning and preventing the scheme from meeting its ambitious capacity, investment, and employment targets.

Recommended Fixes for Reviving the ACC PLI Scheme

  • The report calls for immediate measures such as fast-tracking visas for technical experts and extending project timelines by at least one year to avoid penalising delayed facilities. 
  • For the long term, it recommends building domestic capabilities through schemes for critical mineral refining and component manufacturing, along with sustained investment in R&D and skill development to strengthen India’s battery ecosystem.

Source: TH

EV Battery Scheme FAQs

Q1: Why is India’s EV battery scheme in the news?

Ans: India’s EV battery scheme has underperformed, with only 1.4 GWh installed against a 50 GWh target, minimal job creation, and low investment uptake.

Q2: What was the objective of the EV battery scheme?

Ans: The EV battery scheme aimed to create domestic ACC manufacturing capacity, reduce dependence on Chinese imports, lower battery costs, and accelerate electric vehicle adoption.

Q3: How was the EV battery scheme supposed to work?

Ans: Under the EV battery scheme, companies bid for capacity, committed to domestic manufacturing, met DVA targets, and received subsidies up to ₹2,000 per kWh sold.

Q4: Why has the EV battery scheme struggled to deliver results?

Ans: The EV battery scheme faced unrealistic commissioning timelines, tough DVA norms, lack of mineral processing capacity, inexperienced beneficiaries, and dependence on Chinese expertise.

Q5: What fixes are suggested for the EV battery scheme?

Ans: Experts recommend extending timelines, fast-tracking visas for technical experts, and investing in mineral refining, component manufacturing, R&D, and skill development for the EV battery scheme.

PM Yasasvi Scholarship Scheme 2025, Eligibility, Application Process

February 1, 2026
PM Yasasvi Scholarship Scheme 2025

PM Yasasvi Scholarship Scheme also known as the PM Young Achievers Scholarship Award Scheme for Vibrant India, abbreviated as YASASVI was launched by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment of the Government of India. The goal is to give scholarships to students belonging to the Other Backward Classes (OBC), Economically Backward Classes (EBC), and Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes, including Denotified Tribes. The registration form is open till 31 August 2025. In order to avail the scheme, the annual income of the student's parents or guardians should not exceed Rs. 2.5 Lakhs. The students will be selected on the basis of merit. In this article, we are going to cover the PM YASASVI Scholarship Scheme, its eligibility criteria, exam date and application process. 

PM Yasasvi Scholarship Scheme 2025

PM Yasasvi Scholarship Scheme is an important initiative adopted by the government to help students belonging to the OBC community by providing them with financial aid to support their education at pre-matriculation or secondary stage of education. The scheme can only be availed to study in India and is funded by the State/Union Territory to which the students belongs. 

PM Yasasvi Scholarship 2025 Eligibility

To qualify for the PM Yasasvi Scholarship, applicants must fulfill the following conditions:

  • They must belong to one of the following categories: Other Backward Class (OBC), Economically Backward Class (EBC), or Denotified, Nomadic, and Semi-Nomadic Tribes (DNT).
  • The combined annual income of parents or guardians should not exceed ₹2.5 lakhs.
  • The applicant must be currently studying in Class IX or Class XI in a government-recognized school.
  • Enrollment in a government school is mandatory.
  • For students pursuing professional courses, the institution must be registered with a valid UDISE (Unified District Information System for Education) or AISHE (All India Survey on Higher Education) code.

PM Yasasvi Scholarship 2025 Application Last Date 

To apply for the PM Yasasvi Scholarship 2025, students can visit scholarships.gov.in website. The last date to apply online is 

Events Dates

Application start date

June 2, 2025

Last day to apply

August 31, 2025

Defective Application Verification open till

September 15, 2025

Institute Verification open till

September 15, 2025

DNO/SNO/MNO Verification open till

September 30, 2025

PM Yasasvi Scholarship 2025 Exam Date 

As per latest updates, the entrance test for PM Yasasvi Scholarship 2025 was cancelled and now students will be selected on the basis of merit. Students studying in Top Class Schools private and government both and securing 100% pass percentage in class 10th and 12th exams, will be eligible to be selected under this yojana. 

YASASVI offers scholarships at two educational levels: Pre-matriculation (Class 9th) and Secondary (Class 11th). 

PM Yasasvi Scholarship 2025 Selection Process

The selection of candidates under the PM Yasasvi Scholarship Scheme is based on merit, determined by the marks secured in the final examinations of Class 9, 11, or 12 (as applicable).

Previously, the National Testing Agency (NTA) conducted the YASASVI Entrance Test (YET) to identify eligible candidates. However, as per the latest update, the entrance test has been discontinued. Now, selection will be made purely on the basis of academic performance in the previous final examination.

How to Apply for the PM Yasasvi Scholarship Scheme 2025

To apply for the PM Yasasvi Scholarship online, follow these steps:

  1. Visit the official application portals: yet.nta.ac.in or scholarships.gov.in.

  2. Register by providing the required details to create a login.

  3. Fill out the application form carefully with accurate academic and personal information.

  4. Upload all necessary documents as per the guidelines.

  5. Review your application thoroughly before final submission.

PM Yasasvi Scholarship Scheme 2025 FAQs

Q1: Who is eligible for Yashasvi scholarship 2025?

Ans: Students from OBC, EBC, or DNT categories currently enrolled in Class IX or Class XI in government schools, with parental/guardian income below ₹2.5 lakhs, are eligible.

Q2: What is the PM Scholarship 2025?

Ans: The PM Yasasvi Scholarship 2025 is a merit-based scholarship awarded to eligible students from specified communities, based on their Class IX/XI/XII exam performance.

Q3: Who is eligible for PM scholarship?

Ans: Eligibility requires belonging to OBC, EBC, or DNT categories, studying in government schools or recognized institutes (with UDISE/AISHE codes), and having a family income under ₹2.5 lakhs annually.

Q4: How much scholarship can I get from PM Yasasvi?

Ans: The scholarship amount varies based on academic performance and level of study, with specific details provided in the official scheme documentation.

Q5: Who is eligible for PM Modi scholarship?

Ans: Assuming the reference is to the same PM Yasasvi Scholarship, eligibility aligns with OBC, EBC, or DNT students in Class IX/XI from government institutions with parental income under ₹2.5 lakhs.

National Constitution Day of India 2025, History, Significance, Timeline

February 1, 2026
National Constitution Day of India

National Constitution Day of India, also known as Samvidhan Divas, is observed every year on 26 November to commemorate the adoption of the Indian Constitution. The day honours the vision of the Constituent Assembly and reinforces the role of constitutional values in shaping India’s democracy. It also aims to promote constitutional literacy among citizens, especially students and public servants. The detailed article on the Constitution Day of India has been shared below.

National Constitution Day of India

National Constitution Day of India, observed on 26 November, commemorates the adoption of the Indian Constitution in 1949 and honours the work of the Constituent Assembly. The Constitution’s drafting was an extensive process that lasted 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days, from 9 December 1946 to 26 November 1949. The day highlights the vision of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and other framers who shaped India’s democratic foundations. It also promotes awareness of constitutional values, rights, duties, and the importance of safeguarding democratic principles.

National Constitution Day of India History

National Constitution Day was officially designated on 19 November 2015, when the Government of India decided to commemorate 26 November 1949, the date on which the Constitution was adopted. Prior to 2015, the day was observed informally as Law Day by legal institutions. The renaming highlighted the need to recognise the Constitution’s transformative impact on India’s socio-political fabric. The celebration pays tribute to Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and the Constituent Assembly for laying India’s democratic foundation.

  • Adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949.
  • Enforced fully on 26 January 1950, marking the birth of the Republic.
  • Declared officially as Constitution Day in 2015 to honour Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s 125th birth anniversary year.
  • Earlier known as Law Day, celebrated primarily by legal bodies.

National Constitution Day of India Significance

National Constitution Day holds deep symbolic and educational importance, as it reaffirms India's commitment to democracy, liberty, equality, justice, and fraternity. It encourages citizens to understand the Constitution not as a legal document alone but as a living guide shaping governance and rights.

Why Constitution Day Matters

  • Raises awareness about Fundamental Rights, Duties, and Directive Principles.
  • Reinforces commitment to constitutional supremacy and democratic governance.
  • Pays homage to Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the principal architect of the Constitution.
  • Encourages study of key values like secularism, federalism, equality, and rule of law.

National Constitution Day of India Drafting Timeline

The drafting of the Indian Constitution was a monumental process that spanned 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days, beginning with the Constituent Assembly’s first meeting on 9 December 1946 and culminating in its adoption on 26 November 1949. A major milestone was the creation of the Drafting Committee under the chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar on 29 August 1947, which prepared the foundational text of the Constitution. The final draft was placed before the Assembly for detailed debate and scrutiny on 4 November 1948, marking the beginning of intensive discussions. The Constitution was finally adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into full effect on 26 January 1950, celebrated today as Republic Day.

National Constitution Day of India Drafting Timeline
Event Date

Formation of Constituent Assembly

9 December 1946

First meeting of the Constituent Assembly

9 December 1946

Dr. Rajendra Prasad elected as President of the Assembly

11 December 1946

Formation of Drafting Committee under Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

29 August 1947

Presentation of Draft Constitution

4 November 1948

Adoption of Constitution by the Constituent Assembly

26 November 1949

Enforcement of Constitution / Republic Day

26 January 1950

Constitutional Values Highlighted on Constitution Day of India

Constitution Day serves as a reminder of the core values enshrined in the Preamble, which guide India’s democratic, ethical, and governance framework. These values shape the relationship between the State and the citizen while promoting justice, equality, liberty, and national unity.

  • Justice - Ensuring social, economic, and political fairness for all citizens.
  • Liberty - Protecting freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship.
  • Equality - Guaranteeing equal rights, opportunities, and dignity for every individual.
  • Fraternity - Promoting national unity, integrity, and brotherhood across communities.
  • Secularism - Upholding religious neutrality and respect for all faiths.
  • Democracy - Ensuring participation, representation, and accountability in governance.
  • Rule of Law - Establishing supremacy of law over arbitrary power.

National Constitution Day & Republic Day Differences

National Constitution Day marks the adoption of the Indian Constitution on 26 November 1949, focusing on awareness of constitutional values and citizen duties. In contrast, Republic Day on 26 January 1950 celebrates the enforcement of the Constitution, symbolising India’s transition to a sovereign republic with a public holiday and national celebrations. The detailed key differences between Constitution Day & Republic Day have been shared below in the table.

National Constitution Day & Republic Day Difference
Feature Constitution Day (26 Nov) Republic Day (26 Jan)

Purpose

Marks adoption of the Constitution

Marks enforcement of the Constitution

Declared as

Constitution Day (2015)

National Festival

Focus

Awareness of constitutional values

Celebration of India becoming a Republic

Type of Holiday

Not a public holiday

National public holiday

Activities

Preamble reading, debates, lectures

Parade, awards, cultural displays

National Constitution Day of India FAQs

Q1: Why is National Constitution Day celebrated on 26 November?

Ans: It is celebrated to mark the adoption of the Indian Constitution by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949.

Q2: Who announced Constitution Day in India?

Ans: The Government of India declared it in 2015, during Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s 125th birth anniversary year.

Q3: What is the difference between Law Day and Constitution Day?

Ans: Earlier, 26 November was observed informally as Law Day by legal institutions; after 2015, it became Constitution Day to promote broader constitutional awareness.

Q4: Is Constitution Day a public holiday?

Ans: No, Constitution Day is not a public holiday but is widely observed in government institutions and educational establishments.

Q5: What activities are conducted on Constitution Day?

Ans: Activities include Preamble reading, essay competitions, seminars, judicial workshops, pledge ceremonies, and awareness campaigns on rights and duties.

Nobel Prize 2025 Winners List, All Category-wise Winners List

February 1, 2026
Nobel Prize 2025 Winners List

The Nobel Prize 2025 stands as one of the most prestigious honors in the world, awarded annually to individuals and organizations who have made exceptional contributions to the advancement of humanity. These prizes are presented in six major fields: Medicine (Physiology), Physics, Chemistry, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences, and represent the highest recognition of excellence, innovation, and service to society.

The Nobel Prize Winners 2025 announcements were made between 6th October and 13th October 2025, honoring extraordinary work that has transformed scientific understanding, promoted global peace, and enriched human culture.

What are the Nobel Prizes?

The Nobel Prizes are a set of international awards given every year to people or organizations that have made remarkable contributions to humanity. These prizes were established as per the will of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish chemist, engineer, and inventor who wanted his fortune to be used to reward those who bring the “greatest benefit to mankind.”

The awards were first presented in 1901, and since then, they have become a global symbol of excellence and humanitarian achievement.

Each Nobel Prize laureate receives:

  • A gold medal symbolizes their honor and achievement.
  • A diploma, personally signed by the awarding institution.
  • A cash award, which varies each year depending on the funds of the Nobel Foundation (in 2023, it was approximately 11 million Swedish kronor, equal to over 1 million USD).

Nobel Prize 2025 Categories

The Nobel Prizes originally began with five categories, as outlined in Nobel’s will. In 1968, a sixth category as Economic Sciences, was added by Sweden’s central bank, bringing the total to six.

Categories of the Nobel Prize 2025
Category Purpose Awarded By

Physics

For groundbreaking discoveries explaining the laws of nature and the universe.

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

Chemistry

For advancements in chemical science and discoveries that improve human life.

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

Physiology or Medicine

For discoveries that advance medical knowledge and improve human health.

The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet

Literature

For exceptional works of fiction, poetry, or writing that enrich global literature.

The Swedish Academy

Peace

For efforts in promoting peace, resolving conflicts, and improving global relations.

The Norwegian Nobel Committee

Economic Sciences

Added in 1968; honors contributions to economics and financial science.

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

Nobel Prize Winners List 2025

The Nobel Prize 2025 awards were announced from 6th to 13th October 2025. Each day corresponds to a specific field, with announcements made by the respective awarding committees in Stockholm and Oslo. The Nobel Prize Winners 2025 list has been shared below based on the category.

Nobel Prize 2025 Winners List
Category Date of Announcement Awarded By Nobel Prize Winners 2025 Contribution

Physiology or Medicine

6th October 2025

The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet, Wallenbergsalen, Solna

Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi

Discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance.

Physics

7th October 2025

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm

John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret and John M. Martinis

Discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit

Chemistry

8th October 2025

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm

Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson and Omar Yaghi

For the development of metal-organic frameworks

Literature

9th October 2025

The Swedish Academy, Börssalen, Stockholm

László Krasznahorkai

for his compelling and visionary oeuvre that, in the midst of apocalyptic terror, reaffirms the power of art

Peace

10th October 2025

The Norwegian Nobel Committee, Oslo

Maria Corina Machado

for her tireless work promoting democratic rights for the people of Venezuela and for her struggle to achieve a just and peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy

Economic Sciences

13th October 2025

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm

Joel Mokyr; Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt

for having explained innovation-driven economic growth

  • One half to Joel Mokyr “for having identified the prerequisites for sustained growth through technological progress”
  • Other half jointly to Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt “for the theory of sustained growth through creative destruction.”

Also Read: Nobel Prize 2024 Winners

Nobel Peace Prize 2025

The Nobel Peace Prize 2025 has been announced on 10th October 2025 by The Norwegian Nobel Committee at the Norwegian Nobel Institute in Oslo. The Nobel Peace Prize Winner 2025 is Maria Corina Machado for her tireless efforts in promoting democratic rights in Venezuela. Recognized as a courageous leader, she has united a divided political opposition to peacefully strive for free elections and a just transition from dictatorship to democracy. Her work highlights the power of ballots over bullets and sets an inspiring example of civilian courage and commitment to democracy.

Nobel Peace Prize 2025 Winner Maria Corina Machado

Nobel Prize Winners 2025 Physiology or Medicine

The Nobel Prize Winners 2025 in Medicine have been awarded to Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi for their groundbreaking discoveries in the field of immunology. Their research revealed the crucial role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in maintaining immune system balance and preventing autoimmune diseases. This discovery has paved the way for new treatments for conditions such as multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis, making a lasting impact on medical science and human health.

Nobel Prize Winners 2025 Physiology or Medicine

Nobel Prize Winners 2025 Physics

The Nobel Prize Winners 2025 in Physics has been announced on 7th October 2025 by The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm. The Nobel Prize has been awarded to John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret, and John M. Martinis for their discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit. Their groundbreaking experiments proved that quantum effects can occur in large, hand-held systems, showing how superconducting circuits can tunnel between states and absorb or emit energy in specific, measurable quantities.

Nobel Prize in Physics 2025

Nobel Prize Winners 2025 Chemistry

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2025 has been awarded to Scientists Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson, and Omar Yaghi for the development of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced in Stockholm on 8th October 2025. Their pioneering work on MOFs porous materials with vast surface areas has revolutionized applications in gas storage, catalysis, and environmental sustainability. The discovery represents a transformative advancement in chemical sciences, with potential benefits for medicine, clean energy, and climate solutions.

Nobel Prize 2025 Chemistry

Nobel Prize Winners 2025 Literature

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2025 has been awarded to László Krasznahorkai, the Hungarian novelist and screenwriter renowned for his dense, apocalyptic prose and profound philosophical insight. Often called the “writer of the apocalypse,” Krasznahorkai’s work explores humanity on the edge of collapse, transcendence, and revelation.

The announcement was made on 9th October 2025 by The Swedish Academy at Börssalen, Stockholm. This prestigious award honors an author whose writings demonstrate exceptional creativity, depth, and a profound understanding of the human experience, continuing the Nobel tradition of celebrating literary excellence that inspires readers across generations.

Nobel Prize Winners 2025 Literature

Nobel Prize Winners 2025 Economic Sciences

The Nobel Prize 2025 in Economic Sciences has been announced on 13th October 2025 by The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm. The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences 2025 has been awarded to Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt for their groundbreaking work on innovation-driven economic growth. Mokyr explored historical conditions necessary for sustained technological progress, while Aghion and Howitt developed the theory of creative destruction, showing how new innovations replace old products to drive long-term growth. Their combined research provides deep insight into the forces shaping modern economic development. 

Nobel Prize Winners 2025 Economic Sciences

Nobel Prize Winners from India

India has produced several Nobel laureates who have made outstanding contributions to science, literature, peace, and economics. Their achievements have brought international recognition and have inspired generations across the country. Here is the list of all the Nobel Prize Winners from India along with the category and their contribution in various fields.

Nobel Prize Winners from India
Year Laureate Category Contribution / Work

1913

Rabindranath Tagore

Literature

Recognized for his profoundly sensitive, poetic, and humanistic writings

1930

C.V. Raman

Physics

Discovery of the Raman Effect, explaining the scattering of light

1968

Har Gobind Khorana

Medicine

Research on genetic code and protein synthesis

1979

Mother Teresa

Peace

Selfless work with the poor and sick in Kolkata, founded Missionaries of Charity

1983

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

Physics

Theoretical studies on the structure and evolution of stars, especially white dwarfs

1998

Amartya Sen

Economic Sciences

Contributions to welfare economics, social choice theory, and development

2009

Venkatraman Ramakrishnan

Chemistry

Studies on the structure and function of the ribosome

2014

Kailash Satyarthi

Peace

Advocacy for children’s rights and fight against child labor

2019

Abhijit Banerjee

Economic Sciences

Experimental approaches to reducing global poverty

How the Nobel Laureates Are Chosen

The selection process for the Nobel Prizes is one of the most rigorous in the world. It involves months of confidential research, nominations, and evaluation by committees of leading experts.

Step-by-Step Selection Process:

  1. Nominations: Qualified individuals, including previous laureates, university professors, and selected institutions, nominate candidates.
  2. Evaluation: The Nobel Committees study the nominations, review research, and consult with experts.
  3. Decision: The respective academies or committees vote to determine the winner(s).
  4. Announcement: The results are made public in early October.
  5. Award Ceremony: The prizes are formally presented on 10th December, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s death.

Significance of the Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize is not merely an award; it is a symbol of human progress, compassion, and creativity. Its significance lies in its power to:

  • Encourage innovation: It motivates scientists, thinkers, and peacebuilders to continue pushing boundaries.
  • Recognize global impact: It honors efforts that have made lasting positive changes in the world.
  • Inspire future generations: Young researchers and writers often see laureates as role models.

Promote peace and cooperation: The Peace Prize especially plays a crucial role in acknowledging movements and individuals striving for global harmony.

Nobel Prize 2025 Winners List FAQs

Q1: Who founded the Nobel Prize?

Ans: The Nobel Prize was founded by Alfred Nobel, a Swedish chemist, engineer, and inventor, through his will in 1895.

Q2: When will the Nobel Prize 2025 winners be announced?

Ans: The Nobel Prize 2025 winners were announced between 6th and 13th October 2025.

Q3: How many Nobel Prizes are awarded each year?

Ans: Six Nobel Prizes are awarded annually, in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences.

Q4: Who won the first Nobel Prize?

Ans: The first Nobel Prizes were awarded in 1901. For example, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen won the first Physics Nobel for discovering X-rays.

Q5: What is the prize money for Nobel Prize winners?

Ans: In recent years, the Nobel Prize amount has been around 11 million Swedish kronor, equivalent to over $1 million USD.

Viksit Bharat Buildathon 2025, Registration, Eligibility, Theme

February 1, 2026
Viksit Bharat Buildathon 2025

The Viksit Bharat Buildathon 2025 is India’s largest student innovation movement, launched by the Ministry of Education in collaboration with the Atal Innovation Mission (AIM), NITI Aayog, and AICTE. It aims to inspire school students of Classes 6-12 to ideate, innovate, and solve real-life challenges through creativity and teamwork. The initiative aligns with the national vision of Viksit Bharat @2047, promoting a culture of innovation and self-reliance from the grassroots level.

Viksit Bharat Buildathon 2025

Launched on 23 September 2025 by Union Minister for Education Shri Dharmendra Pradhan, the Buildathon will engage over 1 crore students from 1.5 lakh+ schools across India. The initiative encourages innovation in four core areas- Atmanirbhar Bharat, Swadeshi, Vocal for Local, and Samriddhi. It is not just a contest but a nationwide innovation platform that nurtures critical thinking, problem-solving, and entrepreneurial skills in students.

Viksit Bharat Buildathon 2025 Overview

The Buildathon embodies India’s vision to transform its education system into a creator-driven model.

Viksit Bharat Buildathon 2025 Overview

Aspect

Desccription

Launched By

Ministry of Education, AIM (NITI Aayog), AICTE

Launch Date

23 September 2025

Target Group

Students of Classes VI to XII

Schools Involved

1.5 lakh+

Students Engaged

1 crore+

Core Themes

Atmanirbhar Bharat, Swadeshi, Vocal for Local, Samriddhi

Culmination

January 2026 (Results & Felicitation)

Mode

Hybrid (School & Online Activities)

Participation Focus

Aspirational Districts, Tribal & Remote Regions

Viksit Bharat Buildathon 2025 Theme

The four key themes reflect India’s long-term development goals and provide a broad framework for students’ ideas and innovations.

  1. Atmanirbhar Bharat: Building indigenous and self-reliant technological solutions.
  2. Swadeshi: Reviving and modernizing traditional knowledge systems.
  3. Vocal for Local: Promoting local crafts, products, and industries.
  4. Samriddhi: Ensuring sustainable prosperity and inclusive development.

Apply Online for Viksit Bharat Buildathon 2025

Students from Classes VI to XII can apply online through their schools. The registration process is entirely digital and free of cost. Last Date to Apply is 6 October 2025. All participating teams will receive digital Participation Certificates from the Ministry of Education. Schools are required to register the team of students.

Click Here to Register for Viksit Bharat Buildathon 2025 [Active]

Steps to Apply Online for Viksit Bharat Buildathon 2025

  1. Visit the official website vbb.mic.gov.in.
  2. Schools must register themselves and create student teams of 5-7 members.
  3. Upload project ideas, concepts, or prototype plans.
  4. Submit entries in the form of photos and videos before the last date.
  5. Save confirmation for participation and certificates.

Viksit Bharat Buildathon 2025 Important Dates

The Buildathon follows a structured timeline, ensuring synchronized participation across India. The Live Innovation Event on 13 October 2025 will witness simultaneous participation of 1 crore students, making it one of the world’s largest synchronized innovation activities.

Viksit Bharat Buildathon 2025 Timeline
Phase Activity Dates

Phase 1

Launch by Union Education Minister

23 September 2025

Phase 2

Registration Window

23 September - 6 October 2025

Phase 3

Preparation & Mentoring Period

6 - 12 October 2025

Phase 4

Nationwide Live Buildathon

13 October 2025

Phase 5

Entry Submission

14 - 31 October 2025

Phase 6

Evaluation of Entries

November 2025

Phase 7

Results & Felicitation Ceremony

January 2026

Viksit Bharat Buildathon Eligibility Criteria 2025

To ensure fairness and inclusivity, the Ministry has laid down uniform participation rules.

  • Teams must consist of 5-7 students from the same school.
  • Each school can register multiple teams.
  • Entries can be in prototype, concept, or working model format.
  • Mentors (teachers) will guide teams during the preparation period.
  • Entries will be evaluated by a national panel of experts based on innovation, feasibility, and social impact.

Viksit Bharat Buildathon Objectives

The Viksit Bharat Buildathon 2025 is more than an educational activity- it is a nation-building exercise. It seeks to ignite innovation among young minds and prepare them to lead India’s technological and developmental journey.

  • Foster innovation culture in schools through experiential learning.
  • Strengthen India’s position as a global innovation hub.
  • Align school-level education with the goals of Viksit Bharat @2047.
  • Encourage local problem-solving and sustainable entrepreneurship.
  • Empower students from marginalized and rural communities.

Viksit Bharat Buildathon Challenges

The Buildathon has created an unprecedented wave of creativity and innovation. However, challenges such as digital divide, lack of resources, and mentor availability remain. India must now ensure sustainability and scalability of this movement.

Way Forward

These steps can turn the Buildathon into a continuous innovation ecosystem shaping India’s young innovators:

  • Expand Innovation Infrastructure: Establish Atal Tinkering Labs in every district.
  • Teacher Training: Conduct regular capacity-building programs for school mentors.
  • Public-Private Partnerships: Encourage industry mentoring and CSR participation.
  • Digital Access: Strengthen ICT infrastructure in rural and tribal schools.
  • Continuous Engagement: Integrate Buildathon outcomes into long-term innovation programs.
  • Recognition and Patenting: Support winning ideas with incubation and patent filing assistance.
Also Check Related Links
PM Vishwakarma Scheme Poshan Abhiyan
SAMARTH Scheme Atal Innovation Mission

Viksit Bharat Buildathon 2025 FAQs

Q1: Who launched the Viksit Bharat Buildathon 2025?

Ans: It was launched by Union Education Minister Shri Dharmendra Pradhan on 23 September 2025.

Q2: What is the eligibility for participation for Viksit Bharat Buildathon 2025?

Ans: Students from Classes VI to XII can participate in teams of 5-7 members through their schools.

Q3: What are the four main themes of the Viksit Bharat Buildathon 2025?

Ans: Atmanirbhar Bharat, Swadeshi, Vocal for Local, and Samriddhi.

Q4: What is the official registration link for Viksit Bharat Buildathon 2025?

Ans: Schools can apply online at https://vbb.mic.gov.in.

Q5: When will the results of the Viksit Bharat Buildathon 2025 be declared?

Ans: Results will be announced in January 2026, followed by a national felicitation event.

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